CHAPTER 15 BLOOD VESSELS



CHAPTER 19 BLOOD VESSELS

Vascular System

* blood vessels

* function :

* move blood

* exchange nutrients wastes gases H2O

blood vessels

* arteries move blood away from heart

* veins move blood toward heart

* capillaries exchange

* artery - arteriole - capillaries - venule - vein

blood vessel walls

* tunica interna (intima )

* simple squamous epithelium = endothelium

* smooth

* exchange capillaries only !

* tunica media

* smooth muscle control blood flow

* vasoconstriction

* vasodilation

* elastic c.t. maintain BP

* tunica externa

* fibrous c.t. strength

arteries

* wall w/ all 3 layers

* elastic arteries conducting vessels

* thick elastic tunica media

* stretch allow blood from heart

* recoil press blood forward

* large diameter allow blood flow

* Aorta and major branches

* muscular arteries distributing vessels

* thick tunica media - smooth muscle

* controls blood flow to parts, organs of body

* most named arteries

* arterioles resistance vessels

* 2 layers (t. interna + t. media)

* mostly smooth muscle

* controls blood flow to capillaries

* controls blood pressure

capillaries

* t. interna = endothelium

* 1 layer - simple squamous epithelium w/ basement membrane

* between arteries and veins

* exchange occurs only in capillaries !

capillaries

* capillary beds = network of capillaries

* metarteriole feed into capillaries

* thoroughfare channel collect from capillaries

* precapillary sphincters smooth muscle at root of each capillary

* regulate flow into each capillary

capillary permeability

* continuous capillary

* clefts spaces between cells of capillary

* pericytes supportive cells

* fenestrated capillary

* fenestrations pores in cell walls of capillary

* increased need for exchange eg. small intestine kidney

* sinusoids with very large pores

* bone marrow ; liver ; spleen

venous system

* from capillaries to heart

* venules

* 2 thin layers

* collect from capillaries

* veins capacitance vessels

* 3 layers

* large lumen ; thin walls

* stores 65% of body’s blood

* valves (t. intima) prevent backflow

* skeletal muscle pump

anastomoses

* connections between arteries

* maintains blood supply in case of damage

* most organs ; joints

* connections between veins

* maintains blood drainage from area

blood vessels - know :

* name

* spelling

* branches

* area of body served

* circuits

circulatory systems

* systemic circulation

* heart ( body ( heart

* left ventricle ( body ( right atrium

* pulmonary circulation

* heart ( lungs ( heart

* right ventricle ( lungs ( left atrium

pulmonary circulation

* right ventricle

* pulmonary trunk R & L pulmonary arteries

* lungs pulmonary capillaries

* pulmonary veins

* left atrium

systemic circulation - arterial

* Aorta

* ascending aorta

* aortic arch

* thoracic aorta

* abdominal aorta

systemic circulation - arterial

* Aorta

* ascending aorta

* coronary arteries

Aorta

* Aorta

* aortic arch

* brachiocephalic a. (trunk)

* right common carotid a.

* right subclavian a.

* left common carotid a.

* left subclavian a.

systemic circulation - venous

* superior vena cava

* from head upper extremities upper torso

* inferior vena cava

* from lower extremities abdomen

* superior vena cava SVC

* brachiocephalic v. (R & L)

* internal jugular v. (head)

* subclavian v. ( UE )

thoracic aorta

* Aorta

* thoracic aorta

* intercostal a.

* bronchial a.

* esophageal a.

* pericardials

* superior phrenic

veins of thorax

* intercostal veins , bronchial veins, esophageal veins ; lumbar veins

* drain into azygos system

* azygos system drains into SVC

* azygos v. R thorax

* hemiazygos v. L inferior

* accessory hemiazygos v. L superior

abdominal aorta

* abdominal aorta

* inferior phrenic a. diaphragm

* celiac trunk :

* hepatic a. liver

* L gastric a. stomach

* splenic a. spleen, pancreas

* suprarenal a. adrenal gland

* superior mesenteric a. sm intest ; ½ lg intest

* renal a. kidney

* lumbar a.

* gonadal a. ovary, testes

* inferior mesenteric a. ½ lg intest

abdominal vessels- branches of branches

* R gastric a. hepatic a.

* gastroduodenal a. hepatic a.

* gastroepiploic a. gastroduodenal a.

* pancreatic a. splenic a.

inferior vena cava

* common iliac v. (lower extremities)

* gonadal v.

* renal v.

* suprarenal v.

* hepatic vein

* inferior phrenic v.

* lumbar v. to IVC and azygos system

hepatic portal system

* digestive tract to liver not to IVC

* Hepatic Portal vein

* splenic v.

* inferior mesenteric v.

* superior mesenteric v.

* gastric v.

path through liver

* Hepatic portal vein

* liver sinusoids

* central vein

* hepatic vein

* IVC

arterial – upper extremity

* subclavian a. (R & L)

* (

* axillary a.

* (

* brachial a.

* ( (

* ulnar a. radial a. ( (

* palmar branches

venous – upper extremity

* subclavian v. (R & L)

* (

* axillary v.

* ( cephalic v.

* brachial v. basilic v.

* ( (

* ulnar v. radial v. (subclavian ( brachiocephalic ( SVC)

arterial – lower extremity

* common iliac a. (R & L) ( ( external iliac a. internal iliac a.

* ( (

* femoral a. deep femoral a.

* (

* popliteal a.

* ( (

* ant. tibial a. post. tibial a.

* ( (

* dorsalis pedis a. plantar branches

* arcuate a.

venous – lower extremity

* common iliac v. (R & L) ( ( external iliac v. internal iliac v.

* (

* femoral v.

* (

* popliteal v. great saphenous v.

* ( (

* ant. tibial v. post. tibial v.

arterial - head

* R & L common carotid a.

* external carotid a to skull ; face

* superior thyroid a.

* lingual a.

* facial a.

* maxillary a.

* temporal a.

* occipital a.

* internal carotid a. to brain (Circle of Willis)

* ophthalmic a.

* R & L vertebral a.

* join to form basilar a. to brain (Circle of Willis)

blood to brain

* blood to brain - basilar a. + 2 internal carotid a.

* branches

* anterior cerebral arteries

* middle “

* posterior “

* anastomoses :

* anterior communicating a

* posterior communicating a.

* Circle of Willis = cerebral arterial anastomosis

venous - head

* superficial veins same as arteries

* internal jugular v.

* all blood from brain

* external jugular v.

* skull , face to subclavian v.

* vertebral v.

* post. head to subclavian v.

* internal jugular + subclavian v. = brachiocephalic v.

* dural venous sinuses drain CSF ; in dura

* all veins from brain drain into cranial sinuses

* cranial sinuses drain into internal jugular v.

dural venous sinuses

* superior sagittal sinus

* inferior sagittal sinus

* straight sinus

* transverse sinus

* cavernous sinus

* petrosal sinus

* confluence of sinuses

* sigmoid sinus become internal jugular veins

fetal circulation

* problems:

* no air in the lungs !

* no food in digestive tract !

* no toilets or diapers !

* where’s the good stuff?

fetal circulation

* blood vessel walls mesoderm

* endothelium endoderm

* 2 umbilical arteries to placenta away from fetus’ heart

* branch of internal iliac a.

* umbilical vein from placenta toward fetus’ heart

* ductus venosus to IVC

* to bypass lungs

* foramen ovale R atrium to L atrium

* ductus arteriosus pulmonary a. to Aorta

circulation changes at birth

* umbilical vessels constrict and become fibrous

* umbilical vein ligamentum teres

* ductus venosus ligamentum venosum

* umbilical arteries umbilical ligaments

* no blood supply or air supply … so ?

* increase pressure L side of heart

* foramen ovale fossa ovalis

* ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum

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