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PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Department of AYUSH, New Delhi intends to publish Ayurveda Research Digest (Quarterly). The main objective of this publication is to disseminate the research information/ citation about research articles on Ayurveda and related fields published in various journals/magazines subscribed by the Council as well as free on-line journals and complementary issues received by the Council.

SCOPE

This issue covers more than 400 articles on Ayurveda and related sciences which have been broadly classified under various subjects viz. Basic & Fundamental Studies, Clinical studies, Drug research, Epigraphical studies, History of medicine, Homoeopathy, Literary research, Medicinal plants, Naturopathy & Yoga, Tribal health care/ Ethnomedicine, Botany, Drug Review, Drug Standardization, Quality Control , Haemorroides, Microbiology, Phytochemistry, , Pharmacology , Vaterinery, Tribal Health Care, Etc.

ARRANGEMENT OF DATA

The articles are indexed under subject, which have been arranged alphabetically. Under each subject/ subtopics, the entries are arranged alphabetically by Author.

Arrangement of each entry is as follows:

Subject/ sub topic

Name of the Authors (seperated by ,) (last name first) .Title of the article.Title of the journal in italic.Year of the journal;Vol of the journal(issue of the journal within bracket):pages of the journal. If online, URL of the journal mentioned.

JOURNALS INDEXED

This Research Digest consists the recent issue(s) of following journals: subscribed by CCRAS and by the Units of CCRAS.

1. Adv Exp Med Biol

2. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med

3. AIDS Res Ther

4. Altern Med Rev

5. Altern Ther Health Med

6. Am J Cardiol

7. Anal Chim Acta

8. Anal Sci

9. Andrologia

10. Anim Reprod Sci

11. Ann Intern Med

12. Antiviral Res

13. Asian J Androl

14. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull

15. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol

16. Biochem Pharmacol

17. Biofactors

18. Bioinformation

19. Biol Trace Elem Res

20. BMC Cancer

21. BMC Complement Altern Med

22. BMC Public Health

23. Br J Nurs

24. Breast Cancer Res Treat

25. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

26. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad

27. Cancer Lett

28. Cancer Res

29. Cancer Sci

30. Carcinogenesis

31. Cell Biochem Funct

32. Cell Mol Life Sci

33. Chang Gung Med J

34. Chem Biodivers

35. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)

36. Chin J Integr Med

37. Clin Exp Rheumatol

38. Cochrane Database Syst Rev

39. Comp Med East West

40. Complement Ther Med

41. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery

42. Cult Med Psychiatry

43. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep

44. Curr Opin Psychiatry

45. Curr Pharm Des

46. Current Science.

47. Drug Metabol Drug Interact

48. Drug Saf

49. Drugs Exp Clin Res

50. Emerg Med Clin North Am

51. Environ Health Perspect

52. Environ Monit Assess

53. Ethn Dis

54. Ethn Health

55. Etnobotany.

56. Eur J Pharmacol

57. Evid BasedComplement Alternat Med

58. Exp Gerontol

59. Expert Opin Ther Targets.

60. Fitoterapia

61. Food Chem Toxicol.

62. Gen Pharmacol

63. Health Policy

64. Hindustan Antibiot Bull

65. Holist Nurs Pract

66. Immunobiology

67. Indian J Biochem Biophys

68. Indian J Cancer.

69. Indian J Dent Res

70. Indian J ExpBiol.

71. Indian J Med Res

72. Indian J Pediatr

73. Indian J Pharm Sci.

74. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

75. Indian Journal of Natural Products.

76. InflammoPharmacology

77. Int Braz J Urol

78. Int ImmunoPharmacol

79. Int J Ayurveda Res

80. Int J Clin Exp Hypn

81. Int J Low Extrem Wounds

82. Int J Oncol

83. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis

84. Issues Ment Health Nurs

85. J Altern Complement Med

86. J Asian Nat Prod Res

87. J Assoc Physicians India

88. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol

89. J Biochem Mol Toxicol

90. J Biosoc Sci

91. J Cancer Res Ther

92. J Clin PsychoPharmacol

93. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

94. J EthnoPharmacol.

95. J Exp Clin Cancer Res

96. J Gerontol Nurs

97. J Herb Pharmacother.

98. J Indian Med Assoc

99. J Med Assoc Thai

100. J Med Biogr

101. J Med Food

102. J Nat Med

103. J Nat Prod

104. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

105. J Periodontol

106. J Pharm Biomed Anal

107. J Pharm Pharmacol

108. J Pharmacol Exp Ther

109. J Postgrad Med

110. J Rehabil Med

111. J Rheumatol

112. J Soc Integr Oncol

113. J Surg Res

114. J Toxicol Sci

115. J Transl Med

116. J Vector Borne Dis.

117. J. Biosci

118. JAMA

119. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL

120. Lancet

121. Lymphology

122. Malays J Reprod Health

123. Med Anthropol Q

124. Med Ges Gesch

125. Med Hypotheses

126. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol

127. Mol Cancer Ther

128. Molecules

129. Mutat Res

130. N Biotechnol

131. Nat Prod Commun

132. Nat Prod Rep

133. Nat Prod Res

134. Nat Rev Nephrol

135. Neurochem Res

136. Neurotoxicology

137. Nutr Clin Pract

138. Orv Hetil

139. Parasitol Res

140. Parkinsonism Relat Disord

141. Pharm Biol

142. Pharm Res

143. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf

144. Pharmacol Biochem Behav

145. Pharmacol Res

146. Pharmazie

147. Physiol Plant

148. Phytochem Anal

149. Phytochemistry

150. Phytomedicine

151. Phytother Res

152. Plant Foods Hum Nutr

153. Planta Med.

154. Platelets

155. Prog NeuropsychoPharmacol Biol Psychiatry

156. Public Health

157. ScientificWorldJournal

158. Soc Sci Med Med Anthropol

159. Soc Sci Med.

160. Steroids

161. The Indian Forester.

162. The Indian Practitioner

163. The Journal of Research and Education in Indian Medicine.

164. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

165. Toxicol Lett

166. Toxicol Mech Methods

167. Toxicology

168. Toxicon.

169. Trop Anim Health Prod

170. Trop Geogr Med

171. West Indian Med J

172. Women Health

173. Yearb Med Inform

174. Z Naturforsch C

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Dr. D. Ramesh Babu, Director General, CCRAS for his encouragement and valuable guidance. We are also grateful to all who coordinate to bring out this issue successfully.

Dr. G.Gnana Sekari

LIO, CCRAS HQs,

New Delhi.

Our Contact Details

CCRAS Website:

CCRAS Library Website:

E-mail Ids for Library: ccraslibrary@

ccraslibrary@

AYURVEDA

Agarwal AK, Singh M, Gupta N, Saxena R, Puri A, Verma AK, Saxena RP, Dubey CB, Saxena KC. Management of giardiasis by an immuno-modulatory herbal drug Pippali Rasayana. J EthnoPharmacol.2009;44(3):143-6..

Abstract.

Pippali Rasayana (PR), an Ayurvedic herbal medicine, prepared from Piper longum (Pippali) and Butea monosperma (Palash), and prescribed for the treatment of chronic dysentery and worm infestations was tested for anti-giardial and immuno-stimulatory activity in mice, infected with Giardia lamblia trophozoites. It produced up to 98% recovery from the infection. The Rasayana had no killing effect on the parasite in vitro. It induced significant activation of macrophages as evidenced by increased macrophage migration index (MMI) and phagocytic activity. Enhancement of host resistance could be one of the possible mechanisms contributing towards the recovery of animals from the giardial infection.

Agarwal AK, Tripathi DM, Sahai R, Gupta N, Saxena RP, Puri A, Singh M, Misra RN, Dubey CB, Saxena KC. Management of giardiasis by a herbal drug 'Pippali Rasayana': a clinical study. J EthnoPharmacol.2004;56(3):233-6..

Abstract.

Pippali Rasayana (PR), an Indian Ayurvedic drug prepared from Palash (Butea monosperma (Lamk) Kuntze; Leguminaceae) and Pippali (Piper longum L.; Piperaceae), was administered at a dose of 1 g p.o. three times daily for a period of 15 days to patients (25 treated, 25 placebo controls) suffering from giardiasis with clinical signs and symptoms, and stools positive for trophozoites/cysts of Giardia lamblia. After 15 days of drug treatment there was a complete disappearance of G. lamblia (trophozoites/cysts) from the stools of 23 out of 25 patients. General signs and symptoms of ill health and abdominal discomfort, presence of mucus, pus cells and RBCs were significantly reduced. There was a marked improvement in the clinical and haematological profile of the patients. Spontaneous recovery in 20% cases was recorded in placebo controls.

Aggarwal BB, Ichikawa H, Garodia P, Weerasinghe P, Sethi G, Bhatt ID, Pandey MK, Shishodia S, Nair MG. From traditional Ayurvedic medicine to modern medicine:identification of therapeutic targets for suppression of inflammation and cancer.Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2006 ;10(1):87-118..

Abstract.

Cancer is a hyperproliferative disorder that involves transformation, dysregulation of apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Extensive research during the last 30 years has revealed much about the biology of cancer. Drugs used to treat most cancers are those that can block cell signalling, including growth factor signalling (e.g.epidermal growth factor); prostaglandin production (e.g.COX-2); inflammation (e.g.inflammatory cytokines: NF-kappaB, TNF, IL-1, IL-6, chemokines); drug resistance gene products (e.g.multi-drug resistance); cell cycle proteins (e.g.cyclin D1 and cyclin E); angiogenesis (e.g.vascular endothelial growth factor); invasion (e.g.matrix metalloproteinases); antiapoptosis (e.g.bcl-2, bcl-X(L), XIAP, survivin, FLIP); and cellular proliferation (e.g.c-myc, AP-1, growth factors). Numerous reports have suggested that Ayurvedic plants and their components mediate their effects by modulating several of these recently identified therapeutic targets. However, Ayurvedic medicine requires rediscovery in light of our current knowledge of allopathic (modern) medicine. The focus of this review is to elucidate the Ayurvedic concept of cancer, including its classification, causes, pathogenesis and prevention; surgical removal of tumours; herbal remedies; dietary modifications; and spiritual treatments.

Aggarwal S, Negi S, Jha P, Singh PK, Stobdan T, Pasha MA, Ghosh S, Agrawal A;Indian Genome Variation Consortium, Prasher B, Mukerji M. EGLN1 involvement in high-altitude adaptation revealed through genetic analysis of extreme constitution types defined in Ayurveda. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(44):961-6..

Abstract.

It is being realized that identification of subgroups within normal controls corresponding to contrasting disease susceptibility is likely to lead to more effective predictive marker discovery. We have previously used the Ayurvedic concept of Prakriti, which relates to phenotypic differences in normal individuals, including response to external environment as well as susceptibility to diseases, to explore molecular differences between three contrasting Prakriti types: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. EGLN1 was one among 251 differentially expressed genes between the Prakriti types. In the present study, we report a link between high-altitude adaptation and common variations rs479200 (C/T) and rs480902 (T/C) in the EGLN1 gene. Furthermore, the TT genotype of rs479200, which was more frequent in Kapha types and correlated with higher expression of EGLN1, was associated with patients suffering from high-altitude pulmonary edema, whereas it was present at a significantly lower frequency in Pitta and nearly absent in natives of high altitude. Analysis of Human Genome Diversity Panel-Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (HGDP-CEPH) and Indian Genome Variation Consortium panels showed that disparate genetic lineages at high altitudes share the same ancestral allele (T) of rs480902 that is overrepresented in Pitta and positively correlated with altitude globally (P < 0.001), including in India. Thus, EGLN1 polymorphisms are associated with high-altitude adaptation, and a genotype rare in highlanders but overrepresented in a subgroup of normal lowlanders discernable by Ayurveda may confer increased risk for high-altitude pulmonary edema.

Amruthesh S. Dentistry and Ayurveda - IV: classification and management of common oral diseases. Indian J Dent Res. 2008 ;19(1):52-61..

Abstract.

This Article, the fourth in the series titled 'Dentistry and Ayurveda,' describes in brief the panchakarma therapy, which is a distinctive feature of the Ayurvedic method of detoxifying the body. The various therapies and medicines used in Ayurveda have been elaborated. Further, an attempt has been made to correlate dental diseases in Ayurveda with the modern-day classification, clinical features, and management.

Arora R, Gupta D, Chawla R, Sagar R, Sharma A, Kumar R, PRasad J, Singh S, Samanta N, Sharma RK. Radioprotection by plant products: present status and future prospects. Phytother Res.2005;19(1):1-22..

Abstract.

The development of radioprotective agents has been the subject of intense research in view of their potential for use within a radiation environment, such as space exploration, radiotherapy and even nuclear war. However, no ideal, safe synthetic radioprotectors are available to date, so the search for alternative sources, including plants, has been on going for several decades. In Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, several plants have been used to treat free radical-mediated ailments and, therefore, it is logical to expect that such plants may also render some protection against radiation damage. A systematic screening approach can provide leads to identifying potential new candidate drugs from plant sources, for mitigation of radiation injury. This Article reviews some of the most promising plants, and their bioactive principles, that are widely used in traditional systems of medicine, and which have rendered significant radioprotection in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Plants and their constituents with Pharmacological activities that may be relevant to amelioration of radiation-mediated damage, including antiemetic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cell proliferative, wound healing and haemopoietic stimulatories are also discussed.

Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F, Tripathi PC, Seal T, Mukherjee B. Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. J EthnoPharmacol. 2003 ;84(2-3):131-8..

Abstract.

A number of Indian medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years in the traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda). Amongst these are plants used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, loss of memory, degeneration of nerves and other neuronal disorders by the Ayurvedic practitioners. Though the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases remains enigmatic, there is evidence, which indicates that defective energy Metabolism, excitotoxicity and oxidative damage may be crucial factors (Ann. Neurol. 38 (3) (1995) 357). The part of the Ayurvedic system that provides an approach to prevention and treatment of degenerative diseases is known as Rasayana, and plants used for this purpose are classed as rejuvenators. This group of plants generally possesses strong antioxidant activity (Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 43 (1992) 1175), but only a few have been investigated in detail. In the present study, three such Rasayana plants were tested for the first time for their toxicity and free radical scavenging activity both in vitro and ex vivo. All the three plant infusions (up to 1 mg/ml) showed no toxic effects on the viability of PC12 cell line as judged by MTT-test. Both ethanolic extracts and water infusions of the plants were tested for their antioxidant activity in the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS*(+)) radical cation decolorization assay; inhibition of lipid peroxidation by plant infusions was carried out using spontaneous lipid peroxidation of rat brain homogenate, and IC50 values were determined. The results from the ABTS assay showed that the ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia was found to be most potent (IC50 16.07 microg/ml), followed by Evolvulus alsinoides (IC50 33.39 microg/ml) and Cynodon dactylon (IC50 78.62 microg/ml). The relative antioxidant capacity for the water infusions was observed in the following order: E. alsinoides (IC50 172.25 microg/ml)>C. dactylon (IC50 273.64 microg/ml)>S. cordifolia (IC50 342.82 microg/ml). The results of water infusions of the plants on lipid peroxidation were as follows: E. alsinoides (IC50 89.23 microg/ml)>S. cordifolia) (IC50 126.78 microg/ml)>C. dactylon (IC50 608.31 microg/ml).

Aziz N, Gilani AH, Rindh MA. Kushta(s): unique herbo-mineral preparations used in South Asian traditional medicine. Med Hypotheses.2002;59(4):468-72..

Abstract.

Herbs and minerals are the integral parts of traditional systems of medicine in many countries. Kushta is a form of herbo-mineral preparations used in traditional systems of medicine (Unani and Ayurvedic) of Indo-Pak subcontinent. These preparations have long been used and claimed to be the most effective and potent dosage form. However, there are only few scientific studies carried out on these products because of several reasons mainly being the lack of communication among traditional healers, physicians and scientists. The objective of this paper is to fill this gap by translating the old concepts in modern understanding, providing possible explanation and hypotheses. Some recommendations have also been given to provide the path to initiate research in this area of potential therapeutic value and public concern.

Babu G, Babu A, Bhuyan GC, PRasad GP, Swamy GK. Vandhyatva--a medico historical study. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad.2006;36(1):83-96..

Abstract.

As per Ayurveda, important factors for conception are considered as ritu (fertile period), Kshetra (uterus and reproductive organs), Ambu (Proper nutrient fluid) and Bija (sukra-sonita) and also normalcy of Hdayari (Psychology). Abnormality of properly functioning Vayu and Satbhavas (matŗija, pitŗija, atma, satva, satmaya and Rasa), any one of these causes infertility (Vandhyatva). From the time immemorial the phenomenon of infertility was prevalent through out the world and this may persist till the human race exists. Every human being has inherent, intense desire to continue his (one's) own race; to become a mother is one of the most cherished desires of every woman. Failure to achieve conception by a couple of mature age, having normal coitus during appropriate period of menstrual cycle regularly, at least for one year of their conjugal is termed as infertility. The historical importance of stri Vandhyatva and a comparative study regarding its Nidana, Samprapti, Lakshana, Chikitsa etc compiled from various Granthas are being presented in this paper.

Bafna P, Bodhankar S. Gastrointestinal effects of Mebarid, an Ayurvedic formulation, in experimental animals. J EthnoPharmacol. 2003 ;86(2-3):173-6..

Abstract.

Mebarid, an Ayurvedic formulation, was tested for its anti-diarrhoeal, anti-ulcer and anti-motility activities in animals. Mebarid was investigated at four dose levels of 125, 250, 500 mg/kg BW. and 1g/kg BW The methods of castor oil-induced diarrhoea and pylorus-ligation-induced ulcers in rats were used to evaluate the anti-diarrhoeal and anti-ulcer activity, respectively, while charcoal meal test in mice was the method used for testing its anti-motility effect. Mebarid was found to have significant activity in all the three models. Thus, it can be concluded that Mebarid possesses anti-diarrhoeal, anti-motility and anti-ulcer activities and can prove beneficial in the treatment of above gastrointestinal disorders.

Bagul MS, Kanaki NS, Rajani M. Evaluation of free radical scavenging properties of two classical polyherbal formulations. Indian J Exp Biol.2005;43(8):732-6..

Abstract.

Two polyherbal formulations of Ayurveda viz.Chandraprabha Vati and Maha Yogaraj a Guggulu were evaluated for their free radical scavenging properties. Methanolic extracts of the formulations were studied in four different in vitro and ex vivo models. Total phenolic content of Chandraprabha Vati and Maha Yogaraj a Guggulu was found to be 5.24% and 10.74% respectively. Methanolic extracts of the formulations were good scavengers of all the radicals but there was a difference in the activity of the two formulations in different models. Chandraprabha Vati was a good scavenger of superoxide radical and Maha Yogaraj a Guggulu was efficient in scavenging nitric oxide (NO), while both inhibited lipid peroxidation efficiently. Free radical scavenging activity of the different extracts can be attributed to the presence of various chemical components including phenolics.

Bajaj S, Vohora SB. Analgesic activity of gold preparations used in Ayurveda and Unani-Tibb. Indian J Med Res. 1998 ;108:104-11..

Abstract.

Calcined gold preparations, Ayurvedic Swarna Bhasma (SB) and Unani Kushta Tila Kalan (KTK) were investigated for analgesic effects in rats and mice using four types of noxious stimuli. Auranofin (AN) used in modern medicine was also studied for comparisons. The test drugs SB and KTK (25-50 mg/kg, p.o.) and AN (2.5-5.0 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited analgesic activity against chemical (acetic acid induced writhing), electrical (pododolorimeter), thermal (Eddy's hot plate and analgesiometer) and mechanical (tail clip) test. While the analgesic effects of SB and KTK could be partly blocked by pretreatment with naloxone (1-5 mg/kg, i.p.,--15 min), such antagonism was not discernible with AN at the doses used. Involvement of opioidergic mechanism is suggested for the observed analgesic activity.

Balachandran P, Govindarajan R. Cancer--an Ayurvedic perspective. Pharmacol Res. 2005 ;51(1):19-30..

Abstract.

An integrated approach is needed to manage cancer using the growing body of knowledge gained through scientific developments. Thousands of herbal and traditional compounds are being screened worldwide to validate their use as anti-cancerous drugs. The science of Ayurveda is supposed to add a step on to the curative aspects of cancers that have resemblance with clinical entities of arbuda and granthi mentioned in Sushruta Samhita. Hence, an attempt is made in this review to discuss about the pathology and therapeutic management of various cancers described in Ayurveda review of literature on anticancer drugs of plant origin revealed identification of newer Ayurvedic drugs that are not mentioned in the ancient texts. These new findings add up to Ayurvedic science that has been developed through ages. In addition, details of experimental and clinical studies conducted on single and compound Ayurvedic preparations for their anticancer efficacy strongly emphasize Ayurvedic therapy as a scientifically driven one and not simply unconventional.

Balasinor N, Bhan A, Paradkar NS, Shaikh A, Nandedkar TD, Bhutani KK, Roy-Chaudhury M. Postnatal development and reproductive performance of F1 progeny exposed in utero to an Ayurvedic contraceptive: Pippalyadi yoga. J EthnoPharmacol. 2007;109(3):406-11..

Abstract.

Pippalyadi yoga or Pippalyadi Vati is an Ayurvedic contraceptive used in India since ancient times. It is a combination of powdered fruit berries of Embelia ribes Burm.f. (Myrsinaceae), Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) and borax in equal proportion. Though the contraceptive potential is known since ancient times, no systematic developmental toxicity studies have been carried out. The present study was carried out to evaluate the postnatal developmental toxicity and the reproductive performance of the progeny exposed in utero to Pippalyadi yoga. Pippalyadi yoga was obtained from National Institute for Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), India and the developmental toxicity was studied by administering three doses, viz. 140, 300 and 700 mg/(kg day) to gravid females from day 6 to day 16 of gestation. Pippalyadi yoga did not have any adverse developmental effects with low doses, however, with the five times higher dose, a decrease in body weight of the pups was observed. The reproductive performance of the progeny born to mothers treated with Pippalyadi was not significantly affected. The present study suggests that in utero exposure to Pippalyadi does not have any adverse effect on the postnatal development and reproductive performance of the F(1) progeny.

Baliga MS, Bhat HP, Pereira MM, Mathias N, Venkatesh P. Radioprotective effects of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bael): a concise . J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(10):1109-16..

Abstract.

The effective use of radiotherapy in cancer cure and palliation is compromised by the side-effects resulting from radiosensitivity of bordering normal tissues, which are invariably exposed to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation during treatment. In this situation, use of radioprotective compounds that can protect normal tissues against radiation injury are of immense use. In addition to protecting normal tissue these compounds will also permit use of higher radiation doses to obtain better cancer control and possible cure. However, to date, no ideal radioprotectors are available as most synthetic compounds are toxic at their optimal concentrations and have produced little success in clinics. Radiation ill-effects are principally the result of generation of free radicals, and the antioxidant compounds that counter them are supposed to be of immense use in preventing them. In Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, several plants have been observed to avert/ameliorate free radical-mediated ailments--an effect that has been documented--and such plants have recently been the focus of attention. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bael), commonly known as Bael, has been used since antiquity for treating various ailments, some of which are now known to be the result of oxidative stress. In studies spanning nearly a decade, it has been observed that Bael prevented radiation-induced ill-effects, and the results of these studies indicate that it has the potential to be an effective, nontoxic radioprotective agent. In this current review, for the first time, an attempt is made to summarize these observations and to discuss the plausible reasons responsible for Bael's radioprotective effects.

Baliga MS, Dsouza JJ. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), a wonder berry in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2011..

Abstract.

Emblica officinalis Gaertn. or Phyllanthus emblica Linn, commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is arguably the most important medicinal plant in the Indian traditional system of medicine, the Ayurveda. Various parts of the plant are used to treat a range of diseases, but the most important is the fruit. The fruit is used either alone or in combination with other plants to treat many ailments such as common cold and fever; as a diuretic, laxative, liver tonic, refrigerant, stomachic, restorative, alterative, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hair tonic; to prevent peptic ulcer and dyspepsia, and as a digestive. Preclinical studies have shown that Amla possesses antipyretic, analgesic, antitussive, antiatherogenic, adaptogenic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, antianemia, antihypercholesterolemia, wound healing, antidiarrheal, antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties. In addition, experimental studies have shown that Amla and some of its phytochemicals such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, pyrogallol, some norsesquiterpenoids, corilagin, geraniin, elaeocarpusin, and prodelphinidins B1 and B2 also possess antineoplastic effects. Amla is also reported to possess radiomodulatory, chemomodulatory, chemopreventive effects, free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and immunomodulatory activities, properties that are efficacious in the treatment and prevention of cancer. This review for the first time summarizes the results related to these properties and also emphasizes the aspects that warrant future research to establish its activity and utility as a cancer preventive and therapeutic drug in humans.

Baliga MS. Triphala, Ayurvedic formulation for treating and preventing Cancer: a . J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(12):1301-8..

Abstract.

BACKGROUND: Triphala (Sanskrit tri = three and phala = fruits), composed of the three medicinal fruits Phyllanthus emblica L. or Emblica officinalis Gaertn.Terminalia chebula Retz.and Terminalia belerica Retz. is an important herbal preparation in the traditional Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda. Triphala is an antioxidant-rich herbal formulation and possesses diverse beneficial properties. It is a widely prescribed Ayurvedic drug and is used as a colon cleanser, digestive, diuretic, and laxative. Cancer is a major cause of death, and globally studies are being conducted to prevent cancer or to develop effective nontoxic therapeutic agents. Experimental studies in the past decade have shown that Triphala is useful in the prevention of cancer and that it also possesses antineoplastic, radioprotective and chemoprotective effects. CONCLUSIONS: This review for the first time summarizes these results, with emphasis on published observations. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects and lacunas in the existing knowledge that need to be bridged are also discussed.

Bansal Parveen, Sannd Rajesh, Srikanth N, Lavekar G S. Effect of Neutraceutical RASAYANA Food Supplements on Certain Physical and Physiological Parameters in First Ayurvedic Clinical Trial at ANTARCTICA. Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 2009;30(1):83-92.

Abstract.

Rasayana herbs have been advocated to have tremendous adaptogenic properties. It is also as well known fact that stress generates free radicals that affect the antioxidant status of the body. Rasayana herbs due to their adaptogenic properties reduce stress caused by endogenous and exogenous stressors. A single blind clinical trial was conducted at Indian Station “Maitri” at Antarctica on volunteers from 2nd Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica to establish the effect of established Rasayana food supplements on selected physical and physiological parameters. Food supplement was prepared by using Rasayana herbs with established adaptogenic effect and high-energy dry fruits. So it was pertinent to know its effect on some of important physiological parameters. For this study, 21 subjects were selected in trial group and were given food supplement. It addition 7 volunteers were selected for control group and were not given food supplement. The subjects were fed with the food supplement daily for a period of 45 days. Assessment was done at 0 day and at fornightly intervals for various parameters like Lean Body Mass (LBM), Body Mass Index (BMI), Mid Arm Circumference (MAC), TLC, DLC, blood pressure and pulse rate. From the study it was observed that there was no significant effect of food supplement on selected physical and physiological parameters. Since this food supplement shown antioxidant, antistress and adaptogenic effect, so can be used without side effect on body weight, blood pressure and body fat.

Bansal Parveen, Sannd Rajesh, Kumar Sanjiv, Bansal Renu, Sharma S, Mishra D K. Medicated Thread Kshara Sutra – an example of novel drug delivery system in ancient para-surgical measures. The Antiseptic. 2008;105(2):90-93

Abstract.

The references of Kshara Sutra are found in the oldest book of surgery “The Sushruta Samhita.” It is an age old treatment for fistulae and sinuses that occur in vital parts of the body where conventional surgical procedures are not free from grave side effects. This was prepared by smearing a strong cotton thread in the latex of Euphorbia nerrifolia (SNOOHI KSHEERA), water extract of the ashes of Achyranthes aspera (APAMARGA KSHARA) and powder of Curcuma longa (HARIDRA CHURNA). The coatings are repeated for 21 times in a systematic way. This makes it a novel sustained release implant in the body that releases the dose of drugs after dissolution of each layer for a longer period.

Bansal P, Sannd R, Srikanth N, Lavekar G S. Antioxidant activity of coded neutraceutical Rasayana products in the first clinical trial at Antarctica. Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants (Malasia). 2007;8(2):178-183



Abstract.:

A Rasayana (compound mixture) was prepared using Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Chlorophytum arundenaceum, Piper longum, Prunus amygdalus and few other herbs. A study was carried out to look into the effects of this compound in the form of drink and food supplement to assess the antioxidant effects on the persons tested. Clinical trials were conducted for 45 days on 21 persons who were members of 23rd Indian Scientific expedition to Antarctica. Various biochemical / clinical tests were conducted and the results are summarized.

Bapat RD, Acharya BS, Juvekar S, Dahanukar SA. Leech therapy for complicated varicose veins. Indian J Med Res. 1998 ;107:281-4..

Abstract.

Several methods of limb bandaging have been described to reduce the oedema and enhance ulcer healing in complicated varicose veins, with varying success rates. Leech therapy has never before been tried for the same. We evaluated the effectiveness of medicinal Leech therapy in producing venous decongestion, reversal of oedema, hyperpigmentation and healing of varicose ulcer(s). Whether the Leech selectively sucks venous blood was also investigated. Hirudo medicinalis (medicinal Leech) was applied to the area surrounding the varicose ulcer(s) in 20 patients with varicose veins with complications and the patients were monitored for ulcer healing, and decrease in hyperpigmentation, oedema and limb girth. The pArtial pressure of O2 (pO2) of 7 patients' arterial and venous blood was compared to that sucked by the Leech. After Leech therapy all the ulcers showed healing, while 95 per cent of patients showed a decrease in oedema and limb girth. Seventy five per cent patients demonstrated a decrease in hyperpigmentation. The mean pO2 of blood sucked by the Leech was 40.05 +/- 7.24 mmHg, which was similar to the mean pO2 of the patients' venous blood (34.33 +/- 8.4 mmHg). Thus it appears from this study that the medicinal Leech sucks venous blood and aids ulcer healing, and can probably therefore be used as an effective adjunct in the management of complicated varicose veins. This however requires further evaluation by controlled trials.

Baruah D, Gupta OP. A comparative study of Prameha Roga from the Brihattrayee. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 2002;32(2):93-107. .

Abstract.

The study of this Prameha Roga reveals the rich knowledge of the Ayurveda developed since the time immemorial. Although descriptions of this disease are scattered in different classics of Ayurveda but here importance has been given to Brihatrayee. The aim and object of this paper review the well documented concept of the Ayurveda about the Prameha Roga as the trend of diabetes is increasing day by day in the society and is very difficult to prevent and manage owing to its complexity. The Ayurvedic concept of this Roga information on the subject regarding classification, characteristics, features etc. has been also made in this paper. This Article highlights the wisdom of ancient Indian literature and some historical view of the disease i.e. Prameha Roga or Diabetes Mellitus.

Bhat J, Damle A, Vaishnav PP, Albers R, Joshi M, Banerjee G. In vivo enhancement of natural killer cell activity through tea fortified with Ayurvedic herbs. Phytother Res. 2010;24(1):129-35. .

Abstract.

The effect of a tea fortified with five herbs selected from Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda) for their putative immunoenhancing effect (Withania somnifera, Glycyrrhzia glabra, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum sanctum and Elettaria cardamomum) on innate immunity was investigated. Ex vivo natural killer (NK) cell activity was assessed after consumption of fortified tea compared with regular tea in two independent double-blind intervention studies. Both studies were conducted in India with healthy volunteers (age >or= 55 years) selected for a relatively low baseline NK cell activity and a history of recurrent coughs and colds. In a pilot study conducted with 32 volunteers, the consumption of Natural Care tea significantly improved the NK cell activity of the volunteers in comparison with a population consuming regular tea. These results were validated in an independent crossover study with 110 volunteers. Data from these two studies indicate that regular consumption of the tea fortified with Ayurvedic herbs enhanced NK cell activity, which is an important aspect of the (early) innate immune response to infections.

Bhat S, Lavekar GS. Ayurvedic approach to pathya (ideal diet planning)—an appraisal. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 2005;35(2):147-56. .

Abstract.

Most health problems develop due to the wrong eating habits and cooking methods. Ayurveda deals with the pathya, apathya or pathya vyavastha (planning of diet- dietetics) in a very scientific and holistic way of Dietetics. The diet planning mentioned in our classical literature is very rational and based on certain principles. Lot of importance is given to the diet with regard to its processing, quality, quantity and so on. Due consideration is given to the atmosphere, psychological condition, status of health, digestion etc. of the person while dealing with this issue. The diet should also be planned according to the age, season, habitat and the preference of the person. In this paper the fundamental principals of Pathya vyavastha (dietetics) with appropriate references, recommended diet based on the texts and clinical findings for some important diseases such as diabetes, liver diseases, acid -peptic disorders, cardiac diseases are dealt with. The proper incorporation of diet not only can prevent many preventable disorders but plays major role in the management of the Diseases. Ayurveda has very holistic and scientific approach in planning the diet. The fundamental principles like tridosa, Prakrti, the tastes, processing of food, the quality, quantity, and the rules regarding eating food if considered while incorporating the diet one can keep away from many diseases of body and mind.

Bhatnagar VK, Hussain SA, Ali M. A brief history of Ayurveda in Hyderabad. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 1994;24(1):63-75. .

Abstract.

This Article contains a brief history of Ayurveda in Hyderabad. It can be proudly stated that this system is prevailing here since foundation of this city in 1590 A.D. As it is said that the physicians of Ayurveda and Unani both were among the staff of the first general hospital of Hyderabad city 'Darush-shifa' which was constructed in 1595 A.D. After the Qutub Shahi period the rulers of Asafjahi dynasty also patronised this system. The physicians of this period not only run their clinics but they also teach this system to their pupils privately. Due to the efforts of some eminent Ayurvedic physicians, Ayurveda progressed well. The names and the photos of these physicians have been given in this Article. Now this system has a good status here with well established college, hospital and research department etc.

Bhatnagar VK, PRasad PV. Medicinal plants referred in Kautilya's Arthashastra. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 2004;34(1):1-16. .

Abstract.

Kautilya's Arthashastra which was written somewhere in 321-300 B.C. on ancient Indian Polity, holds a unique place in Indian history and culture. It was discovered at Tanjavore district of Mysore in Karnataka. The Manuscript of Arthashastra (Devanagari script) was traced by Sri Munisri Jinavijayajee of Patna. Mr. Shyama Sastry had first published the translated text in 1909 as Volume 37 of the Bibliotheca Sanskrta of Mysore. There are 150 chapters in this work. The author of this work, Kautilya is also known as Visnugupta or Canakya. The author himself in the concluding verse of the Arthashastra quoted his name as Visnugupta. The later writers on his works also designated his name as Canakya. It was also translated into German and Russian languages. The plants and herbs having medicinal value were compiled in the Arthashastra to bring out the knowledge of the period and how the people honored, patronized, considered their own indigenous system as a part of their life. Same information is being presented in this Article.

Bhatt AD, Dalal DG, Shah SJ, Joshi BA, Gajjar MN, Vaidya RA, Vaidya AB, Antarkar DS. Conceptual and methodologic challenges of assessing the short-term efficacy of Guggulu in obesity: data emergent from a naturalistic clinical trial. J Postgrad Med. 1995 ;41(1):5-7. .

Abstract.

An open comparative trial was conducted in 58 adult obese patients (Body Mass Index > or = 25 kg/square metre). Group I (n = 27), non-drug, was advised diet (1200-1600 cals) and a brisk walk for 30 minutes. Group II, in addition, received Guggulu (Medohar) 1.5-3 gm/day for 30 days. Mean difference in weight loss between Guggulu and non-drug group was 0.32 kg (ns) on day 15 and 0.58 kg on day 30 (ns). The mean weight reduction in patients (> 90 kg) was 1.92 kg (ns) and 2.25 kg (ns) higher in Guggulu group. All patients weighing > 90 kg lost weight in Guggulu group whilst 3 in non-drug group did not lose weight. Guggulu was tolerated well. The data from this pilot study suggest a synergistic diet-Guggulu interaction over 30 days in patients weighing > 90 kg which needs to be confirmed in a large placebo controlled study.

Bhatt AD. Clinical research on Ayurvedic therapeutics: myths, realities and challenges. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001;49:558-62. .

Abstract.

Globally there is an increasing interest in alternative routes to health such as Ayurveda. There is a need to conduct globally acceptable clinical research in Ayurvedic therapeutics (AT). Some of the issues in investigating AT in randomized clinical trials (CT) are: selection of appropriate AT, non-drug and/or drug AT, identification of objective outcomes, devising adequate placebo/positive controls, difficulties of blinding, guarding against bias, duration of trials, number of patients, dose optimisation, etc. There is also a need to establish reasonable safety of this therapy in CT. If AT has to complete with new chemical entities and biotechnology products, clinical research and development of AT should be focussed on unmet medical needs utilising principles and practices of modern CT approaches.

Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, ChakrabArti A. Adaptogenic activity of Siotone, a polyherbal formulation of Ayurvedic Rasayanas. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000;38(2):119-28. .

Abstract.

Siotone (ST) is a herbal formulation comprising of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Tribulus terristris and shilajit, all of which are classified in Ayurveda as Rasayanas which are reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve defence mechanisms of the body and enhance longevity. These attributes are similar to the modern concept of adaptogenic agents, which are, known to afford protection of the human physiological system against diverse stressors. The present study was undertaken to investigate the adaptogenic activity of ST against chronic unpredictable, but mild, footshock stress induced perturbations in behaviour (depression), glucose Metabolism, suppressed male sexual behaviour, immunosuppression and cognitive dysfunction in CF strain albino rats. Gastric ulceration, adrenal gland and spleen weights, ascorbic acid and corticosterone concentrations of adrenal cortex, and plasma corticosterone levels, were used as the stress indices. Panax ginseng (PG) was used as the standard adaptogenic agent for comparison. Additionally, rat brain levels of tribulin, an endogenous endocoid postulated to be involved in stress, were also assessed in terms of endogenous monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and MAOB inhibitory activity. Chronic unpredictable footshock induced marked gastric ulceration, significant increase in adrenal gland weight and plasma corticosterone levels, with concomitant decreases in spleen weight, and concentrations of adrenal gland ascorbic acid and corticosterone. These effects were attenuated by ST (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and PG (100 mg/kg, p.o.), administered once daily over a period of 14 days, the period of stress induction. Chronic stress also induced glucose intolerance, suppressed male sexual behaviour, induced behavioural depression (Porsolt's swim despair test and learned helplessness test) and cognitive dysfunction (attenuated retention of learning in active and passive avoidance tests), and immunosuppression (leucocyte migration inhibition and sheep RBC challenged increase in paw oedema in sensitized rats). All these chronic stress-induced perturbations were attenuated, dose-dependently by ST (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and PG (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Chronic stress-induced increase in rat brain tribulin activity was also reversed by these doses of ST and by PG. The results indicate that ST has significant adaptogenic activity, qualitatively comparable to PG, against a variety of behavioural, biochemical and physiological perturbations induced by unpredictable stress, which has been proposed to be a better indicator of clinical stress than acute stress parameters. The likely contribution of the individual constituents of ST in the observed adaptogenic action of the polyherbal formulation, have been discussed.

Biradar YS, Singh R, Sharma K, Dhalwal K, Bodhankar SL, Khandelwal KR. Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal property and acute toxicity of Triphala Mashi, an Ayurvedic formulation. J Herb Pharmacother. 2007;7(3-4):203-12. .

Abstract.

The anti-diarrhoeal effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Triphala and Triphala Mashi were studied employing castor oil-induced-diarrhoeal model in rats. The gastrointestinal transit rate was expressed as the percentage of the longest distance travelled by the charcoal divided by the total length of the small intestine. All the extracts, at various doses 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg displayed remarkable anti-diarrhoeal activity as evidenced by a significant increase in first defecation time, cumulative fecal weight and intestinal transit time. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Triphala and Triphala Mashi were considered safe up to a dose of 1750 mg/kg when evaluated for acute oral toxicity in accordance with the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines. In conclusion, the remarkable anti-diarrhoeal effect of Triphala and Triphala Mashi extracts against castor oil-induced diarrhoea suggest its potential for application in a wide range of diarrhoeal states.

Biswas TK, Pandit S, Mondal S, Biswas SK, Jana U, Ghosh T, Tripathi PC, Debnath PK, Auddy RG, Auddy B. Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermia. Andrologia. 2010;42(1):48-56. .

Abstract.

The safety and spermatogenic activity of processed Shilajit (PS) were evaluated in oligospermic patients. Initially, 60 infertile male patients were assessed and those having total sperm counts below 20 million ml(-1) semen were considered oligospermic and enrolled in the study (n = 35). PS capsule (100 mg) was administered twice daily after major meals for 90 days. Total semenogram and serum testosterone, luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were estimated before and at the end of the treatment. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker for oxidative stress, content of semen and biochemical parameters for safety were also evaluated. Twenty-eight patients who completed the treatment showed significant (P < 0.001) improvement in spermia (+37.6%), total sperm count (+61.4%), motility (12.4-17.4% after different time intervals), normal sperm count (+18.9%) with concomitant decrease in pus and epithelial cell count compared with baseline value. Significant decrease of semen MDA content (-18.7%) was observed. Moreover, serum testosterone (+23.5%; P < 0.001) and FSH (+9.4%; P < 0.05) levels significantly increased. HPLC chromatogram revealed inclusion of PS constituents in semen. Unaltered hepatic and renal profiles of patients indicated that PS was safe at the given dose. The present findings provide further evidence of the spermatogenic nature of Shilajit, as attributed in Ayurvedic medicine, Particularly when administered as PS.

Biswas TK, Mukherjee B. Plant medicines of Indian origin for wound healing activity: a . Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2003 ;2(1):25-39. .

Abstract.

Research on wound healing drugs is a developing area in modern biomedical sciences. Scientists who are trying to develop newer drugs from natural resources are looking toward the Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine. Several drugs of plant, mineral, and animal origin are described in the Ayurveda for their wound healing properties under the term Vranaropaka. Most of these drugs are derived from plant origin. Some of these plants have been screened scientifically for the evaluation of their wound healing activity in different Pharmacological models and patients, but the potential of most remains unexplored. In a few cases, active chemical constituents were identified. Some Ayurvedic medicinal plants, namely, Ficus bengalensis, Cynodon dactylon, Symplocos racemosa, Rubia cordifolia, Pterocarpus santalinus, Ficus racemosa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica,Euphorbia nerifolia, and Aloe vera, were found to be effective in experimental models. This paper presents a limited review of plants used in Ayurvedic medicine.

Breemen Richard B. van, Li Yi Tao, Wenkui. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in ginger (Zingiber officinale). Fitoterapia.2011;82(1):38-43.

Abstract.

Ginger roots have been used to treat inflammation and have been reported to inhibit cyclooxygenase(COX). Ultrafiltration liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used to screen achloroform pArtition of a methanol extract of ginger roots for COX-2 ligands, and 10-gingerol, 12-gingerol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol, 6-gingerdione, 8-gingerdione, 10-gingerdione, 6-dehydro-10-gingerol, 6-paradol, and 8-paradol bound to the enzyme active site. Purified 10-gingerol, 8-shogaol and 10-shogaol inhibited COX-2 with IC50 values of 32 μM, 17.5 μMand7.5 μM, respectively.No inhibition of COX-1was detected. Therefore, 10-gingerol, 8-shogaol and 10-shogaol inhibit COX-2 but not COX-1,which can explain, in part, the anti-inflammatory properties of ginger.

Cameron MM. Untouchable healing: a Dalit Ayurvedic doctor from Nepal suffershis country's ills. Med Anthropol. 2009;28(3):235-67. .

Abstract.

Ayurvedic medicine thrives in Nepal. Even so, barriers of untouchability that have long prevented Dalits from establishing equal relationships with upper castes have made medical education out of reach for them. Hence, nearly all Ayurvedic practitioners are high caste men. Forty years ago, an "untouchable" man from the Himalayan foothills with a thirst for knowledge about Ayurveda traveled south into India where he changed his caste and "became" a Brahman for 14 years as he studied the theory and practice of Ayurvedic medicine in a Haridwar college. Rasaliji's life story, recorded initially in 2000 and continued through 2007-2008, encompasses a period of rapid modernization that spawned a state health policy promoting biomedicine, a proliferation of pharmaceutical drugs, and a national election that swept the Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist into power and saw an unprecedented 9 percent Dalits elected to the Constituent Assembly. This Article presents Rasaliji's current concerns with the state of medicine and social justice in Nepal.

Chacko E. Culture and therapy: complementary strategies for the treatment of type-2 diabetes in an urban setting in Kerala, India. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(5):1087-98. .

Abstract.

There is an epidemic rise in diabetes in the developing world, with ensuing concern about the management and control of the disease. This study investigates the use of complementary therapies to manage Type 2 diabetes in an urban population in Kerala, a state in Southern India. Using ethnographic methods, it shows that the subjects' experiences of the disease and their health management decisions are closely linked to their cultural background and the environmental resources of the region. PArticipants in the study relied on biomedicine for treating diabetes, but frequently used Ayurvedic medicine and folk herbal remedies as supplements. They named 24 local plants and plant products that were employed to lower blood glucose levels. Knowledge of tried and tested local or regional remedies and their incorporation into individual and community health care practices are evidence of medical knowledge as cultural capital. Greater attention needs to be paid to the broader systems of the environment and culture

Chanda D, Shanker K, Pal A, Luqman S, Bawankule DU, Mani D, Darokar MP. Safety evaluation of Trikatu, a generic Ayurvedic medicine in Charles Foster rats. J Toxicol Sci. 2009 ;34(1):99-108.

Abstract.

Chemical characterization and acute and sub-acute toxicity study of Trikatu, a generic herbal formulation of Indian system of medicine, was carried out in Charles Foster (CF) rats for safety profiling. In acute toxicity experiment, Trikatu at 2,000 mg/kg body weight once orally was well tolerated by the experimental animals (both male and female) and no changes were observed in mortality, morbidity, gross pathology, gain in weight, vital organ weight, hematological parameters (total white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) count), biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum lipid profile and tissue biochemical parameters such as reduced glutathione and malonaldehyde content as oxidative stress markers. In sub-acute experiment, Trikatu was administered at 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg body weight once daily for 28 days in female CF rats, and non-significant changes were found in most of the parameters studied such as acute experiment except significant increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level at 50 and 300 mg/kg body weight, decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level at 300 mg/kg body weight, increase in SGPT activity at 50 mg/kg body weight and decrease in WBC count at 300 mg/kg body weight on 28(th) day post treatment.

Charles V, Charles SX. The use and efficacy of Azadirachta indica ADR ('Neem') and Curcuma longa ('Turmeric') in scabies. A pilot study. Trop Geogr Med. 1992 ;44(1-2):178-81. .

Abstract.

In the Ayurvedha and Sidha system of medicine (Indian system of medicine) Azadirachta indica ADR ('Neem') and Curcuma longa ('Turmeric') has been used for healing chronic ulcers and scabies. The 'Neem' and 'Turmeric' was used as a paste for the treatment of scabies in 814 people. In 97% of cases cure was obtained within 3 to 15 days of treatment. We find that this is a very cheap, easily available, effective and acceptable mode of treatment for the villagers in the developing countries. We have noticed no toxic or adverse reaction so far. However, further research is needed.

Chauhan NS, Sharma V, Thakur M, Dixit VK. Curculigo orchioides: the black gold with numerous health benefits. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2010 ;8(7):613-23. .

Abstract.

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (family Amarylladaceae) is an endangered Rasayana herb which is popularly known as "Kali Musli". The plant is native to India, and holds a special position as a potent adaptogen and aphrodisiac in Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is an important ingredient of many Ayurvedic preparations and is considered to have aphrodisiac, immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic activities. Various chemical constituents like mucilage, phenolic glycosides, saponins and aliphatic compounds from the plant have been reported. The plant is also considered as an important component of various herbal preparations of the Chinese and Kampo medicine. The present review is an attempt to enumerate various biologically tested activities and evaluation of different phytochemicals present in this important medicinal plant.

Chopra A, Lavin P, Patwardhan B, Chitre D. Randomized double blind trial of an Ayurvedic plant derived formulation for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000 ;27(6):1365-72. .

Abstract.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate RA-1, a standardized plant extract formulation, traditionally considered a safe, effective antiarthritic in the Asian-Indian Ayurvedic medicinal system. METHODS: One hundred eighty-two patients with active-on-chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) participated in a 16 week randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel efficacy clinical drug trial in Pune, India. Tenderness, pain, swelling, and several other efficacy measures were assessed by (1) ACR core set 20% and 50% improvement; (2) ACR 20% improvement response. An intent-to-treat analysis was performed; p 4)-O-glucoside] and luteolin-4'-O-glucoside-7-O-galacturonide) were the two major constituents of the decoction of C. cyminum. Selective hydrolysis of 7-O-glucosides of luteolin and apigenin during fermentation resulted in an increase in the amount of luteolin and apigenin. The 4'-O-glucoside-7-O-galacturonide of luteolin and galacturonide deriVative of apigenin were not hydrolyzed during fermentation. Monomeric phenolics, together with 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), were also introduced into the formulation through the jaggery and other plant materials during fermentation. This communication highlights the importance of the ancient processing methods used in Ayurveda.

Lal UR, Tripathi SM, Jachak SM, Bhutani KK, Singh IP. Chemical changes during fermentation of Abhayarishta and its standardization by HPLC-DAD. Nat Prod Commun. 2010;5(4):575-9. .

Abstract.

Abhayarishta is an Ayurvedic formulation prepared traditionally by the fermentation of the decoction of Terminalia chebula (pericarp), Vitis vinifera (fruits), Embelia ribes (fruits) and Madhuca indica (flowers). In the present communication, chemical changes occurring during fermentation in Abhayarishta have been studied for the purpose of its standardization. An HPLC-DAD method for quantitative estimation of selected marker constituents in the formulation has been developed and validated. A comparison of decoction and final processed formulation revealed that major polyphenolics (chebulagic and chebulinic acid) of T. chebula were hydrolyzed to their respective monomers and, consequently, there was an increase in the amount of chebulic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid and ethyl gallate after fermentation. 5-Hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) was also found in the formulation. Thus, emphasis is laid upon consideration of processing methods of formulation which has been lacking in the standardization of most of Ayurvedic formulations.

Maity SK, Kar AC, Rao MM, Mishra AK. A clinical trial on Vyana vala Vaishamya (Hypertention) by Ayurvedic drugs. Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 2000; 21 (3-4): 91-97.

Abstract.:

Vyana Bala Vaishamya hypertension is a common health problem occurring in about 2-15% of population in India and many other countries. So many Ayurvedic physicians are treating this disease successfully. But to give rationales to the effectiveness of Ayurvedic drugs and to provide statistically viable scientific data in the subject, a blind trial had been conducted during the year 1992-1999 at CRI, Calcutta as per the direction of CCRAS, New Delhi. Tagaradi and Usheeradi churna were undertaken for this trial and it was found that Ushiradi Churna was more effective than Tagaradi churna. More than 50% cases showed good response to the treatment. Very few cases showed poor and no response. Regarding the response of individuals group is concerned Usheradi churana is more effective than Tagaradi churna.

Manjunath NK, Telles S. Influence of Yoga and Ayurveda on self-rated sleep in a geriatric population. Indian J Med Res. 2005;121(5):683-90. .

Abstract.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sleep in older persons is characterized by decreased ability to stay asleep, resulting in fragmented sleep and reduced daytime alertness. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia in older persons is associated with hazardous side effects. Hence, the present study was designed to compare the effects of Yoga and Ayurveda on the self rated sleep in a geriatric population.METHODS: Of the 120 residents from a home for the aged, 69 were stratified based on age (five year intervals) and randomly allocated to three groups i.e.Yoga (physical postures, relaxation techniques, voluntarily regulated breathing and lectures on yoga philosophy), Ayurveda (a herbal preparation), and Wait-list control (no intervention). The groups were evaluated for self-assessment of sleep over a one week period at baseline, and after three and six months of the respective interventions.RESULTS: The Yoga group showed a significant decrease in the time taken to fall asleep (approximate group average decrease: 10 min, P ................
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