What Are Snake Neurotoxins? - Amazon S3



-508001108075From types of snakes to the chemical make up of snake neurotoxins – what you need to know about snake venom00From types of snakes to the chemical make up of snake neurotoxins – what you need to know about snake venomshedding the truth: snake venom -55245506095What Are Snake Neurotoxins?Snake Neurotoxins, or better known as Snake Venom, is evolved saliva that contains zootoxins.When this is injected into a body it, becomes highly potent and can enable the immobilization, severe detrimental damage, and defence against predators. 00What Are Snake Neurotoxins?Snake Neurotoxins, or better known as Snake Venom, is evolved saliva that contains zootoxins.When this is injected into a body it, becomes highly potent and can enable the immobilization, severe detrimental damage, and defence against predators. DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF SNAKESThere are a diverse range of snakes in Australia, however there are only some that you need to be wary of when it comes to keeping yourself out of danger. The two main categories of snakes, Venomous and Non-Venomous. These snakes can administer their venom various ways, from subcutaneous, intravenous or intramuscular, with each being as deadly to the host dependent on the venom of the snake. Based on these two categories, snakes can be further segregated based on their fang type. The three fang types, from least venomous to highly venomous are:-213423575247500Opisthoglyphous: These snakes have a small groove in their fangs, which are slightly bigger so as to bite deeper within their prey to administer the neurotoxin. These snakes are rear-fanged and are usually non-venomous to mildly venomous.Proteroglyph: These snakes have small-moveable fangs that are located in the front of the mouth of the snake. The purpose of these moveable fangs is to further envenomate the prey of the snake by allowing it to ‘chew’ on their prey and latch on for longer. These snakes are mildly venomous-2132965794385Above: A snake with its venom visible on its fangs020000Above: A snake with its venom visible on its fangsSolenoglyph: These snakes have highly developed fangs, which can fold back into the mouth of the snake and will only protrude out when triggered by the snake. This ability allows for the snakes to open their mouth to over 180 degrees and strike their prey or predators with their fangs extending straight. This class of snake is highly venomousORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF VENOM IN SNAKES2730512700The investigation into the origin of snake venom has gone back for many years, and has progressed to the point where the chemical breakdown of each component of a snake’s venom, has been identified. Venom’s in snakes do not only include one specific type, but a combination that produces deadly venom which can severely impair a snake’s prey or predators. It has been discovered that each type of venom is encoded by a single gene that has been affected by a mutation, which then goes onto replicating, making itself into a toxin. These original genes prior to mutation were used for many other bodily functions in the snake - from digestion to shedding of skin.The venom genes are then transported to a venom duct in the head of the snake, where they are stored and ready for secretion when enabled by the snake - and then transported to the fangs where the venom will be injected into the prey or predator. ? 00The investigation into the origin of snake venom has gone back for many years, and has progressed to the point where the chemical breakdown of each component of a snake’s venom, has been identified. Venom’s in snakes do not only include one specific type, but a combination that produces deadly venom which can severely impair a snake’s prey or predators. It has been discovered that each type of venom is encoded by a single gene that has been affected by a mutation, which then goes onto replicating, making itself into a toxin. These original genes prior to mutation were used for many other bodily functions in the snake - from digestion to shedding of skin.The venom genes are then transported to a venom duct in the head of the snake, where they are stored and ready for secretion when enabled by the snake - and then transported to the fangs where the venom will be injected into the prey or predator. ? 2133600-184265FURTHER INSIGHT INTO VENOM AND ITS CLASSIFCATIONSBut just as snakes have their classifications, venom also has its various classifications. Venom can be further broken down into three common types, with each type classified based on how it affects a predator or prey. However one type of toxin, Neurotoxins, is the most common and can be broken down even further in classification. This will be discussed in the ‘Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Neurotoxins’ heading: Hemotoxic Venom:This venom affects the cardiovascular system of a predator or prey. The way in which this venom does this is by destroying erythrocytes (red blood cells) which cause blockages and blood clotting, which can highly detriment the system when transporting to and from the heart. Neurotoxic Venom: This venom affects the nervous system of a predator or prey. This toxin does this by causing slow paralysis of the muscles and then the nerves of an animal, which in severe cases, can cause the inability for the respiratory system to function.Cytotoxic Venom: This venom affects the bite area only. The venom cells attack the surrounding cells and tissues around the bite and can cause severe infection, swelling, bleeding and pain. 00FURTHER INSIGHT INTO VENOM AND ITS CLASSIFCATIONSBut just as snakes have their classifications, venom also has its various classifications. Venom can be further broken down into three common types, with each type classified based on how it affects a predator or prey. However one type of toxin, Neurotoxins, is the most common and can be broken down even further in classification. This will be discussed in the ‘Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Neurotoxins’ heading: Hemotoxic Venom:This venom affects the cardiovascular system of a predator or prey. The way in which this venom does this is by destroying erythrocytes (red blood cells) which cause blockages and blood clotting, which can highly detriment the system when transporting to and from the heart. Neurotoxic Venom: This venom affects the nervous system of a predator or prey. This toxin does this by causing slow paralysis of the muscles and then the nerves of an animal, which in severe cases, can cause the inability for the respiratory system to function.Cytotoxic Venom: This venom affects the bite area only. The venom cells attack the surrounding cells and tissues around the bite and can cause severe infection, swelling, bleeding and pain. -220980-8763000-2228215177165Above: A diagram depicting how to identify the difference between Venomous Snakes (left) and Non-Venomous Snakes (right)00Above: A diagram depicting how to identify the difference between Venomous Snakes (left) and Non-Venomous Snakes (right)-22282159842500101600354965The most common type of neurotoxin that exists in various snakes, such as the King Cobra and Krait species, can be broken down into two types based on what it attacks in the nervous system. As neurotoxins are the most dangerous of toxins, the danger with both types of neurotoxins is the area it will affects, which in turn can detriment the system of the prey or predator. The two types are: Presynaptic Neurotoxins: These neurotoxins not only target the Nervous System, but specifically target the nerve endings of sensory cells. With the nerve endings damaged or destroyed, this can cause the inability for the host to feel pain, which can lead to the spread of the neurotoxin through the body, till the host is completely senseless and does not have the ability to feel anything, including their own limbs and organs. Postsynaptic Neurotoxins: These neurotoxins have the ability to block acetylcholine from binding to muscle cell membranes. This means that the host will no longer be able to control their muscles, which in turn can lead to paralysis and the slow shut down of the respiratory system – which in serious cases can lead to death. 00The most common type of neurotoxin that exists in various snakes, such as the King Cobra and Krait species, can be broken down into two types based on what it attacks in the nervous system. As neurotoxins are the most dangerous of toxins, the danger with both types of neurotoxins is the area it will affects, which in turn can detriment the system of the prey or predator. The two types are: Presynaptic Neurotoxins: These neurotoxins not only target the Nervous System, but specifically target the nerve endings of sensory cells. With the nerve endings damaged or destroyed, this can cause the inability for the host to feel pain, which can lead to the spread of the neurotoxin through the body, till the host is completely senseless and does not have the ability to feel anything, including their own limbs and organs. Postsynaptic Neurotoxins: These neurotoxins have the ability to block acetylcholine from binding to muscle cell membranes. This means that the host will no longer be able to control their muscles, which in turn can lead to paralysis and the slow shut down of the respiratory system – which in serious cases can lead to death. PRESYNAPTIC AND POSTSYNAPTIC NEUROTOXINS-291465122428000-291465484505Above: A diagram showing the anatomy of the snake, in terms where venom is stored. 00Above: A diagram showing the anatomy of the snake, in terms where venom is stored. -2035810299085Above: The positions of a Postsynaptic Neuron and a Presynaptic Neuron 00Above: The positions of a Postsynaptic Neuron and a Presynaptic Neuron References: Research: 5 Dangerous Venom Types - Thailand Snakes | ThailandSnakes 2018, Thailand Snakes | Venomous | Photos | Videos | ID. viewed 11 May 2018, <, 2018, Chm.bris.ac.uk. viewed 11 May 2018, <, N., Wüster, W., Vonk, F., Harrison, R. and Fry, B. 2013, Complex cocktails: the evolutionary novelty of venoms,?Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol 28, no 4, pp.219-229,.Nerve Pain and Nerve Damage 2018, WebMD. viewed 11 May 2018, < The Origin of Venom 2018, Phenomena. viewed 1 May 2018, < Yee, J., Nanling, G., Afifiyan, F., Donghui, M., Siew Lay, P., Armugam, A. and Jeyaseelan, K. 2004, Snake postsynaptic neurotoxins: gene structure, phylogeny and applications in research and therapy,?Biochimie, vol 86, no 2, pp.137-149,.Rossetto, O., Morbiato, L., Caccin, P., Rigoni, M. and Montecucco, C. 2006, Presynaptic enzymatic neurotoxins,?Journal of Neurochemistry, vol 97, no 6, pp.1534-1545,.snake venom 2018, . viewed 11 May 2018, < Science Behind Venomous Snake Bites 2018, . viewed 11 May 2018, < den Pol, A., Gao, X., Obrietan, K., Kilduff, T. and Belousov, A. 1998, Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Actions and Modulation of Neuroendocrine Neurons by a New Hypothalamic Peptide, Hypocretin/Orexin,?The Journal of Neuroscience, vol 18, no 19, pp.7962-7971,.zootoxin 2018, . viewed 11 May 2018, <: Biology ISP: Neurotoxic Snake Venom 2018, I like science . . . I think. viewed 11 May 2018, < Archives 2018, JAC GATFIELD. viewed 11 May 2018, <, T. 2018,?Aspects of Snakebite and Snake Venom Properties, Australian Wildlife | Brisbane | Workplace Reptile Safety Training. viewed 11 May 2018, < is the difference between pre-synaptic versus post-synaptic? 2018, Psychology & Neuroscience Stack Exchange. viewed 11 May 2018, <;. ................
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