What does the word “amphibian” mean? - Mt. San Antonio ...



4600575409575001771659906000Biology 2-12382543688000482917510668000Lab PacketForPractical 41285875298450Reptile LabDomain: Eukarya Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata – Chordatea385762512573000Class: Amphibia – Amphibians Order: Urodela - Salmanders Order: Anurans – Frogs/Toads Order: Apodans - CaeciliansClass: Testudines – TurtlesClass: Sphenodontia – TuatarasClass: Squamata – Lizards/Snakes Lizards Family – Agamidae – Old World Lizards Family – Anguidae – Glass Lizards Family – Chameleonidae – Chameleons Family – Corytophanidae – Helmet Lizards Family - Crotaphytidae – Collared Lizards Family – Helodermatidae – Gila Monster Family – Iguanidae – Iguanids Family – Phrynosomatidae – NA Spiny Lizards Family – Polychrotidae – Anoles Family – Geckkonidae – Geckos Snakes Family – Boidae – Pythons and Boas Family – Colubridae – Colubrids Family – Elapidae – Elapids Family – Hydrophilidae – Sea Snakes Family - Viparidae - ViperidsClass: Crocodilia – CrocodiliaIntroduction – Phylum ChordataAlthough chordates vary widely in appearance, they are distinguished as a phylum by the presence of four anatomical features that appear sometime during their life time. They exhibit deuterostome development and bilateral symmetry. Chordates only comprise 5% of the animal species but may be the most commonly known phylum. They comprise of both invertebrates and vertebrates. This lab will be looking at the vertebrate animals that moved onto land. We will explore the living amphibian and reptile clades.Station 1 – TetrapodsWhat were three physical differences tetrapods evolved to accommodate their new way of life when they emerged onto land?When do tetrapods appear in the fossil record? What was the name of the extinct group of lungfish that lead to the tetrapods?What type of habitat did the first tetrapods evolve in?Station 2 – Tetrapods – General Characteristics – Oxygen ContentTo breath air, the lung developed from what?What does a double circulatory system allow for?Bony fish have 4 external nares (2 on each side) which allow water to run across the olfactory tissue. What do tetrapods have? What does this allow them to do?Station 3 – Tetrapods – General Characteristics – Body DensityThe limbs developed in shallow water. How much less buoyant is air over water? What are the homologous structures between fins and limbs?In fish, the pectoral girdle is attached to the skull. What did tetrapods develop? What happed to the pelvic girdle to increase the force that can be generated by the hind legs?What did the vertebrae develop to help support the spine in the absence of buoyant water? What did they also develop to protect the lungs?The skull has been shortened and the snout elongated. The head separated from the body by a neck to allow for what? Why was a second vertebrae added?Station 4 – Tetrapods – General Characteristics – Temperature RegulationWhat is the current theory of why tetrapods evolved?What does an increase of 10 degrees Celsius allow for?Station 5 – Evolutionary HistoryWhat is the name of the fossil called a “Fishapod”?What fish characteristics does it have?What tetrapod characteristics does it have?Station 6 – Class: AmphibiansWhat does the word “amphibian” mean?What type of egg do they have?What type of skin do they have? What does allow for?When did amphibians appear in the fossil record? When did modern amphibian fossils appear?What are amphibians found?Station 7 – Class: Amphibians – General CharacteristicsWhat is the difference between poisonous and venomous?What does poisonous mean?What does venomous mean?Station 8 – Order: Urodela What does the word Urodela mean? What does this clade consist of?How are their legs positioned?What do they eat?When did salamanders appear in the fossil record?Where are salamanders found?Station 9 – California NewtHow is a newt different than a salamander? What is a terrestrial juvenile called?Are California Newts venomous or poisonous? What is the name of the toxin they produce? How harmful is it?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?.Station 10 – EnsatinaWhat is unique about their breeding locations?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?Station 11 – California Slender SalamanderWhat type of salamander are they? How does this species breathe?What are they considered due to their limited range?Where are they primarily located?What type of habitat can they be found in?Station 12 – Order AnuraWhat does the word anura mean? What does this clade consist of?When does the oldest “protofrog” appear? When does the molecular clock date them?Where is the greatest concentration of species diversity of anurans?Station 13 – Anura – General CharacteristicsWhat does the term “frog” usually refer to?What does the term “toad” usually refer to?Station 14 – Other Anura – General Characteristics – DefenseWhat is the toxic substance on frogs called?What is the name of the poison glans on toads? What do poison dart frogs secrete? Where do they get this poison? What is the term for them advertising their toxicity?Station 15 – Order Anura – General Characteristics – FeaturesWhere is the tongue attached? What acts like an eardrum? What is the name of the transparent membrane?Note the skeleton and the preserved specimen of the frog. What are the three functions of the skull?Is the skeleton as flexible as the fish skeleton? Why?What is the function of the pectoral girdle?What is the function of the pelvic girdle? Do frogs have ribs?1323975371030500Station 16 - CLASS AMPHIBIA – INTERNAL FEATURES SystemStructureFunctionMuscular SystemWhat is the one function of the muscles?Digestive SystemStomachIntestineLiverGall BladderPancreasSpleenExcretory SystemKidneysUrinary BladderCirculatory SystemAtria (2) Ventricle (1)Double Circuit system (whole system)Respiratory SystemLungsNervous SystemCerebrumOlfactory lobeOptic lobeMedulla OblongataSpinal chordReproductive SystemOvaries or TestesStation 17 – Animal Sounds – Frogs This Week you are responsible for the following animals calls:California Tree frog Pacific Tree FrogCalifornia ToadAmerican BullfrogWestern Spadefoot ToadStation 18 – Western Spadefoot ToadWhat type of frog are they similar to?What makes them unique?Where are the located?What type of habitat are they found in?Station 19 – Red-Spotted ToadWhat characteristic is used to identify them?Where are the located?What type of habitat are they found in?Station 20 – California Tree FrogWhat makes them unique?Where are the located?What type of habitat are they found in?Station 21 – Pacific Tree FrogWhat makes them unique?Where are the located?What type of habitat are they found in?Station 22 – American BullfrogWhat makes them easy to identify?What is it considered to be? What is the concern?Where are they native to?What type of habitat are they found in?Station 23 - AmniotesWhat are amniotes? What group of amniotes are mammals found in? What group of amniotes are reptiles and birds found in?When did the first amniotes appear? Station 24 – Amniotes – General Characteristics – Amniotic eggWhat does this egg allow them to do?Station 25 – Amniotes – General Characteristics – Skull DevelopmentWhat type of skull did the first reptiles have?What type of skull is seen with one temporal opening? What did the opening allow? What did this line evolve into?What type of skull is seen in the “True Reptiles”?Station 26 – ReptilesWhen did Reptiles originate?Where are they found?Station 27 – Reptiles – General CharacteristicsWhat are the four Classes that make up the clade Reptiles?Station 28 – Class TestudinesWhat are they characterized by and what did it develop from?When did they evolve?Where are they found?Station 29 – Class TestudinesIn general, what is the difference between a turtle and a tortoise?From a biological perspective, what is a tortoise?Station 30- Class Testudines - Turtle SkullsWhat type of skull are turtles believe to have now? Why do they appear to be an anapsid?Station 31 – Class Testudines – General CharacteristicsWhat is the name of the upper part of the shell? What is the name of the lower part of the shell? What is the name of the horny scales that cover the shell?What do turtles use on the beaks instead of teeth?How do they use their tongues? What can’t they do that other reptiles can?What are the two main turtle lineages?Station 32 – Green Sea TurtleWhere are they located?What are the three habitat types of their life stages?What do they eat?Station 33 – Leatherback Sea TurtleHow are they different than other sea turtles?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 34 – Desert TortoiseWhy can they live in desert areas that exceed 140 degrees Celsius?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 35 – Western Pond TurtleWhere are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 36 – Red-eared SliderWhat are they known for?Where are they originally from?Why have they spread? What is it outcompeting?What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 37 –Spiny Soft shelled TurtleWhere do they get their name?Where are they located?What habitat are they found in?What do they eat and what do they have to do to swallow?Station 38 – Mata MataWhat does the Mata Mata resemble?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?How does it capture prey? Because of its mouth’s structure, what can’t they do?Station 39 – Class: SphenodontiaWhat characteristics make them different from lizards? What is unusual about their “third” eye?What geological time are these “lizards” dated back to?Where are they located?Station 40 – Class SquamataHow is this class distinguished?When do they appear in the fossil record? What does mitochondrial evidence suggest?Where can they be found?Station 41 – Class: Squamata – General CharacteristicsWhat characteristics are found in lizards?What characteristics are found in snakes?Station 42 – Class: Squamata - Tail AutotomyWhat is caudal autotomy? How do lizards achieve this?Station 43 - Family: AgamidaeWhat is the example for this family? What will they do when threatened? How are they unique?Where are they located?Station 44 - Family: ChameleonidaeWhat chameleon adaptation is made to their toes?What adaptations have been made to their eyes?What adaptations have been made to their tongue?What function does color changing provide them?Where are they located?Station 45 - Family: PolychrotidaeWhat is their common name? What is the name of the throat fan? What is it used for?What are they often incorrectly called? Why are they called this?Where are they located? Why have the become widespread?Station 46 - Family: GeckonidaeWhat are they well known for?What do they lack? What do they have instead? How do they keep it clean?Where are they located?Station 47 - Family: CorytophanidaeWhat is this lizards nickname and how did it get its name?Where are Basilisk Lizards found?Station 48 - Family: ScincidaeWhat can most skinks do to avoid predators?What is unique about Juvenile Western Skinks?Where are Western Skinks located?What do they eat?Station 49 - Family: IguanidaeWhat is this group of lizards main characteristic?What type of lifestyle do they have?Station 50 – ChuckwallaHow do Common Chuckwallas escape from predators?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 51 – Desert IguanaWhat is unique about Desert Iguanas thermoregulation?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 52 – Green IguanaWhy have they been introduced to other areas?Why are they called a disposable pet?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 53 – Marine IguanaWhat does their dark tones allow them to do?Where are they found? Why are they unique today?What do they eat?Station 54 - Family: PhrynosomatidaeWhat is this family adapted for?Where are they located?Station 55 – Zebra-tailed LizardsHow will they stand at the hottest parts of the day?What will they do when threatened?Where are they located?What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 56 – Western Fence LizardWhat are these lizards also known as?Where are they located What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 57 – Side-blotched LizardWhere are they located?What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 58 – Horned LizardWhat were they called before?What behavior do some Horned Lizards have for escaping from predators?What do Horned Lizards eat and what adaptations do they have to allow them to do this?What is rain harvesting?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 59 - Family: Anguidae – The Southern Alligator LizardWhere are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 60 - Family: Anniellidae - California Legless LizardHow can you tell they are not snakes?How is their basking different than other lizards? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 61 – Family: Crotaphytidae - Blunt-nosed Leopard LizardWhy is this species disappearing?Where are they located? What do they eat?Station 62 – Family: Teiidae - Western Whiptail LizardWhat sexual behavior are they known for?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 63 – Family: HelodermatidaeHow are their venom glands different then snakes? What do they lack?What is the venom used for? How do they get it into their victims?What are the two venomous lizards in this family?What is the other venomous lizard?Station 64 - Class: Squamata (Snakes)What do these organisms usually lack?What adaptation is seen in their skulls?What did they probably evolve from and whenWhere are they located?Station 65 - Snakes – General CharacteristicsWhat is the function of the Jacobsen’s organ?What is the function of the Loreal Pits?Station 66 – Family ElapsidaeWhat does this family include?What are they characterized by?What type of toxins do they have?Where are they located?How do they hunt?Station 67 – King CobraWhat is this species known for?A typical bite can kill how many people?What does it do when it is confronted?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 68 – TaipanWhat is this species known for?A typical bite can kill how many people?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 69 – Sea SnakesWhat is this species known for?How are they adapted for a life at sea?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 70 - Family: BoidaeAre they venomous?What large snakes are included in this family?What makes them unique?Where are they located?What do they eat?Station 71 – Rosy BoaWhat do they do when they are disturbed?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 72 – Family: ColubridaeAre they venomous?What makes them unique?When did they show in the fossil record?Where are they found?Station 73- Ring-necked SnakeAre these snakes venomous?What are these snakes known for?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 74 – CoachwhipsWhat are these snakes known for?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 75 – Western Shovel-nosed SnakeWhat are these snakes known for?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 76 – King SnakeWhy are these snakes called King snakes?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 77 – Gopher SnakeWhat are these snakes mistaken for? How can you tell them apart?Where are they located? What habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 78 – Family: ViperidaeWhat type of fangs do they have? How do they “bite”?Which type of snake is more dangerous?When do they first appear in the fossil record?Where are the located?What two categories is the venom placed in?Station 79 – Western DiamondbackWhat makes them unique?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 80 – Red Diamond RattlesnakeWhat makes them unique?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 81 – Speckled RattlesnakeWhat makes them unique?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 82 – Western RattlesnakeWhat makes them unique?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 83 – SidewinderWhat makes them unique?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 84 – Mohave RattlesnakeWhat makes them unique?Where are they located?What type of habitat are they found in?What do they eat?Station 85 – Class: Crocodilia What are the four groups of crocodilia? What are they closely related to?When do they appear in the fossil record?Where are they located?Station 86 – Class: CrocodiliaBe able to identify the four types1.2.3.4. Station 87 – Animal Sounds – Reptile - This Week you are also responsible for the following animals calls:RattlesnakeAlligatorBaby AlligatorCLASSIFICATION: Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata – ChordatesClass: Aves – BirdsOrder: Struthioniformes - OstrichesOrder: Galliformes - QuailOrder: Rheiformes – RheasOrder: Gruiformes – CootsOrder: Casuariiformes – CassowariesOrder: Charadriiformes – Gulls and AlliesOrder: Apterygiformes – KiwisOrder: Columbiformes – PigeonsOrder: Sphenisciformes - PenguinsOrder: Psittaciformes – Parrots Order: Gaviiformes - LoonsOrder: Cuculiformes – Roadrunners Order: Podicipediformes – GrebesOrder: Strigiformes - OwlsOrder: Procellariiformes – Tube nosesOrder: Caprimulgiformes – NighthawksOrder: Pelicaniformes – PelicansOrder: Apodiformes – HummingbirdsOrder: Ciconiiformes – Herons/EgretsOrder: Trogonifomes – TrogonsOrder: Phoenicopteriformes - FlamingosOrder: Coraciformes – KingfishersOrder: Anseriformes – DucksOrder: Piciformes – WoodpeckersOrder: Falconiformes – RaptorsOrder: Passeriformes - Songbirds Introduction – BirdsAlthough chordates vary widely in appearance, they are distinguished as a phylum by the presence of four anatomical features that appear sometime during their life time. They exhibit deuterostome development and bilateral symmetry. Chordates only comprise 5% of the animal species but may be the most commonly known phylum. Birds are endothermic homeotherms which have adapted to many different ecosystems in the world. Station 1 – Class: AvesWhat three adaptations do birds have for flight? What do all species of birds have? What dinosaurs did birds emerge within? When did they show up?Where are birds found?Station 2 – Evolutionary History - ArchaeopteryxWhat characteristics are seen in Archaeopteryx that are bird-like?What characteristics are seen in Archaeopteryx that are reptile-like?Station 3 – General Characteristics - FeathersWhat are feathers made of?Be able to recognize the six types of feathers and know their functions. Also be able to recognize the feathers in the display.17430756985000Station 4 – General Characteristics - ColorWhat causes the different colors we see in bird’s today?What are the different types of plumage mentioned and what is their function?Know what produces the following colors in the following birds.Red in Northern Cardinals:Pink in Flamingo’s: Blue in Western Scrub-JaysYellow in the American GoldfinchIridescent colors in the Anna’s HummingbirdStation 5 – General Characteristics - Bones and MusclesWhat are the three regions in birds where bones are fused together and what are each of them called?What is the muscle in birds which lifts their wings? What is the muscle that is used to lower the wings? How much of a bird’s body mass is accounted for by the flight muscles?Do birds have teeth? Why or why not?Station 6 – General Characteristics – Bipedalism and FeetAlthough most tetrapods are quadrupeds, what is the term used for birds?The part of a bird’s leg that looks like a “backwards” knee is actually what part?What is the name of the type of foot seen on the left below? What is the name of the type of foot seen on the right?Station 7 – General Characteristics – MetabolismWhat type of metabolic rate do birds have? What is the normal range of body temperatures?What zones are birds usually larger? Why?What two functions does the respiratory system play?What respiratory structures do birds have? What do air sacs permit?Station 8 – General Characteristics - ReproductionOther vertebrates lay eggs, but bird egg laying is unique among vertebrates. Why?What is the largest egg?What is the smallest egg?Station 9 – Reproductive Behavior – MonogamyWhat is meant by Socially Monogamous? What are Extra-pair copulations? How many species of birds are considered Socially Monogamous? Station 10 – Reproductive Behavior – Red-winged BlackbirdsWhat is polygyny? What conditions favor this condition?Station 11 – Reproductive Behavior – Sage GrouseWhat is Lekking? What is the name of the area used for display?What are the benefits of Lekking?Station 12 – Reproductive Behavior – Northern JacanaWhat is polyandry?Using this type of reproductive behavior, what happens to the sexual roles in these birds?What is the evolutionary reason for polyandry?Station 13 – Reproductive Behavior – Acorn WoodpeckerWhat is polygyandry?Why do Acorn woodpeckers primarily live in groups? What is special about the way they nest?Station 14 – Reproductive Behavior – Brown-headed CowbirdsWhat is brood parasitism?How many species do they parasitize?What is the cost to the host species?Station 15 – Reproductive Behavior – PhainopeplaWhat is this birds typical diet?What is unique about this birds nesting behavior?How do they behave in the desert environment?How do they behave in the woodland area?Station 16 – Feeding Behavior – AdaptationsBird SkullAdaptationOtherOstrichBrown KiwiIndian Yellow-nosed AlbatrossGreat Blue HeronScarlet IbisRoseate Spoonbill Caribbean FlamingoDuckHarpy EaglePeregrine FalconTurkey VultureCalifornia CondorCommon SnipeKing PenguinBlack HornbillToco ToucanScarlet MacawOwlPileated WoodpeckerWrenStation 17 – Resource Partitioning What is resource portioning? How does an American Avocet’s bill differ from a Black legged Stilt?Station 18 – Ducks (Dabblers vs. Divers)What is a dabbler? What is a diver?How do the legs differ between these two different types of duck?Know the Northern Pintail and Northern Shoveler which are dabblers and the Hooded Merganser is a diving duck.Station 19 – Birds of Prey - Loggerhead ShrikesWhy are they considered a bird of prey?How do they kill their food?What is their nickname?Station 20 – Birds of Prey - Hawks and FalconsWhat is the common diet for a Red-tailed Hawk?What is the Peregrine Falcon known for? What do they eat?What is a Kestrel? What do they eat? What is “unique” about their flight pattern?Station 21 – Birds of Prey - OwlsWhy are owls thought to be nocturnal?How far can Owl’s turn their head? Why can they do this? Why is it necessary?Which species of Owl is diurnal? How do the young protect themselves in the nest?Know the difference between the Barn Owl and the Great Horned Owl.Station 22 – Avoiding Predators- KilldeerWhere do these birds lay their eggs?How do the adults protect their young?Station 23 – Introduced SpeciesWhy were Starling introduced to the United States? What problems are they causing?What is one of the more common introduced species in our area? What was their original name?Station 24 – CommunicationHow do birds communicate?What do songs consist of? How does a song of a cardinal differ from that of a mockingbird?How do birds produce these sounds? Why do mourning doves making only cooing noises?What is a call? How do bushtits use these?How do you recognize the call of a Wrentit?What separates the Western Meadowlark species from the Eastern Meadowlark?Station 25 – Bird SongsBe able to recognize the songs from the following birds. Barn Owl Great Horned Owl California Quail Red-Shouldered Hawk Red-Tailed Hawk Cactus Wren Bushtit Wren Tit Mocking Bird Mourning Dove Acorn Woodpecker Belted KingfisherKilldeerAmerican KestrelRed-winged BlackbirdStation 26- Bird MigrationWhat are the four groups birds can be placed in? Why do birds migrate?What are the four “flyways” in North America?Station 27 – Desert Adaptations – RoadrunnersWhat is torpor? Why do roadrunners do this?What adaptation do Roadrunners have to help them use less energy “waking up” from torpor?Station 28 – Desert Adaptations - Cactus WrensHow did these birds get their name?Why do these birds make multiple nests?Station 29 – Desert Adaptations – Gambel’s QuailWhat is their typical body temperature? What can they do to this temperature to reduce water loss?How much body weight can they lose in water?Station 30 – Other Behaviors – Penguins and AlcidsWhere are penguins found? Where are Murrelets and Auklets found?What do they have in common? How are they different?Station 31 – Other Behaviors - Hummingbirds and SwallowsWhat does the order these birds are in mean?What do hummingbirds eat?Be able to identify the hummingbirds at this station.What do swallows eat?What types of nest do they make?Be able to identify the swallows at this stationStation 32 – Other Behaviors – Common BirdsBe able to recognize the following birds in your neighborhoodsBirdLocationFoodOtherAmerican RobinBrewer’s BlackbirdBlack PhoebeCalifornia GnatcatcherCalifornia ThrasherCalifornia TowheeCrowHouse FinchNorthern OriolePlain TitmouseSpotted TowheeWestern BluebirdWestern KingbirdYellow-rumped WarblerStation 33– Bird OrdersBe able to identify the examples of each of the bird orders.OrderDescriptionCharacteristicsOrder: PelicaniformesPelicans – Four webbed toes, long beak with throat pouchOrder: CoraciformesKingfishers – Strong prominent bill, colorful feathersOrder: ApodiformesHummingbirds – Small birds with short legs, small feet, with long, slender beaksOrder: ColumbiformesPigeons, Doves – Slender bill with soft skin at base, short neck Order: Falconiformes Raptors – Birds of PreyOrder: Anseriformes Ducks – Broadened bills, short legs with webbed feetOrder: GalliformesQuail – Hen-like birds with short beaksOrder: GruiformesCoots – Smaller birds with short beaksOrder: CharadriiformesShorebirds Order: PsittaciformesNarrow hooked beak with brilliant plumageOrder: CuculiformesGreater Roadrunner – Varied, local bird with long legs and tail Order: StrigiformesOwls - Nocturnal birds of PreyOrder: PiciformesWoodpeckers – Thick bill for drilling holesOrder: CasuariiformesCassowaries - Flightless Walking Bird (3 toes)Order: StruthioniformesOstriches - Flightless Walking Bird (2 toes)Order: RheiformesRheas - Flightless Walking Bird (3 toes)Order: ApterygiformesKiwis - Small flightless birdOrder: TinamiformesTinamous - Poor flying birdsOrder: SphenisciformesPenguins – Web footed, short winged, marine birdsOrder: TroganiformesTrogons – Brightly colored, long tailed tropical birdsOrder: GaviiformesLoons – Heavy bodied, diving birdsOrder: PodicipediformesGrebes – Short legged divers with lobed feetOrder: ProcellariiformesTubenoses – Marine birds with tubular nostrils on beackOrder: CiconiiformesWaders – Long-necked, long legged wadersOrder: CaprimulgiformesNighthawks – Night fliersOrder: PasseriformesSongbirds – very variableStation 34 - CLASS: AVES – INTERNAL FEATURES (P 206, Figs. 8.42 – 8.43)SystemStructureFunctionDigestive SystemEsophagusCropProventriculusGizzardIntestineLiverPancreasCloacaExcretory SystemKidneysCirculatory SystemAtria (2) Ventricle (2)Double Circuit system (whole system)Compare to Mammal (Why the difference is size?)Respiratory SystemLungsAir SacsReproductive SystemOvaries or Testes100012563500Station 35 – VERTEBRATE HEART SERIESBe able to recognize the listed structures.Fish Heart (sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus)Amphibian Heart (sinus venosus, right atrium, left atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus, truncus arteriosus, pulmo-cutaneous artery, aorta)Turtle Heart (sinus venosus, right and left superior vena cavas, inferior vena cavas, right atrium, left atrium, ventricle, pulmonary veins, aorta)Crocodile Heart (right and left superior vena cavas, inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary veins, aorta)Bird Heart (right and left superior vena cavas, inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, aorta)Mammal Heart (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary arteries, aorta)Station 36 – VERTEBRATE BRAIN SERIESBe able to recognize the listed structures and their functionsNameFunctionMedulla OblongataPonsMesencephalon (midbrain)CerebellumOptic LobeOlfactory LobeCerebrumIntroduction – MammalsLike all chordates, mammals have the presence of four anatomical features both as juveniles and adults although in adults they are highly modified. They exhibit deuterostome development and bilateral symmetry. Mammals are endothermic, homeotherms which have adapted to survive in many different ecosystems in the world. They have hair and mammary glands to feed their young which make them unique among the animals in this kingdom.Class: Mammalia – Mammals Subclass: ProtheriaOrder: Monotremata – MonotremesDuck-billed PlatypusEchidna Subclass: MetatheriaOrder: Marsupialia: MarsupialsKangarooKoalaBush-tailed PossumVirginia Opossum Subclass: EutheriaOrder: Tubulidentata – AardvarksOrder: Proboscidea – ElephantsOrder: Hyracoidea: HyraxesOrder: Sirenia – ManateesOrder: Xenarthra – Anteaters, Sloths, ArmadillosOrder: Rodentia – RodentsNaked Mole Rats Beaver Ground Squirrel Gray SquirrelKangaroo RatCapybaraGopherDeer MouseNorway RatAntelope Ground SquirrelChipmunkWoodchuckOrder: Lagomorpha – RabbitsBlack-tailed JackrabbitDesert CottontailPikaOrder: Dermoptera – Flying LemursOrder: Scandentia – Tree ShrewsOrder: Primates – PrimatesOld World MonkeysOlive BaboonNew World MonkeysGreat ApesGorillaOrangutanAfrican ChimpBonobosAustralopithicus afarenisAustralopithicus africanusParathropus boseiHomo erectusHomo neanderthalensisHomo sapiensOrder: Carnivora – CarnivoresFeline FamilyMountain LionBobcatAfrican LionBengal TigerLeopardJaguarCheetahCanid FamilyCoyoteGray WolfSilver FoxRed FoxGray FoxArctic FoxBear FamilyPolar BearAlaskan Brown BearGrizzly BearAmerican Black BearEuropean Brown BearGiant PandaRaccoon FamilyRaccoonCoatiRed PandaRingtailWeasel FamilyLong-tailed WeaselPine MartinMinkWolverineBadgerSkunksRiver OtterSea OtterMongoose FamilyMeerkatsHyena FamilyHyenasPinneped FamilyWalrusCalifornia Sea LionWeddel SealCrabeater SealLeopard SealHarbor SealOrder: Perissodactyla -Odd toed UngulatesEquine Family HorsesZebraTapir FamilyTapirsRhinoceros FamilyWhite RhinoBlack RhinoOrder: Cetartiodactyla - Even-toed UngulatesPig familyWarthogWild BoarPeccary familyPeccaryHippopotamus familyHippopotamusCamel FamilyCamelLlamasAlpacaDeer FamilySika DeerFallow DeerChital (Axis) DeerRusa DeerRed DeerElkWhite-tailed DeerMule DeerMooseCaribouGiraffe FamilyGiraffeOkapiBovidae Family - PronghornPronghornBovidae Family - CattleAmerican BisonWater BuffaloBantengDwarf BuffaloAsiatic BuffaloCape BuffaloBovidae Family – Small AntelopeHarvey’s Red DuikerBovidae Family – Spiral-horned AntelopeChobe BushbuckBovidae Family – Grazing Antelope (OpenWoods)ImpalaBlsebokWildebeestHartebeestBovidae Family – Grazing Antelope (Wetlands)Western KobReedbuckWaterbuckLechweBovidae Family – Grazing Antelope (Horse-like)Kalahari GemsbokFringe-eared OryxSouthern RoanSable AntelopeBovidae Family – GazellesSpringbokSouthern Grant’s GazelleSouthern GerenukBovidae Family – Dwarf AntelopesKirk’s Dik-DikBovidae Family – Goat AntelopeMusk OxMountain GoatBig Horn SheepChamoisHimalayan TahrSpanish IbexEuropean MouflanWhales FamilyPygmy Sperm WhaleMinke WhaleBlue WhaleSperm WhaleBeluga WhaleBottle-nosed DolphinWhite-sided DolphinHumpback WhaleOrca Killer WhaleOrder: Chiroptera – BatsVampire BatPallid BatWestern PipistrelleOrder: Insectivora – Insect EatersMoleShrewOrder: Pholiodata – Scaly AnteatersElandKuduStation 1 – Class: MammaliaWhat are the general characteristics listed for mammals?When did the first mammals appear? When did the modern mammalian orders appear?Where are they found?Station 2 – General Characteristics – HairWhat is it composed of?What is a complete coat of fur called?What are the two main layers of hair and what are they used for?What are the functions of hair?Station 3 – General Characteristics – Middle EarWhat are the names of the three ossicles?What is the single bone in reptiles called? Where did the extra two middle ear bones come from?What is the function of these new bones?Station 4 – General Characteristics – Jaw Joint and TeethWhat two bones form the jaw?What two bones form the jaw joint?How long did it take for the synapsid skull to evolve?How have vertebrate teeth changed? What are the different types and their functions?What has the shift in the jaw joint allowed?Station 5 – General Characteristics – Mammary GlandsWhat type of gland is a mammary gland? What is its function?What type of gland is it modified from?Station 6 – General Characteristics – NeocortexWhat does the word mean? Where is it located?How does the neocortex consist of? How does this area differ from rodents to larger mammals? What is the name of the grooves and wrinkles? What do they allow for?What are the functions of this region?Station 7 - Mammal ClassificationWhat are the three major types of mammals and their characteristics?Station 8 – Subclass: ProtheriaWhat does the word Protheria mean? What therapsid ancestor characteristics do they contain?When did they split from the other mammals?Where were they probably found?Station 9 – Order: Monotremata – Be Able to recognize the two animals from this stationWhat does the word monotremata mean?What makes them different than other mammals? How is milk delivery different than other mammals?What do they use to locate prey?Where are they found today?Monotremes are one of two groups of venomous mammals. What structure delivers the venom in male Duck-billed Platypus? What behavior do they do while hunting to take advantage of their electroreceptors? Where are they found?What do echidnas feed on? How do their electrosensors compare to the platypus?Station 10 – Subclass MetatheriaWhat does the word Metatheria mean? What do these animals give birth to? What must they attach to?When did they diverge from the ancestors of placentals?Where are they found today?Station 11 – Order: MarsupialiaWhat makes marsupials different from placental mammals?What is unique about their penis and vagina?When and where did they first evolve? When did they reach Australia?Be able to recognize the following animals.Kangaroo (Skull)Koala (Picture)Virginia Opossum (Skull and Specimen)Brush-tailed Possum (Meek)What is unique about the Red Kangaroo?What do koalas eat and what does this cause them to do?What is the only marsupial found in this area (Southern California)? What type of tail do they have? What do they have on their back feet which are similar to those in primates?How many teeth do opossums have? What do they eat? What do they do when confronted by a predator?Their immune system is robust. Why are they not carriers of rabies?How are the Brush-tailed Possum different from other opossums? Where are they from and where are they found now?Station 12 – Subclass: EutheriaWhat does the word Eutheria mean? How do they differ from non-eutherian mammals? What does this allow them to do?When did they evolve? Where are they found?Station 13 – Order: Tubulidentata What do Aardvarks eat? What is the term for this type of feeder?How are their teeth different than other mammals?Station 14 – Order: ProboscideaHow do they use their trunk?How much does the skull comprise of an elephant’s body weight? What other changes have occurred to their skull to accommodate their large size?What adaptations are seen in an elephant’s foot?What is the difference between African and Asian Elephants?African ElephantAsian ElephantEarsTusksNails on back feetStation 15 – Order: HyracoideaWhat does the word hyrax mean?What are their closest living relatives?How do they slice off leaves and grass? What do they have that allows them to digest plant material? Station 16 – Order: SireniaWhat is the common name of these animals? What do they eat?What modification do they have for their aquatic way of life?What are their closest relatives?Station 17 – Order: XenarthraWhat does Xenarthra mean? Why do these animals have this name?What makes them different than all eutherians and allows the males to have internal testicles?Be able to recognize the examples: Armadillos (specimen and skull), Anteaters (picture and skull), and Sloths (picture).What is the Armadillo’s outer shell made of? Why is the Armadillo quickly spreading in the U.S.?How many times does the anteaters tongue move in and out of their mouth when feeding? Because their prey (insects are swallowed, how do they crush their prey? They don’t make stomach acid. What do they use instead?What are sloths classified as? What do they use for camouflage? When are they most vulnerable to predation?Station 18 – Order: RodentiaWhat % of mammal species are rodents?What are they characterized by? Rodents lack canines so they have a space between the incisors and the premolars. What is this space called?When did they first appear?Be able to recognize the following animals; Naked Mole Rats (picture), Beaver (skull, specimens in both the museum and Meek), Ground squirrel (specimen), Gray Squirrel (specimen), Kangaroo Rat (specimen), Capybara (Skull), Gopher (skull and specimen), Deer Mouse (specimen), Norway Rat (specimen), Antelope Ground Squirrel (specimen), Chipmunk (specimen)Station 19 – Naked Mole RatsWhat makes them unique among mammals? What other animals are they similar to and why?What other unique characters does it have?Station 20 – North American BeaverWhere are beavers found? What characteristics do they have for this life style?What are their homes called? What are they known for?Station 21 – California Ground SquirrelWhat are the two defensive behaviors seen in this squirrel?What is the only habitat in California they do not use?Station 22 – Western Gray SquirrelWhat is the name of the defensive coloration seen in this squirrel?What is the name of their nests? What are the two types of nests?Station 23 – Kangaroo RatWhat adaptations are seen in kangaroo rats for their existence in the desert? (hint : they are in the picture)15621006352Station 24 – CapybarasWhat are Capybaras known for? What is the term for how they eat? What does it mean?Where are they found?Station 25 – Pocket GophersWhat is their most characteristic feature?What is the term for where they are found? What does it mean?Station 26 – California Deer MouseWhat does the work Peromyscus mean? What is it notorious for?Station 27 – Norway RatWhat are the only Norway rat-free zones? Why are they not there?Where did they originate? What is the only other mammal that is more successful?Station 28 – Antelope Ground SquirrelHow do they hold their tail? What do they do this for?What is unique about this species of rodent?Station 29 – ChipmunkWhat are the four main calls in chipmunks? Station 30 – Order: LagomorphaWhat animals does this order include?How are they different from rodents?Why do they eat their own feces? What is this process called?When did they first appear in the fossil record?Be able to recognize the following examples: Black-tailed Jackrabbit (specimen), Cottontail (specimen), Pika (Picture)What are Black-tailed rabbits known for?What is the Desert Cottontail’s anti-predator behavior?Pikas do not hibernate. What are their food piles called? What are they an indicator of in North America?Station 31 – Order: DermopteraWhat are the gliding membranes called?What are they similar to in their breeding habits? What do they use as a pouch?Station 32 – Order: ScandentiaWhat do they have in common with primates?What kind of studies are they often used for?Station 33 – Order: PrimatesWhat characteristics are shared by all primates? What do most have?When did primates arise? Station 34 – ProsimiansWhat is included in this group?What do they lack? Why?What do they all have in common?Station 35 – Old World MonkeysWhat is included in this group?What do they all have in common?Be able to recognize the specimen in the Meek Museum.Station 36 – New World MonkeysWhat is included in this group?What do they all have in common?How did they arrive in the new world?Station 37 – The Great ApesWhat is included in this group?What do they all have in common?How do they differ from monkeys?Station 38 – GorillaBe able to recognize the skulls of the gorillasWhen do they separate from Chimpanzees?Where are they found? What do they eat? How can you tell male from female?Station 39 - OrangutanBe able to recognize the skull of the orangutanWhen do they diverge from the rest of the Great Apes?Where are they usually found?What type of social structure do they have?Station 40 - ChimpanzeesBe able to recognize the skull of the different ChimpanzeesWhen did Chimpanzees split from the human branch of the family?How are African Chimps different from Bonobo’s?What is their type of locomotion called?How much DNA do humans share with Bonobo’s?What is the diet of the African Chimp? The Bonobo?Station 41 – The HominidsWhat is the one characteristic that separates hominids from other primates?What other important characteristic developed?Station 42 – Australopithecus afarenisBe able to recognize the skull of this speciesWhat does the word Austlopithecus mean?When do they first appear in the fossil record?What basic hominid characteristics are found in this species?Where are these fossils from?Station 43 – Australopithecus africanusBe able to recognize the skull of this speciesWhen do they first appear in the fossil record?How are they similar to A. afarensis? How are they different? What primitive features did they have?Where are these fossils from?Station 44 – Austalopithecus boiseiBe able to recognize the skull of this speciesWhen do they appear in the fossil record?How does this brain size compare to the other Austalothecines?What unique characteristics are found in this species?Where are these fossils from?Station 45 – Homo erectus Be able to recognize the skull of this speciesWhen do they appear in the fossil record?What does the name mean? What did they look like? From the neck down, who do they resemble?Where was this species found?What characteristics do they have?Station 46 – Homo nenanderthalensisBe able to recognize the skull of this speciesWhen do they appear in the fossil record?In a 2010 study, the population dispersing across Eurasia, how much did the Neanderthals genes constitute?How did their cranial capacity compare to modern humans?Station 47 – Homo sapiensBe able to recognize the skull of this speciesWhen do they appear in the fossil record?What characteristics characterize humans?Station 48 – Order: CarnivoraWhat is the one shared characteristic that lump all carnivores together?What does the word carnivore mean?Where and when did they evolve?Where are they found in the world?Station 49 – FelinesWhat type of feeders are they?When do they appear in the fossil record?How large are mountain lions? Are they a large or a small cat? How do you tell the difference?How common are bobcats? What size are they? How do they hunt? Where are they found?How large are African Lions? What lifestyle do they exhibit? What do they normally hunt?How large are Tigers? What is their niche?What size are Leopards? Are they a small or large cats? How do you tell a leopard and Jaguar? What is the secret to their success?What are the unique characteristic seen in Jaguars? Where are they found?How fast are Cheetahs? Where are they found?Station 50 – CanidsWhat lifestyle do they usually possess? When do they show up in the fossil record?What is a Baculum? What is it used for? What are coyotes known for? What is happening to their numbers? How much plant material do they eat?What size are Gray Wolves? What was once its claim to fame? How do they hunt and what size prey can they take down?What are male foxes called? What are female foxes called? How do they differ from other caninds? The Silver Fox is actually a color phase of which fox? What distinction does this animal have today?Where are red foxes found? Where are gray foxes found? Where are arctic foxes found?Station 51 – BearsWhen did the bear show up in the fossil record?What determines their size? What is their range in eating habits? What size is the Polar Bear? What does their scientific name mean?What are the two types of recognized brown bears? What is unique about brown bears?How do you tell Black bears from Brown Bears? What is unique about the American Black Bear? What makes up the Giant Panda’s diet? What is unique about the Giant Panda’s paw? Station 52 – Raccoon FamilyWhat common characteristic do most of them share?When did they show up in the fossil record? Where are they restricted to? What are the raccoon’s two most distinctive features? What is the raccoon’s original habitat? Why have they extended their range?What is unique about the Coati’s ankles? What habitat are Red Pandas found in? What is its diet?What is unique about the Ringtail compared to others in this family? What is its nickname?Station 53 – Weasel FamilyWhat do they all have in common?When did they show up in the fossil record?Where are Long-tailed Weasels found? What do they eat? How do they prefer their prey? What do Pine Marten’s eat?Where are minks found? What is their coat made of?How do Wolverines capture larger prey?What adaptations do Badgers have to protect themselves from attack? What are they known to hunt with? What are skunks known for? How do they produce this?What type of fur do Otters have? Where are they found? How do River otters differ from Sea Otters?Station 54 – Mongoose Family - MeerkatsHow are Meerkats different than other mongooses?What behavior is often seen in Meerkats? What type of behavior is this considered?Station 55 – Hyena FamilyWhat do most hyenas eat? What adaptations to their digestive systems have been made so they can quickly digest their prey?Why do they have a bear-like gait? What is “unique” about the female sexual structures? Why do they have this structure?Station 56 – Order: PinnepediaWhat does the name mean?Where are they found?What do their limbs look like?Station 57 – Seals and Sea LionsFill out the following TableSealsSea LionsFront FlippersRear FlippersNeckEarsTesticlesStation 58 – WalrusesWhat oceans are they found in? Where in the ocean are they found?How are they recognized?What do they eat?Station 59 – Eared SealsHow do you tell male from female sea lions? Where are California Sea Lions found?Station 60- Earless SealsHow do they differ from eared seals? How can they help control their body temperatures?What are Weddel Seals known for?What do Crabeater Seals Eat? How do they do this?Where do Leopard Seals hunt? What do they feed on? How are they similar to Crabeater Seals?What are harbor seals known for?What kind of reproductive strategy do Elephant Seals exhibit? What is sexual dimorphism? How large are the males? How large are the females?Station 61 – PerissodactylaHow many toes do these animals usually have?When did they show up in the fossil record?How do they digest food?Station 62 – Horse FamilyWhat unique characteristic do they share with humans? What is the only true wild horse today? Where are they found?How do Zebra’s use their stripes to protect themselves?Station 64 – Rhinoceros FamilyWhat are Rhinos known for?What is the shape of the White Rhino’s mouth and what is it used for?How does the Black Rhino differ from a White Rhino?Station 65 – CetartiodactylaWhat does this clade include?Where did the name come from?Station 66 – ArtiodactylaHow many toes do these animals usually have?When did they show up in the fossil record?Statin 67 – Pig FamilyHow do they differ from others in this order?When did they show up in the fossil record?What teeth make up the tusks in Warthogs? What are the warts probably used for?What did wild Boars evolve into?Station 68 – Peccary FamilyHow do Peccaries differ from true pigs?Where are Peccary found and why?What are the two forms of anti-predator behavior seen in Peccaries?Station 69 – HippopotamusesWhat does their name actually mean?Where are they found? What do they eat?What are they most closely related to? When did they split off?Station 70 – Camel familyHow do camels differ from other hoofed animals?What other adaptations to their environment do they have?How long can they go without drinking? How much can they drink at one time? How much water (%) can they lose?What are the two different species of camel and how do you tell them apart?What two well-known members of this family live in South America and what are they used for?Station 71 – Deer FamilyWhat animals are included in the deer family?What do they all have (except one group)? What are they made of? What are they used for? What happens to them when they are done?How are Sika deer different than other deer?What are fallow deer known for? Why are they so widespread?What are Chital deer associated with? What do each animal get from this relationship?Where do Rusa deer get their name?What ritual does Red Deer go through? What is the other name for Elk? What does this word mean?Where are White-tailed deer found? Where are Mule deer found?What limits a moose’s daily feeding time? How do they meet their daily energy requirements? How do they meet their daily salt requirements?What characteristic behavior is seen in Caribou? Why do they do this behavior?Station 72 – Giraffe FamilyHow many cervical vertebrae do giraffes have?Why did the long neck evolve?How are their teeth adapted for eating leaves off acacia trees?What do Okapi have in common with giraffe? Where are they found?Station 73 – Bovidae FamilyWhat do all bovidae have in common?What belongs to this family?When did they show up in evolutionary history?Station 74 – Pronghorn FamilyWhat are pronghorns known for?What is unusual about Pronghorns compared to other Northern latitude ungulates?Station 75 – Cattle FamilyWhat do they eat and what is their best sense?Be able to recognize the following species: American bison, Cape buffalo, the water buffalo, the Dwarf buffalo, the Asiatic buffalo and the Banteng.Station 76 – Small AntelopeWhat does the name duiker mean? Why did this animal get that name?Station 77 – Spiral-horned AntelopeWhat do they all have in common? What are they made of? Why are they twisted?What do they eat? Why?Why are bushbuck considered the most dangerous medium-sized antelope?Kudu and Eland are said to be what type of feeders? What is unique about Kudu? What is the name of the structure in Eland that hangs down from its neck? What is it used for?Station 78 – Grazing Antelope – Open WoodsHow do impala escape predators?What are Blesbok not good at?What is another name for Wilderbeest? In East Africa, what claim do wildebeest have? How do they escape predators?How do Hartebeest escape predators?Station 79 – Grazing Antelope – WetlandsWhat do both sexes of Western Kob have?What does the Reedbuck do when startled or attacked?What do Waterbuck release when they are sexually excited? What name is given to them?Where do Lechwe go to escape predators? What adaptation do they have to help with this?Station 80 – Grazing Antelope – Horse-likeWhere are Gemsbok found and how do they get water?How do Fringe-eared Oryx tolerate periods of extreme temperature?How do Roans fight?What do Sable Antelope use their horns for?Station 81 – Grazing Antelope – GazellesWhat is the name of the behavior seen in Springboks to avoid predators?What is the Grant Gazelle known for? What is the cause of this situation?How do Gerenuk feed?Station 82 – Dwarf AntelopeWhat is the reason for their small size?What is the type of feeding seen in dik-diks?Station 83 – Goat AntelopeWhere are goat antelope usually found?Where did Musk Ox get their name? What is this substance used for?How much do Big Horn Sheep horns weigh? What must they do every three days?What habitats are Mountain goats found in? How do mountain goats stay on the steep hills? What pitch are these hills? Why are Chamois successful? What do they do during fights?What is actually happening in most fights between Himalayan Tahrs?What does the physical adaptation give Ibex?What is the Mouflan thought to be?Station 84 – Order: CetaceaWhat are the two main types of Whales?How do you tell them apart?Be able to identify the following examples: Blue Whale, Minke Whale, Pigmy Sperm Whale, Sperm Whale, Beluga Whale, Bottle-nosed Dolphin, White-sided Dolphin, Humpback Whale and Orca Killer Whale.Station 85 – Order: ChiropteraHow many mammalian species are bats?How are they unique?How do vampire bats feed?What do pallid bats eat? What are Western Pipistrelle Bats known for?Know the following skulls: Vampire and Fruit BatsStation 86 – Order: InsectivoraWhat do they eat?What characteristics do they have?Know the examples: Moles and ShrewsStation 87 – CLASS: MAMMALIA – INTERNAL FEATURES SystemStructureFunctionDigestive SystemEsophagusStomachIntestineLiverPancreasSpleenExcretory SystemKidneysUrinary BladderCirculatory SystemAtria (2) Ventricle (2)Double Circuit system (whole system)Compare to bird (Why the difference in size?)Respiratory SystemLungsDiaphragmNervous SystemOlfactory lobeCerebral hemisphereCerebellumMedulla OblongataReproductive SystemOvaries or Testes1457325-8572500Station 88 – Animal Sounds – MammalsBe able to recognize the songs from the following Mammals.Harbor SealCalifornia Sea LionCalifornia Ground SquirrelCoyoteMountain LionStation 89 – Mammal OrdersOrderDescriptionCharacteristicsOrder: MonotremataEgg laying mammalsOrder: MarsupialiaPouch bearing mammalsOrder: ProboscideaLong, muscular trunkOrder: HyracoideaShrew MiceOrder: TubulidentataPig-like with a tubular snout and long earsOrder: Sirenia Aquatic herbivores, possessing fin-like forelimbOrder: XenarthraHave reduced or no teethOrder: ArtiodactylaPossesses hooves with an even number of toesOrder: CetaceaMarine forms with fish-shaped bodies, paddle-like front limbsOrder: PerissodactylaPossesses hooves with odd numbers of toesOrder: CarnivoraPossesses sharp, pointed canine teeth and molarsOrder: ChiropteraAdapted for flyingOrder: InsectivoraInsect eating animalsOrder: PholiodataAnteaters with scaly skinOrder: RodentiaPossesses chisel-like incisor teethOrder: LagomorphaPossesses chisel-like incisors, hind legs longer than forelegs for jumpingOrder: DermopteraLarge gliding mammalsOrder: ScandentiaLarger shrew-like animals with teethOrder: PrimatesOpposable thumb, binocular vision ................
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