Anatomy, Chapter 15 Lecture Outline:



Anatomy, Chapter 15 Lecture Outline:

Brain and Cranial Nerves

Brain and Cranial Nerves

An adult brain weighs between _____________ and _____________ kilograms (kg) (around _____________ pounds) and has a volume of about _____________ cubic centimeters (cc).

Brain size is not directly correlated with __________________________

It is not the physical _____________of the brain that determines intelligence—it is the number of active __________________________.

The Brain’s 4 Major Regions

__________________________, the diencephalon, the brainstem, and the __________________________.

The __________________________is divided into two halves, called the left and right cerebral _______________________________________.

Each hemisphere is subdivided into _____________functional areas called _____________.

Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called _____________ (_____________) and shallow depressions between those folds called _____________ (_____________).

The brain is associated with _____________pairs of cranial _____________.

Homunculus Man;______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Frontal Lobe

■ Conscientiousness and Judgments

■ How we initiate activity in response to our environment.

■ Controls our emotional response.

■ Controls our expressive language.

■ Assigns meaning to the words we choose (abstract thought)

■ Attention span

■ Involves word associations (language planning)

■ Memory for habits and motor activities (short term memory)

■ Motor cortex—Voluntary movement

■ Impulse control

■ Parietal Lobe Function

■ Location for visual attention.

■ Location for touch perception.

■ Goal directed voluntary movements.

■ Manipulation of objects.

■ Integration of different senses that allows for understanding a single concept.

Temporal Lobe Function

■ Hearing ability

■ Memory acquisition

■ Some visual perceptions

■ Categorization of objects.

Occipital Lobe Function

■ Vision

Cerebellum Function

■ Coordination of voluntary movement

■ Balance and equilibrium

■ Some memory for reflex motor acts.

Brainstem

■ Midbrain

■ Pons

■ Medulla

Brainstem Function

■ Breathing

■ Heart Rate

■ Swallowing

■ Reflexes to seeing and hearing (Startle Response).

■ Controls sweating, blood pressure, digestion, temperature (Autonomic Nervous System).

■ Affects level of alertness.

■ Ability to sleep.

■ Sense of balance (Vestibular Function).

Midbrain, Function:

■ Body posture

■ Equilibrium

■ Autonomic Nervous System

■ Blood pressure

■ Temperature

■ Emotional influence

■ Regulation of appetite and hormones

■ Nuclei of CN III and IV

Pons, Function

■ Respiration

■ Chewing

■ Taste

■ Arousal, wakefulness, alertness

■ Nuclei of CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Medulla, Function:

■ Life-sustaining control center: controls hear, respiration, vasomotor

■ Cough, gag, swallow, vomit, digest

■ Nuclei of CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Function of Hemispheres

Right Hemisphere 

■ judging the position of things in space

■ knowing body position

■ understanding and remembering things we do and see

■ putting bits of information together to make an entire picture

■ controls the left side of the body

■ Function of Hemispheres

Left Hemisphere

■ understanding and use of language (listening, reading, speaking and writing)

■ memory for spoken and written messages

■ detailed analysis of information

■ controls the right side of the body

■ Organization of Brain Tissue

■ Gray matter houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and unmyelinated axons.

■ White matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons.

■ During brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from migrating peripheral neurons.

■ External sheets of gray matter, called the cortex, cover the surface of most of the adult brain (the cerebrum and the cerebellum).

Organization of Brain Tissue

_____________matter houses motor neuron and interneuron cell _____________, dendrites, _____________terminals, and unmyelinated _____________.

White matter is composed primarily of __________________________axons.

During brain _______________________________________, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from migrating peripheral __________________________.

External sheets of _____________matter, called the _____________, cover the surface of most of the adult brain (the cerebrum and the __________________________).

Organization of Brain Tissue

White matter lies _____________to the gray matter of the _____________.

Within the masses of _____________matter, the brain also contains discrete innermost __________________________of gray matter called cerebral __________________________, which are oval, spherical, or sometimes irregularly shaped clusters of neuron cell _____________.

Support and Protection of the Brain

The brain is __________________________and isolated by multiple structures.

The bony __________________________provides rigid support.

Protective connective tissue membranes called __________________________surround and partition portions of the _____________.

_______________________________________ (CSF) acts as a cushioning _____________.

The brain has a _____________-brain barrier to prevent entry of harmful materials from the __________________________.

Cranial Meninges

Three dense __________________________connective tissue layers that separate the _____________tissue of the brain from the bones of the __________________________.

Enclose and protect blood __________________________that supply the brain.

Contain and circulate _______________________________________fluid.

Parts of the cranial meninges form some of the _____________that drain blood from the _____________.

From superficial to _____________, the cranial meninges are the __________________________, the __________________________, and the _____________mater.

Dura Mater

Tough membrane composed of _____________fibrous layers.

__________________________of the meninges.

_____________mater is composed of _____________layers.

* __________________________layer, the more superficial layer, attaches to the __________________________of the cranial bones

* __________________________layer lies deep to the __________________________layer

* The meningeal layer is usually _____________to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, _____________-filled spaces called _____________venous __________________________.

Arachnoid

Also called the arachnoid _____________or the arachnoid __________________________.

Lies immediately __________________________to the _____________mater.

Partially composed of a delicate _____________of __________________________and elastic fibers, termed the arachnoid __________________________.

Between the __________________________and the overlying dura mater is the _________________space.

Immediately deep to the arachnoid is the _______________________________________space.

Pia Mater

The __________________________of the cranial meninges.

_____________layer of delicate connective tissue that tightly _____________to the brain and follows every contour of the brain _____________.

Cranial Dural Septa

The __________________________layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (_____________) deep into the cranial cavity at four locations called cranial _____________septa.

Membranous __________________________separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the _____________brain.

* falx __________________________

* _______________________________________cerebelli

* falx __________________________

* _______________________________________sellae

Brain Ventricles

__________________________or expansions within the brain that are derived from the lumen (__________________________) of the embryonic neural _____________.

__________________________with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord.

_____________ventricles in the brain.

* two __________________________ventricles are in the cerebrum, separated by a thin medial partition called the septum __________________________

* within the _________________________________is a smaller ventricle called the _____________

* each lateral ventricle __________________________with the third ventricle through an opening called the _______________________________________foramen

* The _____________ventricle is located within the pons and __________________________.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A clear, __________________________liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid ________.

Bathes the ___________________surfaces of the central nervous system and completely surrounds it.

Performs several important functions.

* __________________________

* __________________________

* __________________________ stability

Formed by the choroid _____________in each _____________.

Produced by __________________________of a fluid from the __________________________cells that originate from the blood _____________.

Is similar to blood _____________.

Blood-Brain Barrier

__________________________tissue is protected from the general circulation by the _________________.

Strictly __________________________what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the ___________.

Prevents __________________________of neurons in the brain to _____________, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (ions, _____________) that could adversely affect brain function.

Blood-Brain Barrier

Tight __________________________prevent materials from diffusing across the capillary _____________.

Astrocytes act as “__________________________” that permit materials to pass to the neurons after leaving the __________________________.

Is markedly _____________or _____________in three distinct locations in the CNS: the _____________plexus, hypothalamus, and _____________gland.

Review Questions

1. Which of the following is not a function of the frontal Lobe;

2. Essay; Describe the various functions of the frontal lobe. How does a lobotomy affect personality and aggression? Why?

3. Which of the following is not a Temporal Lobe Function:

4. What is the main function of the Occipital Lobe?

5. Which of the following is not one of the functions of the Cerebellum?

6. Which of the following is not a part of the Brainstem?

7. Which of the following is not of the Brainstem Functions

8. Which of the following is not a Midbrain Function:

9. Which of the following is not a Pons Function

10. Which of the following is not a Medulla Function

11. The Functions of both hemispheres of the brain are the same; T/F

12. Which of the following is not a function of the Right Hemisphere 

13. Which of the following is not a function of the Left Hemisphere

14. What is the size of a typical adult brain?

15. Brain size is directly correlated with intelligence; True (A) or False (B)

16. What aspect/characteristic of the brain best determines intelligence?

17. What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

18. Each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided into five functional areas called

19. The outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called

20. The outer surface of an adult brain exhibits shallow depressions (between the folds) called

21. The brain is associated with how many pairs of cranial nerves?

22. Be able to label the following figures

[pic][pic]

[pic]

23. Gray matter of the brain houses what structures?

24. White matter is composed primarily of

25. During brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from

26. What is the superficial most layer of the cerebrum called?

27. What lies deep to the gray matter of the cortex

28. What are oval, spherical, or sometimes irregularly shaped clusters of neuron cell bodies within the brain?

29. The brain is protected and isolated by multiple structures; True (A) or False (B)

30. What provides rigid support for the brain?

31. What protective connective tissue membranes surround and partition portions of the brain?

32. What structure is designed to prevent entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream into the brain?

33. What are the three dense regular connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium?

34. Meninges contain and circulate what fluid?

35. Parts of the cranial meninges form some of the ________ that drain blood from the brain

36. From superficial to deep, the cranial meninges are

37. What tough meningeal membrane composed of two fibrous layers?

38. Which meningeal layer is the strongest?

39. What are the two layers of the Dura?

40. Which of the two layers of Dura are the most superficial?

41. The meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called

42. What meningeal layer lies immediately internal to the Dura mater?

43. The Arachnoid is partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers, termed the

44. Between the arachnoid and the overlying dura mater is the

45. Immediately deep to the arachnoid is the

46. What is the innermost of the cranial meninges, directly covering the brain?

47. The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (septa) deep into the cranial cavity at four locations called

48. The membranous partitions that separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the entire brain are the;

49. Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube are called the;

50. The following image is showing;

[pic]

51. What is a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

52. CSF performs what important functions

53. CSF is similar to blood plasma; True (A) or False (B)

54. What structure strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain?

55. The BBB prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to what substances?

56. What neuroglial cells act as “gatekeepers” that permit materials to pass to the neurons of the brain after leaving the capillaries?

57. The BBB is markedly reduced or missing in what locations in the CNS?

Essay; The following picture is designed to illustrate/demonstrate what?

[pic]

Over (

Essay; Describe the production, circulation, and reabsorption of CSF in the ventricles of the brain using the following figure;

[pic]

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