Teaching and Learning Flying - Flight Scholars
Preflight Preparation
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DEFINITION
• Preflight preparation includes consideration of all factors that may reasonably have an impact on the safe conduct of a proposed flight
• Four major areas of preflight preparation are
1. Pilot
2. Weather
3. Airplane
4. Planned flight (see Lesson Plan: VFR Cross-Country Planning)
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SAFETY FACTORS
Thorough preflight preparation provides the essential background for exercising good judgment in making go/no-go decisions, and contributes substantially to safe and efficient flight.
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TOLERANCES
Private Pilot PTS:
A. Explain
▪ Pilot certificate
▪ Medical certificate
▪ Logbook or flight record
▪ FCC station license
▪ Airworthiness and registration certificates
▪ Operating limitations, POH
▪ Equipment list
▪ Weight and balance data
▪ Maintenance requirements and records
B. Obtain and analyze
▪ Weather reports and forecasts
▪ Weather charts
▪ PIREP's
▪ SIGMET's and AIRMET's
▪ NOTAM's
▪ Wind shear reports
C. Compute and analyze
▪ weight and balance
▪ performance
D. Explain airplane systems and operation
E. Visual inspection
▪ Explain reasons for checking each item
▪ Determine airplane is in condition for safe flight
Commercial Pilot PTS: as above +
o Commercial certificate privileges and limitations
o Maintenance requirements applicable to flights for hire
o More detailed and specific explanation of airplane systems
Make "go/no-go" decision using all available information and good judgment
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OBJECTIVES
To develop the student's knowledge, skill, and judgment in all major areas of preflight preparation to meet the FAA Practical Test Standards and to enhance the safety of flight.
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PROCEDURES
• Discuss the definition, safety factors, objectives, practical test standards, common errors and other elements of the four major areas of preflight preparation: 1. Pilot, 2. Weather, 3. Airplane, 4. Planned flight
1. Pilot:
▪ Personal checklist: "I'M SAFE" = not impaired by illness, medication,stress, alcohol, fatigue, emotion (AIM Ch 8)
▪ Current Medical Certificate (FAR 67 & 61)
▪ Pilot certificate, rating(s), endorsement(s), flight review, and recency of experience (FAR 61)
▪ Personal pilot logbook or flight record
▪ FCC station license and operator's permit
▪ Personal limitations and comfort
2. Preflight weather briefing
▪ Thorough briefing is critical first step in flight planning
▪ Various means of obtaining weather information
▪ TV
▪ Computer - DUATS
▪ Radio
▪ Telephone (PATWAS, Standard, Abbreviated, Outlook briefings)
▪ Use of weather reports, forecasts, and charts
METAR, TAF, FA, TWEB, WST, WS, WA, FD, CWA, AC, WW; Weather depiction, surface analysis, radar summary, significant weather prognostics, composite moisture stability, severe weather outlook, constant pressure analysis, tropopause data chart
▪ Use of PIREP's, SIGMET's, AIRMET's, and NOTAM's
▪ Recognition of aviation weather hazards to include wind shear
▪ Factors to be considered in making a "go/no-go" decision
▪ Pilot experience, currency, comfort
▪ Need good alternative preflight plans to avoid:
▪ T-storms (esp. lines or embedded)
▪ fast-moving fronts
▪ icing
▪ fog
▪ more than moderate turbulence
▪ MVFR or IFR weather for VFR pilot
3. Airplane
▪ Documents ARROW:
▪ airworthiness certificate
▪ registration certificate
▪ radio license
▪ operating limitations
▪ weight and balance information
▪ Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)
▪ Maintenance requirements, tests, and records (FAR 43 & 91)
▪ Annual inspection
▪ Commercial operations (flight instruction): 100-hour check
▪ Transponder: 24 mos
▪ IFR in controlled airspace:
▪ Static and altimeter: 24 mos
▪ VOR: 30 days
▪ Performance and limitations
▪ Determination of weight and balance condition
▪ Use of performance charts, tables and other data in determining performance in various phases of flight
▪ Effects of atmospheric conditions on performance
▪ Density altitude, wind, runway condition
▪ Determine that the required performance is within the airplane's capabilities
▪ Careful preflight inspection, following CHECKLISTS
4. Planned Flight - see FAR 91.103 and Lesson Plan: VFR Cross Country Planning
FAR 91.103 Preflight Action.
Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight. This information must include -
(a) IFR or not in the vicinity of an airport:
▪ Weather reports and forecasts
▪ Fuel requirements
▪ Alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed
▪ Any known traffic delays of which the pilot in command has been advised by ATC
(b) For any flight:
▪ Runway lengths at airports of intended use
▪ Takeoff and landing distance information:
▪ Approved Airplane Flight Manual data or
▪ Other reliable aircraft performance data applicable to the expected runway, aircraft and weather conditions
• Coach student DUAT and telephone weather briefing
• Help student determine and analyze airplane weight and balance and performance using POH
• Demonstrate airplane preflight using checklist
• Coach student airplane preflight using checklist
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COMMON ERRORS
• Pilot neglecting to "preflight the pilot"
• Inadequate or incomplete weather briefing
o Inform FSS specialist of intended route of flight, destination, departure time, estimated time enroute, if VFR only, aircraft type and identification, if student pilot
o Ask specific questions
• Failure to confirm that weight and balance are within tolerances
• Failure to use a checklist or omitting checklist items
• Neglecting pilot recency of experience with actual conditions when making go/no-go decision
• Inadequate estimation of fuel requirement
• Poor selection of and information gathering regarding alternates
• Failure to confirm that airplane is capable of the required performance (consider density altitude)
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