Loudoun County Public Schools / Overview



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Chapter 30: Vietnam

Focus

The Vietnam War

• American involvement in Vietnam also reflected the Cold War policy of containment of communism.

• Beginning in the 1950s and continuing into the early 1960s, the communist government of North Vietnam attempted to install through force a communist government in South Vietnam. The United States helped South Vietnam resist.

• The American military buildup in Vietnam began under President John Kennedy. After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, the buildup was intensified under President Lyndon Johnson.

• The scale of combat in Vietnam grew larger during the 1960s. American military forces repeatedly defeated the North Vietnamese forces in the field, but by fighting a limited war, could not force an end to the war on favorable terms.

• America became bitterly divided over the issue. While there was support for the American military and conduct of the war among many Americans, others opposed the war, and active opposition to the war mounted, especially on college campuses.

• After Johnson declined to seek re-election, President Nixon was elected on a pledge to bring the war to an honorable end. He instituted a policy of “Vietnamization,” withdrawing American troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese forces while maintaining military aid to the South Vietnamese.

• Ultimately “Vietnamization” failed when South Vietnamese troops proved unable to resist invasion by the Soviet-supplied North Vietnamese Army. President Nixon was forced out of office by the Watergate scandal. In 1975, North and South Vietnam were merged under communist control.

• During the Cold War era, millions of Americans served in the military, defending freedom in wars and conflicts that were not always popular. Many were killed or wounded. As a result of their service, the United States and American ideals of democracy and freedom ultimately prevailed in the Cold War struggle with Soviet communism.

• President Kennedy, a World War II veteran, was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas, Texas, in an event that shook the nation’s confidence and began a period of internal strife and divisiveness, especially spurred by divisions over United States involvement in Vietnam.

• Unlike veterans of World War II, who returned to a grateful and supportive nation, Vietnam veterans returned often to face indifference or outright hostility from some who opposed the war.

• It was not until several years after the end of the Vietnam war that the wounds of the war began to heal in America, and Vietnam veterans were recognized and honored for their service and sacrifices.

Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may not be used at all. Some may be used more than once.

A. Vietcong

B. Vietminh

C. Ho Chi Minh

D. domino theory

E. Dien Bien Phu

F. Ngo Dinh Diem

G. Geneva Accords

H. Ho Chi Minh Trail

I. Tonkin Gulf Resolution

J. strategic hamlet program

K. Operation Rolling Thunder

____ 1. This temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel.

____ 2. This granted the U.S. president broad military powers in Vietnam.

____ 3. This was the first extensive U.S. bombing of North Vietnam.

____ 4. When this fell to Vietnamese forces in 1959, the French began to leave Vietnam.

____ 5. This was based on the idea that countries on the brink of communism were waiting to fall to

communism one after the other.

____ 6. This allowed Communists in North Vietnam to supply military arms to the government opposition

group in South Vietnam.

____ 7. This was a South Vietnamese opposition group that carried out thousands of assassinations of

South Vietnamese government officials.

____ 8. He led the Indochinese Communist Party and fought French, Japanese, and U.S. forces for the

independence of Vietnam.

____ 9. This anti-Communist South Vietnam president canceled elections that were supposed to unify

Vietnam.

____ 10. This South Vietnamese policy was intended to combat the growing popularity and presence of an anti-government group in the South's countryside.

Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may not be used at all. Some may be used more than once.

A. napalm

B. land mines

C. Dean Rusk

D. Agent Orange

E. credibility gap

F. Robert McNamara

G. Barry Goldwater

H. William Westmoreland

I. search-and-destroy missions

____ 11. Television, the worsening state of the U.S. economy, and the Fulbright hearings helped to increase this.

____ 12. As secretary of state in the Johnson administration, he argued for U.S. escalation in Vietnam,

claiming that abandoning the South Vietnamese would cause "disaster to peace."

____ 13. As secretary of defense in the Johnson administration, he admitted he "would have thought

differently at the start" of the conflict in Vietnam if he had been aware of the Vietcong's resilience.

____ 14. To expose Vietcong tunnels and hideouts, U.S. planes dropped this gasoline-based bomb that set fire to the jungles of Vietnam.

____ 15. Critics of Johnson's policies in Vietnam used this term to describe their distrust of what the Johnson administration reported to the public about the war.

____ 16. Conducted by U.S. soldiers, these resulted in the uprooting of Vietnamese villagers with suspected ties to the Vietcong, the killing of their livestock, and the burning of their villages.

____ 17. As the U.S. commander in South Vietnam, this general introduced the concept of the body count in the belief that as the number of Vietcong casualties rose, the Vietcong would eventually surrender.

Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may not be used at all. Some may be used more than once.

A. Clark Clifford

B. George Wallace

C. Robert Kennedy

D. Richard M. Nixon

E. Eugene McCarthy

F. Hubert Humphrey

G. Lyndon B. Johnson

H. Martin Luther King, Jr.

____ 18. Who won the 1968 presidential election?

____ 19. Which 1968 Democratic presidential candidate was assassinated?

____ 20. Whose assassination was followed by violent riots in 130 U.S. cities?

____ 21. Who was the Republican candidate for president in the 1968 election?

____ 22. Who was chosen to replace Robert McNamara as secretary of defense?

____ 23. Which 1968 presidential candidate had the support of Lyndon B. Johnson?

____ 24. Who was nominated for president at the 1968 Democratic National Convention?

____ 25. Who gained popularity in the weeks following Tet and received 42 percent of the vote in the 1968 New Hampshire Democratic primary?

____ 26. Whose slim margin of victory in the 1968 New Hampshire Democratic primary was viewed as a

defeat?

____ 27. Who ran in the 1968 presidential election as an independent on a platform supporting states' rights and segregation?

____ 28. Which 1968 Democratic presidential candidate voluntarily dropped out of the race before the

national convention took place?

____ 29. Who decided to join the Democratic race for the presidency after seeing the surprising results of the 1968 New Hampshire primary?

Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may not be used at all. Some may be used more than once.

A. Vietcong

B. Khmer Rouge

C. silent majority

D. Vietnamization

E. Henry Kissinger

F. War Powers Act

G. Pentagon Papers

H. My Lai massacre

I. Richard M. Nixon

J. invasion of Cambodia

K. "Christmas bombings"

L. Tonkin Gulf Resolution

____ 30. He served as the top U.S. negotiator in Vietnam.

____ 31. Angry with Nixon's secret orders to bomb and invade Cambodia, Congress repealed this.

____ 32. In an attempt to win support for his war policies, Nixon made a special appeal to this group.

____ 33. Upon hearing of this, U.S. college students went on the first general student strike in the nation's

history.

____ 34. This Communist group seized power in Cambodia after the U.S. invasion of that country unleashed a brutal civil war.

____ 35. This murder of more than 200 innocent Vietnamese villagers by U.S. troops shocked Americans

when it was finally revealed to the public.

____ 36. This requires a president to inform Congress within 48 hours if U.S. forces are sent into a hostile

area without a declaration of war.

____ 37. Publication of this revealed, among other things, that the Johnson administration had lied to the

public about its intentions in Vietnam.

____ 38. This called for a gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops in Vietnam.

____ 39. This states that U.S. troops are not to remain longer than 90 days in a hostile area without

Congressional approval or a declaration of war.

Choose the letter of the best answer.

____ 40. In the 1968 presidential campaign, which of the following candidates would a dove most likely have favored?

A. George Wallace

B. Richard Nixon

C. Eugene McCarthy

D. Hubert Humphrey

____ 41. Which of the following did President Nixon say would bring about "peace with honor" in Vietnam?

A. the Vietnamization of the war

B. the Americanization of the war

C. the domino theory

D. the Geneva Accords

____ 42. Why did Congress pass the War Powers Act?

A. to allow military leaders more independence

B. to prevent tragedies like the My Lai massacre

C. to limit the president's authority to wage war

D. to increase the president's authority to wage war

____ 43. Which president asked Congress for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?

A. Richard Nixon

B. Lyndon Johnson

C. John Kennedy

D. Dwight Eisenhower

____ 44. What was the main purpose of introducing the "body count"?

A. to persuade Americans that a Vietcong surrender was imminent

B. to motivate U.S. soldiers to desire revenge

C. to build antiwar sentiment in the United States

D. to show that the war could not be won without U.S. involvement

____ 45. Which of the following statements regarding the Democratic candidates for president in the 1968

election is true?

A. Robert Kennedy was assassinated after narrowly losing the party's nomination.

B. Hubert Humphrey was guaranteed the party's nomination before the national convention took place.

C. Eugene McCarthy voluntarily dropped out of the race before the national convention took place.

D. Lyndon Johnson announced at the national convention that he would not seek the party's nomination.

____ 46. Which administration's efforts to mislead the American people were revealed by the publication of the Pentagon Papers?

A. Richard Nixon's

B. Lyndon Johnson's

C. John Kennedy's

D. Dwight Eisenhower's

____ 47. Which of the following statements best defines the domino theory?

A. If one country falls to communism, others in the region will fall, too.

B. Communism will topple the global economy.

C. Communism will cause the fall of the United States.

D. Socialist governments are a threat to freedom.

____ 48. Against whom did the ARVN fight?

A. France

B. United States

C. North Vietnam

D. South Vietnam

____ 49. Which statement best summarizes the opinion of Martin Luther King, Jr., about African-American troops in the Vietnam War?

A. He was happy and proud that these men could serve their country.

B. He believed it was unfair that they were fighting for a country that treated them unfairly at home.

C. He believed that the number of African Americans fighting was proportionate to the population.

D. He believed that if African Americans displayed courage on the battlefield, they would earn

civil rights at home.

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