William the Conqueror - Weebly
William the Conqueror
- Viking
- France gave the Vikings the area of Normandy to stop further invasion
- William became the Duke of Normandy (leader)
- Viking settlement under English Channel
- Battle of Hastings – 1066
o A War with England and the new King Harold
o Killed King Harold of England (who just got the throne) and became the King of England
o Pope Alexander II okayed the crown
- Reforms
o Ordered many castles and moats built for protection
▪ Including Tower of London
o Ordered French official language of ruling class
▪ Lasts 300 years
- Strong Royal Power
o Taxes – “Domes day Book”
o Decisions were made for the upper class (This will change under the future Kings with Magna Carta and Common Law)
- Died trying to seize Paris
o Sons divided Kingdom (William II got England)
o Grave defiled during the French Revolution
▪ Only his thighbone and dust remain in his tomb
****Byzantine Empire did not like the Western side of Europe OR the Middle East
--Pope needs to unify his Christians against rising Muslim numbers
Crusades 1095 – 1291
WHO / WHAT
- Christians / Franks and the Holy Roman Empire
VS.
Muslims (Seljuk Turks) and Pagans
- This was a series of campaigns to regain the “Holy Land” in the Middle East
o 5 of these campaigns were blessed by the Pope, 4 were not
WHERE
- “Holy Land”
o Jerusalem - Place of ministry, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus; Mohammed’s prophecy; Holy City of Judaism
o 310 - Byzantine Empire controlled the Holy Land (Christian)
▪ Changed in 600 = Muslims took control, conquered, and burned Christian churches and symbols
• Church of the Holy Sepulcher
HOW
- Muslims first killed the Christian visitors, then they wanted money, so they kept them alive and taxed them heavily
o Destroyed Christian churches every now and then (Rebuilt some churches if they brought enough money from visitors)
- Christian warriors unorganized since Charlemagne died
o Pope Urban II (1095) saw war with the Muslims as a way to unify the troops and to stop the split between the Catholics and the Orthodox Christians (West and East)
Prior Info
- 1071 – Byzantine Empire crushed by Turks
o They asked Western Europe for help BUT
o They were told no - It took about 20 years to reunite warriors from other battles
o French and Spanish had a large amount of success fighting off the Muslims (Reconquista)
- 1095 – Holy Land gone to Muslims
o Pope blessed all soldiers who would join crusade in Holy Land
▪ Your sins will be forgiven if you are a soldier who is willing to die in the crusade according to the Pope – especially if you die
First Crusade 1095 -1099
- Pope promised all soldiers who died would get relief from all sins (many joined)
o France and Italy were the main suppliers of warriors
- Took Nicea in 1097
- Took Antioch after a long battle
o Massacred all Muslims inside the city
o Crusaders took a major hit, losing many warriors
▪ Reached Jerusalem with a fraction of soldiers in 1099
- 1099 = Jews and Muslims fought together against Christians to keep Jerusalem
o Christians took Jerusalem
o Tortured / killed all Muslims and Jews (Including live cannibalism)
- 4 Christian Kingdoms in 1099
o Jerusalem
o Edessa
o Antioch
o Tripoli
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