Ms. Brown's Astronomy Class



Astronomy Semester 1 Final ReviewName________________________Fill out the review sheet, making sure to include complete information for every item. In order to use the review on the test, you must complete it and get it stamped by the deadline given in class. Use your lecture notes and class assignments, NOT the internet. Review must be handwritten – typed reviews will not be allowed on the test.Charting the HeavensMATH SKILLSKnow how to write numbers in scientific notationKnow base units for metric conversionsKnow prefixes for metric conversions (just the ones in your notes)Know how to convert using dimensional analysisWhy do we use the metric system?What is astronomy?What is the universe?What is the name of our galaxy?What is a light year?What is the distance of a light year (mi and km)?How fast does light travel (mi/s and km/s)?How many stars can we see from each hemisphere with the naked eye?How many stars can we see from Earth?What are constellations?What are constellations named after?How many constellations are there?How did early astronomers use constellations?What is the celestial sphere?What are celestial poles?What is the celestial equator?What is rotation?What is revolution?How are stars ranked in constellations? (2 ways)What is declination?What is right ascension?What is a solar day? What is a sidereal day? What is diurnal motion?Why do we see different constellations in winter than summer?What is the ecliptic?What is the zodiac?What and when are the summer and winter solstices? What do they mean in terms of day/night length?What and when are the vernal & autumnal equinoxes? What do they mean in terms of day/night length?What is a tropical year?What is a sidereal year?What is precession?What causes precession?What is triangulation?What is parallax?What is the cosmic distance scale?What does an astrolabe do?What does a star wheel do?History of Space FlightWho was the president who pushed the space program?What was the first nation to launch into space, and the name of their spacecraft?What was the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit Earth?Who was the first person in space? Who was the first American in space? Who was the first woman in space? Who was the first American woman in space? What were the four United States space programs?Which space mission put the first Americans in space? List details about this program.What does suborbital mean?Which space mission was named after the constellation for twins and had capsules that held two people? List details about this program.Which space mission was designed to land humans on the moon and return them safely to Earth?List details about this program that are not included in the questions on page 3.What happened with Apollo 1?Which space mission had the first reusable spacecraft?List details about this program.Describe what happened to the Space Shuttles Challenger and Columbia.What were/are the 3 space stations?What was the first space station? List details about this program.What was the Russian Space Station? List details about this program.What is the current space station? List details about this program.What is the goal of Virgin Galactic? Describe SpaceShipOne. What was it’s accomplishment?What was the Ansari X prize?Describe SpaceShipTwo. What happened to it? What is Spaceport America? Where is it located?What is the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap)?What is the purpose of SpaceX?Describe the Dragon capsule.What happened to one of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rockets in 2016?Describe the Google Lunar X PrizeIs there gravity in space? What are Newton’s 3 laws of motion? 1.2.3.Apollo Missions/Apollo13What was the mission #, date and first & second person (in order) to walk on moon?How many missions have landed on the moon? What were the mission numbers?How many people have walked on the moon?What does LEM stand for and what does it do?What happened (specifically) to keep Apollo 13 from landing on the moon?Why was the Apollo 13 mission considered a successful failure?History of AstronomyTerm for the study of the universeTerm for earth centeredName people who believed in earth centered modelsTerm for sun centeredName people who believed in sun centered modelsWhat is astrology?What is an astronomical unit?Developed the scientific methodWhat is an epicycle? Name of Ptolemy’s bookName of Brahe’s bookPreserved and augmented Greek knowledgeWhat are binary stars?E = mc2, who came up with & what does it mean?People who had a religious and mythical explanation of the universeModel of this person dominated for about 1400 yearsCreated star catalogues on clay tabletsPeople to whom celestial bodies depicted gods & goddessesPeople who observed supernova in 1054Built structures (such as Fajada butte in Chaco Canyon, and Hovenweep) to mark astronomical eventsFirst to develop sun-centered model and support with mathDeveloped spherical trigonometry and algebraPeople who were called sky watchersPeople to whom symmetry and harmony were importantUsed numbers and geometryPeople who observed, but did not explainPeople whose priests were astronomersUsed ziggurats (towers) as observatoriesDiscovered supernova and thought it was a new starInvented observational sextants and improved the astrolabeLost his nose in a duelUsed groups of stars, called decans, to tell timeImproved and used refracting telescope: 1st to use it for astronomical observationThought everything was 4 elements: earth, air, fire & waterRefracting telescopeReflecting telescopeFirst modern research facilityDiscovered moons of JupiterStudied nebulaeDiscovered sun spots and used to estimate sun’s rotationDiscovered UranusInvented the reflecting telescopeDiscovered blue galaxies with bright, sharp emission linesWrote laws of planetary motionWhat are the 3 laws of planetary motion?Wrote the gravitational lawWhat is the gravitational law (write out the formula)?What is the gravitational force proportional to? What does this mean?What is the gravitational force inversely proportional to? What does this mean?Calculated return of Halley’s cometDid rocket launched studies of the Van Allen BeltsWrote laws of motionDiscovered PlutoStudied black holesNASA research mathematician who graduated college at 18.1922 Nobel PrizeWorked as a human “computer” to measure star brightness on photographic platesTaught at NM State University, and died in January 1997Suffers from Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS)Used Lowell observatory for research Did UV and X-Ray investigations of solar atmosphereDiscovered Herbig-Haro objectsDeveloped standard for star brightness in photographic measurementsCalculated trajectory for first American’s (Alan Shepard) spaceflight Search for the grand unification theory of the universeStudied Cepheid variables in the Magellanic CloudsNamed 3 kinds of galaxiesWhat are the 3 types of galaxiesResearched flarestarsWas not allowed into Princeton’s astronomy program because she was a womanKicked out of high schoolDiscovered period-luminosity relationship of Cepheid variablesThesis stated the galaxies are distributed in clumps (not random)Mentored Sally RideDiscovered first evidence that universe is expandingCalculated Apollo 11’s trajectory to moonDeveloped X-Ray optics for astronomical observationsWhat was first evidence of expansion of universe?Discovered that stars toward the edges of galaxies move at the same speeds as stars near the centerWhose findings indicate that there is a large amount of dark matter in galaxies?Wrote theories of relativityWhat is the special theory of relativity?What is the general theory of relativity?Electromagnetic Spectrum159. What is electromagnetic radiation and what does it do?160. Electromagnetic Spectrum: what is the order of the parts from long to short wavelength, and how does energy correspond to wavelength (i.e., is long wavelength high or low energy?).161. How fast does electromagnetic radiation travel?162. Describe how we have sight.163. Describe wave motion.164. Draw and label parts of a transverse wave. 165. What is frequency?166. What is wavelength and what are its units?167. What is the range of wavelengths for visible light? 168. Which wavelength do we see best? What color is this? Why do we see this best?169. Describe radio waves, including wavelength (long or short) and its parts170. Describe radio telescopes171. What is resolution?172. What is interferometry?173. Describe the VLA174. Describe the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, WV175. Describe Arecibo176. Describe the Very Long Baseline Array177. Describe the ALMA178. Describe Infrared Radiation, including wavelength (long or short), and current telescopes that observe in this part of the spectrum179. Describe visible light, including colors from long to short wavelength.180. What is the difference between different colors?181. Describe Ultraviolet, including wavelength (long or short), and current telescopes that observe in this part of the spectrum182. Describe X-Rays, including wavelength (long or short), and current telescopes that observe in this part of the spectrum183. Describe Gamma Rays, including wavelength (long or short), and current telescopes that observe in this part of the spectrumSpectroscopy184. What is spectroscopy?185. What happens to cause absorption?186. What happens to cause emission?187. What can spectroscopy tell us about an object?188. What is a spectroscope?189. What is diffraction grating?190. What are the three types of spectra?191. Describe a continuous spectrum (what is it and how is it produced?)192. Describe an emission/bright line spectrum (what is it and how is it produced?)193. Why can emission spectra be used to determine an object’s composition?194. Describe an absorption/dark line spectrum (what is it and how is it produced?)195. What astronomical objects give off an absorption spectrum?196. What is the Doppler Effect?197. What is red shift and what does it tell us about an object’s motion?198. What is blue shift and what does it tell us about an object’s motion?Telescopes199. What kind of science is astronomy?200. What are two ways in which experimentation is done indirectly?201. “When” are we seeing when we look out into space?202. How far into the past do we see when we observe our sun? The Andromeda galaxy?203. What is the primary function of a telescope?204. In which part of the spectrum do optical telescope observe?205. Who first used the refracting telescope to observe space?206. What is the objective in a refracting telescope?207. What is the focus?208. What does the eyepiece do?209. Who invented the reflecting telescope?210. What is the objective in a reflecting telescope?211. What are the four disadvantages of refracting telescopes?212. Describe the Yerkes telescope213. Describe the large reflecting telescopes in use today (Kitt Peak, Hale telescope, the Keck telescopes and the Gran Telescopio Canarias)214. Describe the Hubble telescope. Why does it have good resolution?215. Describe CCD’s and their advantage216. Describe adaptive optics217. What are the two reasons to make bigger telescopes?218. Describe how mirrors are made.219. Describe the effects of earth’s atmosphere on observingThe SunNAME WHAT PART OF THE SUN FITS WITH THE DESCRIPTION OR ANSWER THE QUESTION…Top of bubbles on photosphereOccur in pairs or moreLargest outbursts of electrically charged gasThin lower atmosphere, pink or red in colorThe light we see comes from this layerTakes 1 million years for energy to move through this layerHot gases rise and cool gases sink in this layerCrown of the sunSimilar process occurs in Earth’s mantleSeen during a total solar eclipseMillions of bursts of gas from chromosphere, shaped like spikesFusion occurs hereHas an 11 year cycleDarker, cooler regions on the photosphereVisible surface of the sunParts of sunspots and temperatures of eachLooping gas that is connected to both the + and – ends of the magnetic fieldWhat causes auroras? What are the north and south auroras called?Describe nuclear fusion (including equation [not E = mc2])How old is the sun now?Speed of the solar windWhere solar wind comes fromHow long will the sun be around in its current state?Where are sunspots usually found on the sun (layer and latitudes)?What would a sunspot look like against the blackness of space?What are the Van Allen Belts?What is Einstein’s famous equation for the conservation of energy and mass?2 opposing forces that keep the sun in equilibrium (i.e., balanced)Diameter of the sun in km Distance to the sun in miles and kmHow long does it take the sun’s energy to reach Earth?Distance to the next nearest starTime it takes our sun to make one revolution around the galaxyAverage rotational period of the sunTemperature of the coronaDiameter of a granuleDescribe the sun’s magnetic field In what state (solid, liquid or gas) is the sun?Diagram of the sun (be able to identify parts of the sun)Describe the gravitational forceDescribe the electromagnetic forceDescribe the strong nuclear forceDescribe the weak nuclear forceWeakest of the 4 forcesWhich force has the longest range?Which force is important for understanding the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe?Which force holds electrons in their orbitals about the nuclei of atoms?Which force keeps protons and neutrons bound together in atomic nuclei?Which force causes beta decay?What is beta decay?Which force is responsible for synthesizing chemical elements?Which force is responsible for the large amounts of energy in nuclear reactions?Describe Grand Unified Theories (GUTs)Describe the Theory of Everything (TOE) (superunified theories)Why is it important to come up with grand unified and superunified theories? ................
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