Year 9 Physics calculations
Year 11
P2
Additional Physics
Higher Tier
Formulae Booklet
P2 1 Motion
1. Distance-time graphs:
The slope of the graph = speed of the object.
d = distance (m)
s = speed (m/s)
t = time (s)
2. Velocity-time graphs:
An upwards slope on the graph = acceleration
A downwards slope on the graph = deceleration (will be a negative number)
v = final velocity (m/s)
u = initial velocity (m/s)
a = acceleration (m/s2)
t = time (s)
The area under the line = distance travelled (m)
You will need to section your graph into rectangles and/or triangles.
Remember!
❖ Area of a rectangle = height x base
❖ Area of a triangle = ½ height x base
P2 2 Speeding up & Slowing down
1. Resultant force
F = force (N)
m = mass (kg)
a = acceleration (m/s2)
2. Stopping distance
Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance
3. Weight
Weight (N) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg)
P2 3 Work, energy and momentum
1. Work done
Work done = energy transferred
W = work done (J)
F = force (N)
D = distance moved in the direction of the force (m)
(Note the similarity to the equation used to calculate gravitational potential energy in year 10!)
2. Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy (J) = ½ x mass (kg) x velocity2 (m/s)
TIP: If you don’t think you can rearrange the KE formula during the exam, learn the rearranged formulae instead:
[pic] [pic]
3. Momentum
momentum = mass x velocity
P = momentum (kgm/s))
M = mass (kg)
V = velocity (m/s)
total momentum before = total momentum after
4 Conservation of momentum in an explosion
Remember the momentum of an explosion before = 0
Therefore, total momentum after explosion = 0
So: (mass of A x velocity A) = - (mass of B x velocity of B)
5 Changing momentum
Newton’s 2nd Law:
Force = change in momentum
time taken
(mv = change in momentum (kgm/s)
F = force (N)
t = time (seconds)
P2 5 Current electricity
1 Resistance
Resistance = potential difference
current
R = resistance = (ohms, Ω)
V = potential difference (volts, V)
I = current (amperes, A)
2 Resistance in a series circuit
Add up the resistance of all the components in a series circuit.
3 Current
Is a rearrangement of the resistance equation:
current = potential difference
resistance
P2 6 Mains electricity
1 Alternating current
Frequency (hertz, Hz) = 1 .
Time period (s)
2 Power of an appliance
power = energy transformed
time
ET = energy transformed (joules, J)
P = power (watts, W)
T = time (secs)
3 Power supplied
power supplied = current x potential difference
P = power supplied (watts, W)
V = potential difference (volts, V)
I = current (amperes, A)
4 Charge flow
charge flow = current x time
Q = charge flow (coulomb, C)
I = current (amperes, A)
t = time (secs)
5 Energy & potential difference
Energy transformed = potential difference x charge flow
ET = energy transformed (joules, J)
V = potential difference (volts, V)
Q = charge flow (coulomb, C)
P2 7 Nuclear Physics
1 Radioactive decay
❖ α-emission = atomic number (Z) down 2, mass number (A) down 4
❖ β-emission = atomic number (Z) up 1, mass number (A) stays same
❖ γ-emission = atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) both stay same
Learn these formula triangles and equations and you can’t go wrong!
❖ Remember before you start the exam write all the formula triangles down in the front so that you can look back at them.
❖ If you are unsure of the equation you need, use the correct triangle and cover up the part you want to work out.
❖ This will give you the equation you need!
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