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AGRICULTURE ACADEMY OF
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
ACADEMIC PAPER WRITING FOR STUDENTS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES: GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES
For students of the Faculty of Bioeconomy Development
Akademija, 2020
Prepared by:
Alvydas Aleksandravičius
Vilija Aleknevičienė
Vilma Atkočiūnienė
Jonas Čaplikas
Vida Čiulevičienė
Valdemaras Makutėnas
Astrida Miceikienė
Neringa Stončiuvienė
Lina Šarlauskienė
Daiva Urmonienė
Gintarė Vaznonienė
Bernardas Vaznonis
Danutė Zinkevičienė
Approved by the Study Committee of the Faculty of Bioeconomy Development on 25th of February 2020.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4
1. MAIN TYPES OF STUDY WORKS 5
1.1. Research paper 5
1.2. Scientific essay 6
1.3. Term paper 7
1.4. Internship reports 8
1.5. Reports of the research and applied research 12
1.6. Professional portfolio and reflection 13
1.7. Final work of bachelor's studies 16
1.8. Master’s Thesis 18
2. GENERAL ACADEMIC PAPER SPECIFICATIONS 22
3. REQUIREMENTS ON PREPARATION OF PAPER PRESENTATIONS 34
ANNEXES 36
INTRODUCTION
All students are required to complete individual work as provided in the study programmes, such as individual and/or group tasks, research papers, term papers, internship reports, and, at the end of the studies, final work of the first (bachelor’s) or second (master’s) study cycle at the final stage of the studies.
This methodological manual outlines the basic requirements on paper writing methodology, contents, formatting and presentations to be followed by students studying at the Agriculture Academy of Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Bioeconomy Development.
MAIN TYPES OF STUDY WORKS
1.1. Research paper
Research paper is an individual study work intended for comprehensive analysis of a certain theoretical question. The process of writing a research paper is aimed at developing the abilities in collection, analysis, systematisation and summarisation of information on the specific topic. Students are expected to develop the skills of identification of research problems and generation of the related solutions when writing the research papers.
A research paper analyses a certain topic (questions) on the basis of various references. Students may choose topics from the list of research paper topics or may devise their own topics upon the teacher's consent. Students studying at the first study cycle (bachelor’s degree) use subject-related and scientific literature, legislative acts, statistical data as well as other information sources for their research papers. Students studying at the second study cycle (master’s degree) analyse scientific literature (monographs, science studies, research articles referred in international databases) and, in exceptional cases, legislative acts, in their research papers. At least 10 references shall be used in a research paper. At least half of the scientific literature analysed during the master’s studies shall be scientific literature in a foreign language. Research papers may be prepared by an individual student or a group of students (in the latter case, each student's contribution shall be specified).
Recommended length of a research paper is 10–20 pages (excluding annexes). A research paper prepared by a group of students must be longer. The specific length of the paper is decided by the teacher. A research paper is comprised of the introduction, body part and conclusions (Table 1).
Table 1. Research paper structure and content requirements
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction describes the relevance of the chosen topic, object, aim, objectives of the work and research methods applied. |
| |When providing reasoning of relevance of the research paper, the author must indicate his/her personal need for analysis of the |
| |chosen question. The field of research must be reflected in the aim of the research paper. Objectives outline the chosen method |
| |for implementation of the aim, i.e. steps taken to achieve the set aim. Research aims and objectives shall be formulated in the |
| |infinitive form of verb: to analyse, to compare, to summarise, to determine, to validate, to present, to propose, to study. |
| |Research methods applied and the period under analysis must be indicated at the end of the introduction. |
|Body part |This part provides the review of various concepts, phenomena, processes relating to the chosen topic; analysis, systematisation |
| |and summary of various authors' approaches towards the issue as well as the paper author's approach towards the analysed issue. |
| |Students should identify key arguments and ideas important for the analysis of the chosen topic (question). |
Table 1 continued
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Conclusions |Conclusions of the research paper present general key ideas, results related to each objective with the view towards the |
| |research aim. Master’s degree students must demonstrate coherence between their research and the results of research works |
| |analysed in their research paper, reject or prove the proposed hypothesis. |
Integral parts of the research paper shall be laid out in the following sequence: title page (Annex 1), contents (Annex 7), structural parts of the paper (Table 1), list of references (Annex 10).
1.2. Scientific essay
A scientific essay is a student's individual written work, the scope and specific structure of which are defined by the teacher who helps develop scientific thinking and argumentation skills. An essay is aimed at presentation of an attitude based on scientific arguments, explanation of own interpretation. When writing a scientific essay, a student refers to the literature or other data, applies scientific methods and concepts. The main focus is put on the analysed issue and the approach towards it, understanding of the theories and ability to discuss on them.
A scientific essay shall possess the following attributes: analysis instead of mere description, application of general concepts, assumptions and theories to the specific material (not vice versa); support of the ideas by literature (not the experience).
Formatting and structure requirements to scientific essays are the same as for research papers; scientific essays may be shorter (the specific length of the paper is decided by the teacher).
A scientific essay shall answer all of the following questions:
1. Has the question defined by the title and the wording of problem been answered?
2. Have the applicable points covered during the theoretical lectures been included?
3. Are the ideas laid down in the essay based on scientific arguments?
4. Has the essay been written in an objective, analytical, argumentation style?
5. Is the language of the text fluent, easy to read?
Stages of a scientific essay:
1. Describe the topic, identify the problem and raise the question to be discussed in the essay.
2. Find the explanation, answer, solution, come to a conclusion.
3. Start from an issue, question, etc. and work towards an explanation, answer, solution, conclusion by logical argumentation.
4. All theses shall be validated by acceptable evidence.
5. The text must be presented in an easy to read form.
1.3. Term paper
A term paper is an individual study work for students to apply theoretical knowledge to analysis of a specific scientific or practical problem. A term paper helps develop students’ ability of applying theoretical knowledge in specialization subjects to conduction of empirical research, evaluation of the current condition of economy, branch or an entity, development of methods of problem solving. As the students are writing the term papers, they develop their abilities of analysing and summarising the scientific literature, applying other researchers’ methodology to own research, analysing and systematising the results of empirical research, comparing them to research data provided by other authors.
Students studying at the first study cycle use subject-related and scientific literature, legislative acts, statistical and empirical data as well as other information sources for their term papers. The list of references of a first-cycle term paper shall be comprised at least 15 sources, at least the third of which shall be sources in a foreign language.
Students studying at the second study cycle analyse scientific literature (monographs, science studies, research articles referred in international databases), legislative acts. The list of literature for the master's thesis must contain at least 20 sources, at least half of the scientific literature analysed during the master’s studies shall be scientific literature in a foreign language.
Recommended length of the term paper is 20–25 pages (excluding annexes). The term paper is comprised of the following components: introduction, theoretical, analytical and result or project parts, and conclusions (Table 2).
Table 2. Term paper structure and content requirements
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction shall provide validation of the choice of the topic, its relevance, practical and theoretical |
| |significance, specify the object, aim and objectives, methods of the research, and the period under analysis. Research aim |
| |and objectives shall be formulated in the infinitive form of verb: to analyse, to study, to assess, to determine, to |
| |reveal, to present, to compare, etc. The period under analysis shall be at least 5 years. |
|Theoretical part |Theoretical part of the paper involves analysis of scientific, methodological and other literature, presents theories, key |
| |ideas, concepts of the analysed subject, summary of various authors’ opinions and scientific research on the analysed |
| |issue, theoretical methods of solving the analysed problem. Opinion of the author of the term paper shall be expressed in a|
| |reasoned manner. |
|Analytical part |Analytical part of the paper involves detailed analysis of the problem under consideration, the conducted empirical studies|
| |are described, economic, statistical calculations are presented, results of the empirical studies and the determining |
| |factors, deviations of the results from the theoretical provisions, average values are analysed. |
Table 2 continued
|Result or project part|This part of the paper shows practical applicability of the research results, puts forward the proposals on solution of the|
| |analysed problem, their economic and social reasoning. Changes of the analysed object are projected based on the research |
| |results and theoretical concepts by using methods of forecasting, modelling and design. |
|Conclusions |The conclusions provide concise summary of the author’s research results and possible methods of solving the research |
| |problem. The conclusions shall be closely related to the aim and objectives of the research. |
Integral parts of the term paper shall be laid out in the following sequence: title page (Annex 1), terms of reference of the term paper (Annex 4), summary in Lithuanian (Annex 6), contents (Annex 7), structural parts of the term paper (Table 2), list of references (Annex 10), annexes (where necessary). Dividing theoretical, analytical and result or project parts of the paper into subsections is recommended. Concise summary of the results shall be provided at the end of each section or subsection. The term paper shall contain citations linked to the list of references used. Arguments provided in the term paper shall be illustrated with tables, figures and annexes.
Supervisor of the paper provides support in development of and approves the terms of reference of the term paper, evaluates the scientific and other literature, sources of statistical and other information gathered by the student, provides consultations in identifying the research aims and objectives, defining the research object, developing the research methodology.
Topics of the term papers are individual. Students may choose topics from the list of term paper topics provided by the teacher. Students may devise their own topics of the term paper upon the teacher’s consent.
Defence of the term papers takes place during practical classes and is comprised of brief presentation of the research results by the student and question/answer part, where the student answers the teacher’s questions. Having failed to write or defend the term paper by the defined deadlines, the student is not admitted to examination of the subject. Term paper assessment criteria are provided in the description of specific course unit.
1.4. Internship reports
Students studying at the first cycle of university studies are required to prepare reports on educational, entrepreneurial and professional internship.
An educational internship report is an individual study work intended to analyse and describe a chosen object of the internship (social and economic phenomena, processes, business or public organisation, etc.) and its functional environment in actual situations; develop analytical skills and skills of conducting empirical research, using information technologies in integration of theoretical and practical knowledge on the basics of the field of study. Educational internship reports may, in exceptional cases, be replaced by developed solutions of practical tasks.
An educational internship report is comprised of an introduction, analytical part, conclusions (Table 3).
Table 3. Educational internship report structure and content requirements
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction must provide the aim, objectives of the educational internship report, research object and methods, |
| |successes and failures during the internship. Aims and objectives shall be formulated in the infinitive form of verb: to |
| |study, to analyse, to compare, to determine, to project, to present. |
|Analytical part |The analytical part must describe the studied object and its functional environment, evaluation of internal and external |
| |environment of the object, present the identified practical issues and reasoned solutions of these issues, object |
| |operations improvement project or object development strategy. |
| |Individual arguments must be illustrated by examples, such as draft operational documents (by-laws, articles of |
| |association, job descriptions) and draft operational plans. |
|Conclusions |The conclusions provide summary evaluation of the condition of the specific research object, indicate the positive |
| |features, reveal the weak aspects and the proposed potential corrective measures, benefit of the educational internship, |
| |appropriateness of the internship site. |
Recommended length of the educational internship report is 15–20 pages (excluding the annexes; including the introduction and conclusions).
Entrepreneurial internship report is an individual or collective study work intended to describe operations of a simulation business enterprise and student as well as demonstrate the acquired competences in business management.
The entrepreneurial internship report is aimed at solidifying theoretical knowledge held by the students studying under the first-cycle (bachelor’s degree) university study programmes, developing entrepreneurial skills at the HR, financial management and accounting, production and sourcing, sales and marketing departments of a simulation business enterprise through solution of various tasks in business, service planning and development, organisation, management, monitoring and assessment, work towards strategic operational goals of the enterprise by means of simulation in a virtual and actual setting.
A student's entrepreneurial internship report upon internship at a department of a simulation business enterprise is comprised of the introduction, analytical part, conclusions (Table 4).
Table 4. Entrepreneurial internship report structure and content requirements
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction must indicate the general and personal aim, objectives of the entrepreneurial internship, duties, methods |
| |of operations, successes and failures during employment at the simulation enterprise. Aims and objectives shall be |
| |formulated in the infinitive form of verb: to study, to compare, to determine, to present. |
|Analytical part |The analytical part defines the goal of a specific department of the simulation business enterprise of internship, |
| |demonstrates the operational experience and specific characteristics of this department, provides the analysis, assessment |
| |of performance indicators, and the related recommendations on performance improvement. |
| |Individual arguments must be illustrated by examples, such as operational documents of the enterprise, various economic and|
| |financial calculations, etc. |
|Conclusions |The conclusions provide evaluation of the condition of the department at the simulation business enterprise in the |
| |applicable area of operations of the department, indicate the positive features, reveal the weak aspects and possible |
| |corrective measures, benefit of the internship. |
Length of an entrepreneurial internship report (prepared for each department at the simulation business enterprise) is 4–5 pages (excluding the annexes). Data on operations of the respective departments at the simulation business enterprise are used in preparation of the entrepreneurial internship report. The data are collated and compared to the data of actual existing enterprises that show progress.
A professional internship report is an individual study work intended to describe the chosen operations or a certain process of a specific business entity or public organisation and demonstrate the acquired competences and professional practical skills.
Professional internship reports are aimed at solidifying the theoretical knowledge and enhancing students' practical knowledge in specialization subjects. The latest subject-related and scientific literature, legislative acts, primary and secondary statistical and empirical data are used in writing a professional internship report.
A professional internship report is comprised of a title page, content, introduction, analytical part, conclusions, annexes (Table 5).
Table 5. Professional internship report structure and content requirements
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction must indicate the aim and objectives, object of the internship, research methods and the period under |
| |analysis, duties and the accomplished works that have contributed to the organisation of the internship. Research aim and |
| |objectives shall be formulated in the infinitive form of verb: to study, to analyse, to compare, to determine, to project, |
| |to present. |
|Analytical part |The analytical part describes a specific entity that the internship takes place at, reveals the operational experience of |
| |this entity, its specific features, provides the analysis and evaluation of its performance indicators. |
| |Individual arguments must be illustrated by examples, such as copies of documents, various calculations, etc. Data of the |
| |organisation of internship are collated and compared to the latest data of research studies and advanced enterprises. This |
| |part of the report shall reflect the integrated approach towards practice and theory. |
|Conclusions |The conclusions provide evaluation of the condition of the economic entity or public institution in the applicable area of |
| |operations, indicate the positive features, reveal the weak aspects and possible corrective measures. The student is |
| |required to provide his/her evaluation of the scope of implementation of the aims and objectives of the internship, his/her|
| |contribution to the operations of the institution and the contribution of the institution to the student's professional |
| |training. |
Recommended length of the professional internship report is 15–25 pages (excluding the annexes).
Students studying at the second cycle of university studies who have chosen the practical field of studies shall prepare the innovation internship report.
An innovation internship report is an individual master's study work intended to describe the innovative aspect of the chosen operations of a specific business entity or public organisation and identify new relations in the operations of the organisation by analysing and evaluating innovations in management, social area, economy, accounting, marketing and other areas; reveal and revise the relevance of the scientific practical issue analysed in the master's thesis.
Innovation internship reports are aimed at solidifying the acquired theoretical knowledge, developing and improving the skills in unassisted application of modern research methods to innovative and knowledge-integrating practical activity, improving practical skills in quantitative and qualitative assessment of work, research, business entities or public organisations, achieving higher level of understanding on the studied object, and identifying the areas of improvement in the operations of the organisation through analysis and assessment of innovations in management, social area, economy, marketing and other areas, with subsequent proposal of appropriate improvement measures. The innovation internship is intended to develop the innovative and creative abilities in Master's degree students.
The innovation internship report consists of a title page, content, introduction, analytical descriptive part, conclusions, list of used literature and other sources of information, annexes (Table 6).
Table 6. Innovation internship report structure and content requirements
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction must indicate the aim and objectives of the internship, research object, research methods, the period |
| |under analysis, provides the links to the scientific practical issue analysed in the master's thesis. |
|Analytical descriptive|The analytical part describes the specific entity the innovation internship takes place at, reveals the operational |
|part |experience of the entity, provides the analysis of its performance indicators, identifies the issues, provides evaluation |
| |of relevance of the innovations in the organisation and the plan of implementation of the proposed innovations. |
| |Individual arguments must be illustrated by examples, such as documents, empirical study instrument (questionnaires), other|
| |documents gathered during the internship and used in the report. This part of the report shall reflect the integrated |
| |approach towards practice and theories. |
|Conclusions |The conclusions provide evaluation of the innovation-related condition of the economic entity or public institution in the |
| |applicable area of operations, indicate the positive features, reveal the weak aspects and possible corrective measures, |
| |benefit of the internship (for the organisation and student), as well as proposals on improvement of the internship. |
Recommended length of the innovation internship report is 15–25 pages (excluding the annexes). Subject-related and scientific literature, legislative acts, statistical and empirical data gathered in the organisation shall be used in the internship report.
1.5. Reports of the research and applied research
Research report – independent master's thesis prepared by students whose studies are of a scientific nature. The report is intended to identify and substantiate the scientific problem, to demonstrate the ability to review the scientific literature, to formulate research methodology and to prepare reasoned recommendations for solving the scientific problem.
Research work is carried out during the first and second years of master's studies, collecting, accumulating, analyzing, systematizing, interpreting and critically evaluating the results of previous research in a certain field of study. In the first year of master's studies, master's students have to review the latest scientific literature according to the chosen research topic, to identify and structure the problem as accurately as possible, to conduct exploratory research. In the second year of studies, master students must prepare research instruments and form a research methodology.
More detailed subject requirements for the report of the research work are presented in the descriptions of the subjects Research Work 1 and Research Work 2 of the respective study program.
The research report consists of a title page, content, introduction, analytical part, conclusions, list of used scientific literature and other sources of information, annexes (Table 7).
Table 7. Requirements for the content of the research report
|Components |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction must indicate the motives for the choice of the problem and topic, define the object of research, |
| |formulate a problem of a scientific nature, present a working hypothesis or defence statements, goal and objectives, |
| |research methods, period under analysis. The favourable and unfavourable circumstances encountered by the author in |
| |preparing the report are described. |
|Analytical part |The analytical part presents the improvement of research relevance, theoretical and practical significance, substantiation |
| |of the level of research of a scientific problem by theories, scientists' views and results of various researches, reasoned|
| |student's opinion on the topic. The student's own systematic theoretical material from scientific articles, monographs, |
| |academic publications, substantiation of research methodology, assumptions of future scientific problem analysis and |
| |empirical research, theoretical model are presented. |
| |Individual statements are illustrated by theoretical regularities, strategic documents, empirical research tools, and other|
| |documents collected during research. After each section of the report, summaries should be made, highlighting the main |
| |results, on the basis of which the final conclusions could be easily formulated. |
|Conclusions |The conclusions reveal proposals for solving the raised scientific problem, considerations for further research of the |
| |problem, and draws attention to the issues not addressed in the report. |
The recommended length of the research report is 15-25 pages (excluding annexes).
Applied research report – independent master's thesis prepared by students whose studies are of a practical nature. The report is designed to solve a practical problem using the scientific literature and the research results published in it. In the report, students must demonstrate the ability to prepare a review of the scientific literature, select appropriate research methods, develop research methodology, and provide reasoned recommendations for solving a practical problem.
Applied research is carried out in the second year of master's studies, collecting, accumulating, analyzing, systematizing, interpreting and critically evaluating the results of previous research in a certain field of study. More detailed subject requirements for applied research and a-report are provided in the description of the subject Applied Research of the respective study program.
The applied research report consists of a title page, content, introduction, analytical part, conclusions, list of used scientific literature and other sources of information, annexes (Table 8).
Table 8. Requirements for the content of the applied research report
|Components |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction must indicate the reasons for the choice of the problem and topic, present the problem of the applied |
| |nature, the object of the research, the aim and objectives of the research and the statements to be defended, the research |
| |methods, the research period. The favourable and unfavourable circumstances encountered by the author in preparing the |
| |report are described. |
|Analytical part |The analytical part substantiates the relevance of research, its theoretical and practical significance. The student |
| |presents systematized theoretical material from scientific articles, monographs, academic publications, substantiates the |
| |research methodology, assumptions of future practical problem analysis and empirical research, theoretical model. |
| |Individual statements are illustrated by theoretical regularities, strategic documents, empirical research tools, and other|
| |documents collected during research. The report must reflect the integration of practice and theories, and after each |
| |section of the report, summaries must be made, and the main results must be highlighted, on the basis of which the final |
| |conclusions would be formulated. |
|Conclusions |The conclusions reveal the coherence of theory and practice and suggestions for solving the applied problem, considerations|
| |for further research of the analyzed problem, draws attention to the unexamined issues of the problem. |
The recommended length of the applied research report is 15-25 pages (excluding annexes).
1.6. Professional portfolio and reflection
A professional portfolio is a collection of contemplations, reflections, tasks on the individual experience in professional activity or business; a collection of student's practical works, documents, facts or other evidence proving his/her participation in the learning process.
Development of a professional portfolio helps reveal the person's generic and specific competences acquired through formal, non-formal and informal learning, enables the student to organise own learning more efficiently, understand own goals of professional activity, possibilities for correction of such activity, assess and demonstrate own achievements, engage in experience-based learning. The developed professional portfolios show the students' achievements and professional growth. Professional portfolio may be developed in a digital form by means of the IT
(e-portfolio).
Recommended structure of the professional portfolio:
1. General information about the student: name, surname, study programme, group, CV, letter of motivation for an employer.
2. Student's experience in practical activity, tasks and duties.
3. Compliance of the competencies developed by the student during the practical activity to the aims of the study programme or the intended outcomes of the individual subjects (Table 9).
Table 9. Correspondence of the abilities acquired in the student's practical activities to the goals of the results of the study program or individual subjects
|Learning outcomes of the course unit |Learning achievements |Evidence of learning |Location of the document in |
| | |achievement |the folder |
|From the description of the study subject |For example, a business company|Certificate or conference |Annex 1 |
|For example, to communicate, to represent, to work |was represented at a practical |program (copy) | |
|collegially, to plan, to organize team work |conference | | |
4. Methodological material: descriptions of meetings, activity, methods.
5. List of the studied literature, transcripts, copies of the read and considered material, extracts from the references.
6. Information or evidence on the student's competencies: generic competencies (personal, social, communicative, critical thinking and problem solving, work and activity, IT use, etc.); personal qualities (e.g., self-confidence, sense of responsibility, persistence, ability to take risks, self-determination, support to others and cooperation); specific competencies based on certificates, certificates of merit, various qualifications (e.g., competition diplomas, prizes, examination assessments, etc.); participation in the activity of community of the institution.
7. The student's action plan reflecting the learner's current position (where am I know?), the aims (where am I moving?), the set objectives (what steps am I going to take?), methods for achievement of the aim (how am I going to achieve it?).
8. Student self-evaluation form. The student uses the form to provide own comments and notes on oneself in various situations (in the educational institution, at home, in the community, etc.), hobbies and the activity he/she is particularly attracted to, specific abilities, achievements, expectations for the future (e.g., intentions to continue learning, areas of development, employment-related intentions, etc.).
9. Activity analysis diary, summary table of assessment of daily activity results, samples of the completed tasks (e-version, hard copy).
10. Contemplations on the problems and methods of their solution, bank of new ideas.
11. Teachers and other specialists' reviews, recommendations.
More guidelines on the structure of the professional portfolio are provided in the Methodology of Assessment and Recognition of Non-Formally and Informally Acquired Competencies (2014) developed by Agriculture Academy of Vytautas Magnus University.
The portfolio of learning outcomes shall be clear and easy to assess, each evidence provided in the portfolio shall reveal the candidate's competence (brief explanation may be required for certain documents). It is important that:
1. All evidence is numbered and provided in logical order;
2. The portfolio is developed under a certain system to enable easy linking of the evidence to appropriate documents, items and activity criteria.
Where the evidence in the portfolio of learning outcomes validates the student's achievements only partially, the teacher may use additional methods of assessment of the student's competence.
Reflection – the student's independent work, the purpose of which is to help rethink their activities and understand what was important and useful for each of them, what knowledge, skills they have acquired and what skills still need to be strengthened in order to achieve better results. Reflection can be prepared by listening to a certain topic of the study subject, the whole subject, teaching, professional activities, etc. practice.
Reflection includes both a description of the experience (what tasks you did, what and how you learned, how you felt) and a reflection on the learning experience (what you did well and what you did not do well, what you could do better next time, with what difficulties or problems encountered how to deal with them).
To prepare the reflection, the teacher teaching the subject should ask questions that would help to better assess the activities, experience, usefulness, for example: What goals did I set for myself? Were you able to reach them? What did I learn? What tasks did I do? What was helpful? What problems did I face? How did I deal with them? What knowledge and skills still need to be strengthened? In what ways and where could this be done? Has my attitude to this thing changed? Why?
The specific scope and questions of independent work are provided by the lecturer teaching the study subject.
1.7. Final work of bachelor's studies
A final work of bachelor's studies is a written work, by independent preparation and defence of which the student demonstrates the ability to apply scientific knowledge in analyzing social, economic phenomena or processes, substantiating possible solutions to identified problems, acquisition of other competencies provided in the study program.
The aim of the a final work of bachelor's studies is to reveal and deepen knowledge and skills to use the results and methods of fundamental and applied research, analyzing social, economic phenomena or processes corresponding to the chosen topic, identifying problems, justifying possible solutions, demonstrating other study achievements according to the study results specified in the description of the study program subject “Final Thesis”.
When preparing the final work of bachelor's studies, the student must follow the description of special requirements and procedures for the preparation and defence of bachelor's theses at the Faculty of Bioeconomy Development of Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Bioeconomy Development.
The topic of the final work must correspond to the field of study and the study program. The work is written in the language in which the studies are conducted.
The latest subject and scientific literature, legal acts, statistical and other data are used to write the bachelor's thesis. The list of scientific and other literature must contain at least 20 sources. Literature in a foreign language must be used, which must make up at least one third of all sources.
The scope of the final work of bachelor's studies depends on the volume of credits provided for the thesis in the study program. When the final work is devoted to: 8 credits - the volume must be from 25 to 35 pages (excluding annexes); 10 credits - the length must be from 30 to 40 pages (excluding annexes); 12 credits - the volume must be from 35 to 45 pages (excluding annexes); 15 credits - the volume must be from 38 to 48 pages (excluding annexes); 18 credits - volume from 40 to 50 pages (excluding annexes).
The final work of bachelor's studies consists of:
- title page (Annex 2);
- the composition of the final work evaluation commission was approved by the order of the Rector (continuation of Annex 2);
- final work of bachelor's studies task with notes on its completion (Appendix 5);
- content (Annex 7);
- a summary of 1 page in one of the main languages of the European Union (English, French, German) (Annex 6);
- introduction (Table 10);
- main components of the work: theoretical part, analytical part, applied / design part (Table 10);
- conclusions and recommendations;
- list of used literature and other sources of information (Annex 10);
- annexes.
Table 10. Content requirements for the bachelor's thesis
|Components |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction describes the relevance and object of the topic, formulates the aim and objectives of the work, briefly|
| |describes the research methods used in the work, indicates the research period. |
| |The relevance and object of the topic are based on scientific statements and must reveal the student’s personal need to |
| |examine it. |
| |An object is a social, economic phenomenon or process in an organization (s), region (s), country (ies) or world that |
| |corresponds to the topic of the thesis. |
| |The aim of the work shows the direction of the object analysis, and the tasks - the chosen way of solving the goal, i. |
| |y. the consistency of the study with the aim pursued. The goal and objectives must be formulated in the context of |
| |verbs: to analyze, evaluate, define, identify, compare, prepare, check, refine, compile, formulate, create, and so on. |
| |The aim and objectives of the research must be related to the relationship of logical subordination - the task cannot be|
| |more general than the aim. There should be no more than 3 tasks at work. |
| |For each task, the research methods used must be indicated. They must be selected in such a way that they are |
| |appropriate and sufficient to achieve the task. |
| |The study period must be at least 5 years. |
|Theoretical part |In this part of the work, the analysis of scientific and other literature directly related to the object of the work is |
| |performed, the interpretations of the main concepts, the results of fundamental and applied research and the summary of |
| |the used methods are presented. It is based not only on the statements of researchers and other authors and the results |
| |of the research, but also on the student's reasoned opinion. |
|Analytical part |In this part of the work, based on the results and methods of fundamental and applied research examined in the |
| |theoretical part, a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the social, economic phenomenon or process corresponding to |
| |the work object, trends and reasons for its change, problems to be solved. |
| |The analytical part uses primary and secondary data (Annex 13), performs their analysis, evaluates the magnitudes and |
| |conditions of change of the analyzed phenomena, processes, indicators reflecting them, deviations from theoretical |
| |provisions, valid requirements of official documents, average values, etc. The results obtained can be illustrated with |
| |case studies. |
|Applied part |In this part of the work, based on the results and methods of fundamental and applied research, project calculations, |
| |the forecasts and conditions of the phenomenon analyzed in the analytical part, process improvement measures, possible |
| |solutions to identified problems, their social and (or) economic evaluation. |
|Conclusions and |Using the material of analytical and applied / design parts, the conclusions summarize the main results, recommendations|
|recommendations |for solving problems. The conclusions must be directly related to the aim and objectives of the work. It is recommended |
| |to formulate 1-2 conclusions for each task. |
All components of the final work must be interconnected. It is recommended to divide the main parts of the work (chapter) into smaller parts (subdivisions). At the end of each chapter or subsection, a brief summary of the results of the chapter or subsection must be provided.
On the inside of the last page of the final work (on the hard cover page 3), an A5 envelope must be affixed and the supervisor's review, reviewer's review, transcript of the attestation commission and CD with recorded thesis, data matrix (if the research is quantitative), survey protocols (if the research is qualitative), software code and other documents related to the preparation of the final work).
1.8. Master’s Thesis
Master final thesis – a written work prepared and defended by a student independently summarizing the student’s ability to solve scientific or practical problems defined in the study programme, acquisition of other competencies set in the other study programme. When Master studies are of a scientific nature, the final thesis is devoted to the identification and solution of a scientific problem. When Master studies are of a practical nature, the final thesis is intended for the identification of a practical problem and its solution by research methods.
When preparing the Master final thesis, the student follows the description of the special requirements and procedures for the preparation and defence of the Master thesis at the Faculty of Bioeconomy Development of Vytautas Magnus University.
During the preparation of the final thesis, the student shall demonstrate the ability to apply theoretical knowledge, identify a scientific or practical problem, collect, analyse and summarize scientific literature, develop or adapt a methodology for conducting research and apply it to the research object.
In the final Master thesis when the studies are of a scientific nature (intended to prepare for doctoral studies), the scientific problem and the hypothesis/statement(s) of defence (hypothesis, intuitive scientific assumption) are raised and substantiated or denied by the analysis of the scientific literature on the topic under consideration, with particular emphasis on the development of theories and scientific approaches, providing a critical and reasoned opinion of the student. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature, the student shall develop a methodology for solving a scientific problem and examine its application possibilities, assumptions and constraints in the country(s), region or organization(s).
In the final Master thesis, when the studies are intended to prepare for practical activities, the analysis of the identified practical problem is presented by emphasizing the student’s attitude to the problem. With regard to the analysis of the scientific literature, the student shall develop a methodology to solve a practical problem, to test its feasibility, assumptions, and constraints in the country(s), region or organization(s).
The latest subject and scientific literature, legislation, statistics, and other data are used in writing the Master thesis. At least 35 references have to be quoted in the Master thesis of scientific nature, while in a practical thesis have to be cited at least 30 references. Fully half of the references used has to be published by foreign scholars.
Volume of the final Master thesis is between 50 to 70 pages (without annexes). Master thesis consists of the following parts:
- Title page (Appendix 3);
- Composition of the Commission for Theses Defence approved by the Rector’s order (continuation of Appendix 3);
- Contents (Appendix 7);
- Summary in one of the main languages of the EU (English, French, German) (1 page, Appendix 6);
- Glossary of key concepts (Appendix 11), which is intended to provide the student with basic concepts to guide research and preparation of the final thesis (concepts may be of other authors and formed by the student oneself);
- Introduction, presenting the scientific (Table 11) or practical problem (Table 12) and all the main parameters of the research described: object, purpose, tasks, etc.;
- The main components of the thesis: in the scientific thesis – theory, methodology and results (Table 11); in practical thesis – situation analysis, methodology, including theoretical aspects, as well as result/project results (Table 12);
- Conclusions and recommendations;
- List of references and other sources of information (Appendix 10);
- Annexes.
Table 11. Structure and content requirements of the main parts of a
Master thesis of scientific nature
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Introduction |The relevance of the topic is substantiated in the introduction, the scientific problem identified in the theoretical |
| |part of the thesis is highlighted, its level of research is described, the object of study, its aim, and tasks, methods |
| |and period of research are defined. The hypothesis (es)/ statement(s) of defence of the thesis is defined in |
| |introduction. |
| |The object of the research is the social or economic phenomenon or process in the organization, region or country(s) |
| |chosen by the author of the final thesis. |
| |The object of the research is a social or economic phenomenon or process corresponding to the theme of the final thesis |
| |in organizations, region or country, detailed in the aspect of the practical problem to be investigated. |
| |The formulated aim of the research must indicate the direction of the study, and the objectives point out the selected |
| |way of reaching the aim, i.e. the methods of the research be to applied to achieve its intended aim. The aim and |
| |objectives must be formulated in the infinitive form of verbs: to define, evaluate, determine, compare, prepare, submit,|
| |verify, refine, compose, formulate, create and so on. |
| |The research methods used to solve each problem are presented. |
| |At the end of the introduction, it must be stated where and when the results of the thesis research were presented and |
| |published. |
Table 11 continued
|Structural parts |Content requirements |
|Theoretical part |The theoretical part deals with the analysis of theories, ideas, and concepts related to the scientific problem under |
| |consideration, as well as the results of previous research. Such analysis requires a scientific discussion, |
| |systematization of the research results, revealing contradictions in the works of different authors, expressing the |
| |student’s critical and reasoned attitude to the issues under discussion. |
| |The scientific problem which will be solved in the Master thesis is determined by the analysis. In this part of the |
| |thesis, the scientific hypothesis (es) and the defended statements can be formulated. |
|Methodological part |In the methodological part, the student has to develop and substantiate the logical scheme of the research to solve the |
| |selected scientific problem or to substantiate the hypothesis. This section presents the research methodology, |
| |formulates the assumptions and limitations of the research, justifies the research sample, and describes the intended |
| |data sources, their collection, and their adequacy and representativeness. |
|The result part |According to the prepared methodology, applied theoretical or empirical research is performed, the obtained research |
| |results are analysed, their causality is revealed, their interaction and relation with the set aim and objectives are |
| |highlighted as well as the scientific problem or hypothesis and research results of a student and scholars are compared |
| |in this part. There is also an assessment of the suitability of the developed methodology (or model, if any) for solving|
| |the problem raised, and an analysis of the assumptions of its application under different conditions. |
|Conclusions |Conclusions must directly relate to the aim of the research and the solution of the scientific problem. As well, |
| |conclusions have to reflect the results of the solution of each objective raised, must reveal the scientific and/or |
| |practical significance of the performed research. If hypothesis (es) or statement(s) of defence is raised in the thesis,|
| |research-based validation or rejection of it must be included in the conclusions. |
Table 12. The structure and content requirements of the main parts of a
Master thesis of practical nature
|Structural parts |Requirements |
|Introduction |The introduction briefly and reasonably identifies a practical problem arising from practical activities in the chosen |
| |topic, justifies the relevance, object, aim, and objectives of the research. |
| |The object of the research is a social or economic phenomenon or process corresponding to the theme of the final thesis |
| |in organizations, region or country, detailed in the aspect of the practical problem to be investigated. |
| |The aim of the research must indicate the direction of the study, and the objectives must show the chosen path to the |
| |aim, i.e. the methods of the research be to applied to achieve its intended aim. The aim and objectives must be |
| |formulated in the infinitive form of verbs: to define, evaluate, determine, compare, prepare, submit, verify, compose, |
| |develop and so on. |
| |The research methods used to solve each problem are presented. |
| |At the end of the introduction, it must be stated where and when the research results were presented and published. |
|The analytical part of |This part thoroughly examines the practical problem, its essence, context, and extent of expression in practice. |
|the situation |Analysis and synthesis of written and visual documents, Content analysis, quantitative analysis of secondary data by |
| |statistical methods, case study method to illustrate the expression of a practical problem and other methods may be used|
| |to assess the situation. The student should also emphasize his / her own attitude to the essence and expression of the |
| |practical problem. |
|Methodological part |In this part, scientific approaches to the practical problem, its determinants, links with other simultaneously |
| |occurring problems, methods of empirical research and solutions to the problem are revealed. Results of published |
| |research and methodological literature of social research are analysed. |
| |With regard to the results of scientific and methodological literature analysis, empirical research methodology is |
| |developed and substantiated to investigate the factors of practical problem and justification of solutions. |
| |The rationale for the methodology should include a description of the logical consistency of the study (a logical study |
| |design), the reasonableness, adequacy, and representativeness of the data sources chosen. |
Table 12 continued
|Structural parts |Requirements |
|The result/design part |In this section, the results of empirical research are described and economically, socially and environmentally |
| |validated solutions to a practical problem are prepared. Assumptions and limitations of the solutions found must also be|
| |defined. |
|Conclusions and |Conclusions must directly relate to the aim of the research and the solution of the practical problem, reflect the |
|recommendations |results of the solution of each objective and reveal the practical significance of the research. Where possible, |
| |recommendations are addressed to specific addressees. |
All structural parts of the thesis must be interconnected. It is recommended to divide the main parts (chapters) of the thesis into sub-chapters. A short summary of the results must be provided at the end of every chapter and sub-chapter.
On the inside of the final page of the final thesis (on page 3 of the hard cover) the A5 envelope must be attached. The supervisor’s review, the opponent’s review, an extract of the protocol of the Attestation Commission and the CD with the recorded thesis, data matrix (if quantitative), survey reports ( if the study is qualitative), software code and other documentation related to the preparation of the final thesis must be placed inside the envelope).
2. GENERAL ACADEMIC PAPER SPECIFICATIONS
Language of the text. Academic papers shall be written in a clear, correct language, in a scientific style. Passive voice of verbs should be used (e.g., has been determined, analysed, suggested, etc.). General spelling, grammar and punctuation rules shall be followed. Unconventional abbreviations other than those provided by the general spelling, grammar rules and standards should be avoided (if an unconventional system of abbreviation or concepts is used in the paper, the list of abbreviations and special terms with the corresponding definitions shall be provided). No scanned tables, figures, equations or scanned text are permitted in an academic paper.
Page layout. Text shall be typed in Times New Roman 12 pt size fonts using 1.5 line spacing on one side of A4 size (210x297 mm) portrait orientation paper sheet. All pages of the paper (including the title page and annexes) shall be numbered. Title page is considered to be the first page of the paper (page number shall not be shown in the header of the first page). Page numbers are written in Arabic numerals in the centre of the header without any full stops or hyphens.
Margins and paragraphs. The text must be justified according to the following margins: left – 3 cm, right – 1 cm, top and bottom – 2 cm each. Each paragraph begins with a new line using 15 mm indent from the left margin.
Parts of the work and their titles.
Each part of the work (content, introduction, conclusions, bibliography, etc.) and chapters are written on a new page. The sections are divided into subsections. Each chapter and subsection title must be followed by at least a few lines of text, and chapters and subsections must also end in text. Do not start and end a chapter and subsection with a table or figure.
The titles of parts (chapters), subsections, sections of the work are written in the middle of the page. The titles of chapters, subsections, and chapters (excluding other parts of the work, i.e., introduction, conclusions, bibliography) should be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals (a period is placed after each digit). Chapter titles are subtracted from the text in a 2-line interval, subchapters in a 1.5-line interval. The titles of the sections and chapters are written in all capital letters in 16 pt bold. The titles of subsections and sections are written in lower case (except for the first letter of the title) in 14 pt bullet bold.
Tables. All tables must be clear, carry the titles and numbered using Arabic numerals. Tables are numbered in sequence throughout the paper or based on individual sections (first number is the number of the respective section that the table is presented in, while the last number is the number of the table in the section).
Number and title of a table is written above the table in bold, font size – 12 pt. Titles of table columns are provided in Sentence case, subtitles – lower case. Table text is provided in 10 pt font size using 1 line spacing. Text of the first table column is aligned to the left of the column, texts of other columns is centred. Examples of tables are provided in Annex 8.
If table values are provided for the same units of measure, the units are indicated in the table heading without any commas. If table values are provided for different units of measure, the units are indicated next to each parameter. No units of measure are provided for the number of people, animals, inventory. No separate columns for any units of measure or sequence numbers are permitted in the tables. Units are provided under units, decimals – under decimals, etc. in the columns. Same number of digits is provided after the point. All table cells must be filled in. A dash is entered where no phenomena is available, "x" – where parameters are not counted, "0" – where the calculated value is very low, "..." – where no data has been obtained. If a title of parameter is entered in several rows, the numbers shall be provided on the level of the last row.
Tables must be provided on the same page as the related analysis or on the next page. Reference to the table must be provided in the analysis of the data provided in the table, e.g., (Table 1). Table layout must be reader-friendly to avoid rotation of the academic paper, or be legible by rotation of the page clockwise. If a table cannot be fitted on a single page, the number of the table is provided on the new page, followed by "table continued". Column titles indicated at the beginning of the table are also to be provided in the continuation of the table. Tables that do not fit on an A4 size page are provided in annexes on a larger paper sheet of the maximum A3 paper size.
If a table published in another source is provided, the source must be specified in brackets after the table title. If a table is formed of materials provided by other authors, the fact that the table has been formed by the author according to the specified references must be noted at the end of the table title. Conventional signs used in the table or other explanations may be provided below the applicable table. Example of a table is provided in Annex 1.
Figures. Charts, photographs, diagrams and other illustrations provided in an academic paper are referred to as figures. Figures are subject to same presentation requirements as tables. Figures must have titles and be numbered using the Arabic numerals. Figures are numbered in sequence throughout the paper or based on individual sections (first number is the number of the respective section that the figure is presented in, while the last number is the number of the figure in the section). Number and title of a figure is written above the figure in bold, font size – 12 pt, position – centred. Words, numbers and symbols in the figure must be provided in 10 pt size. Conventional signs used in the figure or other explanations may be provided below the applicable figure.
In case of complex figures or figures providing two or more attributes, conventional signs and explanations must be provided. Figures are provided under the paragraph of their first mention in a reader-friendly way to avoid rotation of the academic paper, or, if the figure does not fit, to be legible by rotating the page clockwise. Figures that do not fit on an A4 size page are provided in annexes on a larger paper sheet of the maximum A3 paper size. Reference to the figure must be provided before the figure in the respective text of analysis, e.g., (Fig. 1).
If a figure published in another source is provided, the source must be specified in brackets after the figure title. If a figure is formed of materials provided by other authors, the fact that the figure has been formed by the author according to the specified references must be noted at the end of the figure title.
Research data provided in the tables and figures should not be duplicated or repeated in the text.
Example of a figure is provided in Annex 9.
Physical values. Units of measure of physical values are provided under the International System of Units (SI). Units of physical values and their designations must comply with ISO standards (Annex 12). Values that have units of measure are provided in numerals (e.g., 300 Eur) in the text, values that do not have any units of measure are provided in words (e.g., five times). Where several values having same unit of measure are provided in the text, the unit of measure is specified after the last value only (e.g., in 2009, the total weight of sold pigs – 110, cattle – 450, sheep – 50 kg). If a value is more than a thousand, the value should be written using the digit and word (e.g., 5 thousand, 1 million). Decimal points are used to mark decimal numbers (e.g., 0.256).
Equations. Equations are written using Equation Editor or similar equation tools. Equations must be centred in the text. Symbols and numerical factors used in the equations must be explained after the equation in the order of occurrence in the respective equation. Word "where" starting with a lower case letter must be written before the explanation, in a new line, without any indent before or punctuation mark after the word. All widely accepted symbols of equation or symbols approved by the respective standards may be used in the equations. A symbol used in equations may carry one meaning only, and its meaning must not vary from equation to equation. The equations must be numbered, if two or more equations are provided in the text. Number of equation is provided in brackets at the end of the equation line. If an equation published in another source is provided, the source must be specified in the text.
Example of presentation of an equation:
[pic]; (1)
where [pic] ( an average yield of the appropriate group of crops (grain crops or their cereals, or leguminous plant grain, or vegetable);
[pic] ( crop area (ha) of the appropriate group of crops (grain crops or their cereals, or leguminous plant grain, or vegetable);
di ( 100 kg/ha yield of the appropriate group of crops (grain crops or their cereals, or leguminous plant grain, or vegetable); [pic] ( the crops of the appropriate productive group.
Annexes. Annexes are used to provide additional information (tables, figures, etc.). Annexes are provided after the list of references. Order of annexes follows the order of occurrence of the respective references to the annexes in the paper. Each appendix starts on a blank sheet. All pages of the annexes must be numbered as the continuation of paper. Each appendix must be numbered in sequence. Word "Appendix" and the number of the appendix are written in the top right corner of the sheet (e.g., Appendix 2). Title of an appendix is centred and written in Sentence case. Reference to annexes must be provided in the text of paper, e.g., (see Appendix 1).
Advice on academic paper writing:
• do not use synonyms when describing the same phenomena, do not use international words or terms if Lithuanian equivalents (or equivalents in the language that the paper is written in) are available;
• do not abbreviate any names of physical units if these are written without any values (except for the tables and equations);
• unconventional abbreviations other than those provided by the general spelling, grammar rules and standards should be avoided (if an unconventional system of abbreviation or concepts is used in the paper, the list of abbreviations and special terms with the corresponding definitions shall be provided);
• do not use minus (–) or plus (+) signs in the text; use the word "minus" or "plus" instead;
• do not use the following mathematical signs without numbers: ( (less or equal), ( (more or equal), ( (not equal), as well as (;
• do not use indices of standards (LST, ISO) without the respective registration number;
• do not describe the meaning of a unit of measure next to the unit of measure (e.g., write "5 ha of clover field" instead of "5 ha area of clover field");
• passive voice of verbs should be used in the academic papers (e.g., it has been determined by generalisation; after the research results have been analysed, it may be stated that, etc.);
• the obtained research results are presented in the form of tables or figures. Do not repeat the data in different forms of presentation, i.e. present the data only once either as a table or as a figure.
Providing references to literature sources and building the list of references. Each document or source of information used for data collection or preparation of an academic paper must be cited in the academic paper. The list of references must be provided at the end of an academic paper, while the text of paper must provide reference to each source listed in the list of references.
References in the text and bibliography should be based on the APA (American Psychological Association) style. More detailed information with examples is available on the website of Vytautas Magnus University Library and in Annex 10 to this publication:
Bibliographic references in the text (VMU library reference: )
References in the text to the cited document are given in brackets, indicating the author's name and the year of publication of the document, they must be separated by a comma, e.g. (Šinkūnienė, 2012). If the author is already mentioned in the sentence, his name does not need to be repeated in brackets, it is enough to indicate the year of publication, e.g. "In Majauskienė's opinion, this is a very important achievement (2000)."
If a specific source is cited or an exact citation is given, the reference must also include the source page (paragraph or line number), e.g. (Cechavičius, 2008, p. 332).
If 2 authors are mentioned in the cited document, both names separated by the conjunction "and" must be indicated in brackets, e.g. (Šinkūnienė and Majauskienė, 2014).
If the document contains from 3 to 5 authors, it is necessary to indicate all surnames when quoting it for the first time, the last surname is preceded by the conjunction "and", then the surnames of the first author and "et al." Are sufficient, e.g. (Šinkūnienė, Majauskienė, Brazaitienė and Antanaitis, 2013) [first reference]; (Šinkūnienė et al., 2013) [second and later reference]. If there are 6 or more authors in the document, the name of the first author and “et al.” Must be indicated in all references, for example (Šinkūnienė et al., 2013).
If the document was created by a collective author (institution, association, etc.) (Vytautas Magnus University [VMU], 1999) [reference given for the first time] (Vytautas Magnus University, 1999) [reference provided for the second time and later].
If no author is indicated in the document, the first words of the title of the work are written in brackets. If the reference contains the title of a book or journal, it must be written in italics, e.g. (A history of Greece, 1994). If a part of a book or an article is cited, their titles are enclosed in quotation marks, e.g. („Foreword“, 2014).
We refer to court cases, legal acts, laws in the references as well as works without an author with the name of the case in italics and the date of the decision are written in brackets, e.g., (R. B. v. M. M, 2007).
If the works of different authors with the same surnames are cited, the initials of the authors must also be indicated in the references, e.g. (P. Babickas, 1989); (A. Babickas, 1995).
If several different sources need to be indicated in a single reference, the data from these sources are separated in brackets by a semicolon. In parentheses, the sources are arranged in alphabetical order according to the authors' surnames (Mačiulis, 1984; Smith, 2014; Venclova, 2005), and if the sources are without authors, by name, e.g. (A history of Greece, 1994; Foreword, 2014).
If several works by the same author published in different years are cited, the reference shall include the name of the author and the year in ascending order, e.g. (Antanaitis, 1991, 1999, 2003). If different works by the same author published in the same year are cited, the letters a, b, c, etc. are added to the year, e.g. (Teresevičienė, 2007a; Teresevičienė, 2007b). Accordingly, these letters must be added to the year of publication and in the bibliography at the end of the work, for example:
Teresevičienė, M. (2007a). External factors hindering adult learning. Pedagogy: Scientific Papers, 87, 141-148.
Teresevičienė, M. (2007b). Theoretical and empirical substantiation of the university study accreditation model. Aukštojo mokslo kokybė = The Quality of Higher Education, 4, 118-119.
Literature (VMU library link: )
Author
The bibliographic description begins with the author's surname, followed by a comma, and then the initials of the name are written.
Mažeikis, G. (2013). Įsitikinimai: Sąmoningumo metamorfozės. Kaunas: Other books.
If the source contains from 2 to 7 authors, all surnames are listed, separated by a comma, and the last surname is preceded by a hyphen "and".
Park, K. ir Daston, L. J. (1981). Unnatural conceptions: The study of monsters in sixteenth-and seventeenth-century France and England. Past & Present, 92, 20–54.
Gustainienė, L., Pranckevičienė, A., Bukšnytė-Marmienė, L. ir Genevičiūtė-Janonienė, G. (2014). Darbuotojo gerovė ir pozityvi darbo aplinka: Integruotas teorinis modelis. Organizacijų Vadyba: Sisteminiai Tyrimai, 69, 37–52.
If the source contains more than 7 authors, the surnames of the first 6 authors are written, followed by the comma of the sixth author, a comma and a colon (with spaces between dots), followed by the surname of the last author, for example:
Butkauskas, D., Švažas, S., Sruoga, A., Bea, A., Grishanov, G., Kozulin, A., Ragauskas, A. (2013). Genetic techniques for designation of main flyways of the woodpigeon (columba palumbus) in Europe as a tool for control and prevention of pathogenic diseases.Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 63(85), 12-16.
Publishing date
The date of publication of the source is written in brackets after the authors.
Azaryahu, M. (1997). German reunification and the politics of street names: The case of East Berlin. Political Geography,16(6), 479–493. Doi:10.1016/S0962-6298(96)00053-4
Title
If the source of the information is a book, then a period is placed after the enclosed publication date and the title of the book is written in italics.
Daukantienė, V. (2013). Siuvinių gamybos technologija (2nd and supplementary edition). Kaunas: Technologija.
If the source of the information is an article in a journal, then a full stop is placed after the enclosed publication date and the title of the article is written, followed by a full stop and the journal heading is in italics. The first words of the title and subtitle of books and articles are capitalized. All words in the journal title begin with capital letters, except for articles, conjunctions, and particles. For example:
Aleksandravičius, E. (2006). Post-Communist transition: The case of two Lithuanian capital cities. Revue Internationale de Sociologie, 16(2), 347–360.
If the source is part of a book (chapter or article), a period is placed after the title of the part. Write "In", indicate the editors of the book (if any), write the title of the book in italics, and then in parentheses indicate the page interval of the book part, for example:
Frake, C. O. (1997). Struck by speech: The Yakan concept of litigation. In L. Nader (Ed.), Law in culture and society (pp. 147–167). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dubonis, A. (2013). Kas buvo aukštaičiai Lietuvoje XIII-XV amžiais? In Ministri historiae: Pagalbiniai istorijos mokslai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės tyrimuose (p. 93–107). Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas.
Edition, magazine numbering, pagination information
If the source is a book, then a full stop and a space are placed after the book title. This is followed by the place where the book was published, followed by a colon and the publisher, for example:
Mažeikis, G. (2013). Įsitikinimai: Sąmoningumo metamorfozės. Kaunas: Kitos knygos.
If the source is not a first edition book, abbreviated edition details are given in parentheses after the book title, for example:
Daukantienė, V. (2013). Siuvinių gamybos technologija (2-oji patais. ir papild. laida). Kaunas: Technologija.
If the source is an article in a journal, a comma is written after the title of the journal and the volume number is written in italics without the use of any abbreviations (vol., I.e., no., Issue, etc.). If the journal has double numbering, the number number is written in brackets after the volume number, only the volume number is marked in italics, for example:
Orgeret, K. S. (2010). The road to renaming -what's in a name? The changing of Durban's street names and its coverage in The Mercury. Journal of African Media Studies, 2(3), 297-320. doi:10.1386/jams.2.3.297_1
The numbering of the pages is followed by the numbering of the journal, without specifying the page abbreviation (p.), For example:
Janeliauskas, A. (2012). A microwave sensor for evaluation of plastic wall thickness. Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika = Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 7, 69–74.
If a journal article has a DOI number, it is given at the end of the bibliographic description, followed by no punctuation, for example:
Azaryahu, M. (1997). German reunification and the politics of street names: The case of East Berlin. Political Geography, 16(6), 479–493. Doi:10.1016/S0962-6298(96)00053-4
Electronic resources
According to the recommendations of APA 6th Edition e-books and electronic articles, parts of books are described in the same way as printed books and articles. The DOI number or interactive link is provided at the end of the bibliographic descriptions of the electronic resources. Preference is given to the DOI number. It is not necessary to indicate the database where the electronic resource was found or the date of the review of the source. For example:
Abromavičius, E. ir Pilelienė, L. (2014). Produktų demonstravimo vaizdo žaidime veiksmingumo vertinimas. Organizacijų Vadyba: Sisteminiai Tyrimai, 70, 7-21. doi:10.7220/MOSR.1392.1142.2014.70.1
If the electronic resource is without a DOI number, the bibliographic description ends with "Internet access:" and provides an interactive link to the journal's website page or database. For example:
Mažeikienė, N. (2014). Narracyjna analiza biografii jako narzędzie upełnomocniania (empowerment). In A. Gulczyńska, & M. Granosik (Eds.), Empowerment w pracy socjalnej: Praktyka i badania partycypacyjne (pp. 57-66). Warszawa: Centrum Rozwoju Zasobów Ludzkich. Available at:
Thomas, D. A., & Groysberg, B. (2010). Sonoco products company (A): Building a world-class HR organization (abridged). Boston (Mass.): Harvard Business School. Available at:
If the source is a web page, a web page page, a document on the Internet, its bibliographic description must consist of the following elements: the author, the name of the document (web page), the date of creation and the interactive reference. If there is no author, the bibliographic description starts with the title of the document. If the date of creation of the document is not known, we write “n.d.” in parentheses after the name of the document. At the end of the description there is an interactive link or to a web page, for example:
Hand, B. (n.d.). All about artificial sweeteners: The lowdown on zero-calorie sugar substitutes. Available at:
Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto biblioteka. (2014). Bibliografinės nuorodos, jų sąrašai, sąsajos su tekstu. Available at:
Research ethics and plagiarism prevention. Members of the academic community (students, teachers, researchers, etc.) are required to follow social moral norms and principles of academic ethics that are usually defined in the respective codes of academic ethics. Main values of academic activity are honesty, unbiased approach, transparency of activity and results, respect, socially responsible conduct, research legality, animal and environmental protection. Researchers, teachers and students must adhere to international and national copyright and other laws. Violations of academic ethics (e.g. cheating, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, etc.) are usually referred to as academic dishonesty, are subject to investigation and, if confirmed, result in various penalties or other administrative measures.
Abidance by the ethical provisions is relevant to all processes of the studies, research and academic paper writing. Main provisions of ethical conduct of the University personnel and students have been published in The Code of ethics of Vytautas Magnus University. In terms of academic writing, it is important to follow academic ethics in conduction of research and writing of the theoretical part, i.e. use of scientific literature.
Scientific studies and research conducted during the studies must be based on the ideas of honesty and pursuit of truth. Main provisions of research ethics have been developed based on the Code of Ethics of Lithuanian Scientist (1999) and The Code of ethics of Vytautas Magnus University (2017):
• research methods and the obtained data shall be conveyed and described in an accurate manner to enable verification of reliability of the research;
• only unbiased research results may be published; these shall not be fabricated; falsified, or manipulated;
• unbiased and correct approach is required in use, quotation and comments in relation to other authors' works;
• other researchers' ideas or their methodologies may not be appropriated by an author for conduction of research and presented as own ideas or methodologies; data generated by research conducted by other researchers may not be copied;
• research shall not pose harm to people, environment or cultural values;
• where people are the object of the research, such research shall be based on the principle of voluntary participation, without humiliating human dignity and by following the main human rights. Data obtained during the research shall remain anonymous and used for the purposes of the research only.
One of the key principles of academic ethics is abidance by copyright in use of other author's works, i.e. quotation, paraphrasing of other author's works by providing references to the sources. References to the sources are provided in the text and the lists of references for scientific, practical and legal issues. The sources of information reveal how familiar the author is with the analysed topic, appropriateness of the information sources, their suitability for validation of ideas analysed in the work, chosen research methods, etc. They also help track the sources used in the paper, verify the presented facts or take deeper insight into the cited literature.
Use of inappropriate sources or assisted writing of the paper may be viewed as the case of plagiarism and lead to strict penalties – from a notice to exclusion from the University or cancellation of the awarded qualification and degree. Plagiarism constitutes an academic offence. Graduates of schools of higher education sign the declarations of originality and authenticity of their works, i.e. declare that their works are free from plagiarism, prior to defence of the completed works. Students shall specify the date of preparation and sign under the conclusions when submitting any academic papers. Special software is used by the universities for detection of plagiarism. Final theses and dissertations are published in the open access databases with built-in plagiarism detection applications that check the works automatically.
Plagiarism is not only presentation of another person's work or parts thereof under own name, but also wrong quotation of the text. Ignorance or failure to remember the rules of proper use of sources do not exempt the students from liability. Same penalties apply to the detected cases of plagiarism, whether deliberate or not. The following may be construed as plagiarism:
• presentation of another person's work (purchased, downloaded, copied or otherwise acquired) or parts thereof under own name;
• conveying or paraphrasing of another person's idea, opinion, theory as one's own;
• use of texts copied from other authors' works in one's paper without any reference to the sources;
• use of text copied from other authors' works in one's paper with reference to the sources, but without any quotation-marks, which makes an impression that the work has been paraphrased by the author;
• text quoted (in the quotation-marks) is less than text copied from other authors' works, which makes an impression that part of work has been paraphrased by the author;
• changes have been made to the text copied from other authors' works (word inversion, changes to grammatical structure, replacement of words or sentences, abbreviations, shorter sentences, etc.), which makes an impression that the work has been paraphrased by the author;
• presentation of paraphrased or summarised information from other authors' works without the respective reference to the sources;
• literal translation of texts from other languages;
• quotation of data or information from the secondary sources by providing reference to the original source;
• provision of unpublished information;
• provision of inadequate, false or fabricated references to sources;
• forgetting to provide references.
Academic papers shall be written by students individually; students shall use the sources properly, be able to quote and paraphrase the information.
The following text-related requirements shall be followed:
• references to all the used sources shall be provided and listed in the list of references;
• references must be provided not only for the text, but also figures, tables, equations from other sources;
• text from other source literally rendered in the paper shall be provided in quotation-marks and followed by reference to the source;
• quoted text (provided in quotation-marks) shall not be longer than one paragraph;
• text of a source not included in quotation-marks shall be summarised, shortened, systematised, compared to other authors' works and the related reference to the source shall be provided;
• a lot of various sources shall be used; information shall be analysed in a professional manner rather than retold.
Proper academic paper, positive learning outcomes are possible and the acquired professional and scientific competence may be demonstrated based on the guidelines and by individual conduction of research and literature analysis.
3. REQUIREMENTS ON PREPARATION OF PAPER PRESENTATIONS
A presentation (of a research paper, term paper (project), professional internship report, final work of bachelor’s studies, master's thesis) is a presentation of key theoretical and/or practical results of the research, insights and conclusions to the evaluation committee and/or audience (using MS Power Point or similar slide presentation software)(Annex 14).
Visual information provided in the presentation must be reasoned and supported by previous scientific research conducted by Lithuanian and foreign authors, facts and/or statistics. Length of the presentation depends on the time allocated to the presentation. Recommended duration of a presentation: final work of bachelor’s studies – 10 min, master's thesis – until 15 min, research paper, term paper, and professional internship report – until 7 - 10 min. No more than 15 slides are recommended for one presentation.
In order to prepare a systematised and detailed presentation, the following recommended stages should be considered (Table 13, Table 14).
Table 13. Structure of preparation of a presentation
|Preparatory stage |Desired aims |
|Step 1. |What is the desired aim of this presentation? What would be the ideal result after the presentation? What emotional|
|Aim |aim have I set (demonstration of my knowledge, abilities, presentation of the results of conducted research, |
| |self-confidence, neutrality instead of an initial sceptical attitude, curiosity to learn more)? |
|Step 2. |What is the target audience (a teacher, evaluation committee providing evaluation, colleagues, etc.)? What are the |
|Analysis of the audience |needs of the audience? How informed are they? What are their evaluation criteria? |
|Step 3. |How will I validate my main statement (main topic, question under analysis, problem, etc.)? Why did it need to be |
|Key argument |analysed? When should the strongest argument be provided: at the beginning or at the end? Does the audience prefer |
| |originality or conservative caution? |
|Step 4. |How many subtopics must be covered? What logic should be followed in grouping items and subitems (according to the |
|Structure |objectives, structure of the paper or other criteria)? What will be presented in the introduction? What will be |
| |used to end the presentation? |
|Step 5. |What theoretical insights, facts, statistical data or examples will be used to support the statements? How much |
|Elaboration |time will I need to cover the introduction, individual subtopics, ending (summary points, conclusions, proposals, |
| |etc.)? |
|Step 6. |What illustrations might be suitable? What would help visualise the statements: a quotation, illustration (figures,|
|Effect |tables, photographs, etc.), actual data, questions to the public or other tools? MS Power Point software is the |
| |mandatory environment for text typing and recommended environment for drawing the tables and figures, where and |
| |when possible. |
|Step 7. |Maintain the eye contact between you and the audience. Do not rush when speaking for the audience to understand |
|Body language |what you are telling them. Stay calm, professional, do not use too many gestures. |
Table 14. General requirements for presentation of slides
|Requirement or |Explanation |
|recommendation | |
|Do not use more than 8 rows |Do not overload your slides with too much text. The text must be legible and comprehensible. |
|Use one idea per slide |Provide one idea with the related reasoning per slide. |
|Slide title |Title matching the key idea of the slide shall be written on the top of the slide. |
|2/3 of the slide area is used for |Do not put too much text or visual information in one place, leave some blank areas in the area of the |
|presentation of information |slide. At least 12 pt line spacings are recommended between the listed items. |
|Information provided in |Information presented by visual means is easier to comprehend and remember. Use various means of |
|charts |expression: words, charts, drawings, and numbers. |
|Recommended font size |Title – 28–40 pt font size (bold), text– 20–32 pt, illustrations (figures, tables, etc.) font size |
| |(recommended) –14–20 pt. |
|Text fonts |One of the following typical fonts are recommended: Times New Roman or Arial. Text may become distorted |
| |if other fonts are used. |
|Slide colours |Light background (ASU template slide background), contrasting text colours (two – for the text, one – |
| |for highlighting) are recommended, same colours shall be applied throughout the presentation. Please |
| |note the room lighting when preparing the presentation slides. |
|Animation |Formal presentations (e.g., presentation of a final thesis) should not include any animation or only the|
| |animation that is necessary to convey the argumentation of ideas. |
|Slide sequence number |Slides shall be numbered, except for the title slide. |
|Slide as a plan |Information provided on the slide is just a plan used for consistent presentation of a topic. Text |
| |provided on the slides should not only be read, but also commented, explained, supplemented with verbal |
| |information. |
Recommended structure of presentation (may be subject to changes according to the requirements established by an evaluating expert (committee)):
1) title slide;
2) presentation structure (contents);
3) introduction (recommended structural parts of the introduction: relevance, novelty, the extent of research, problem, research aim, objectives, research object, key definitions, concepts, research methods, period, etc.). Structural parts of the introduction are chosen according to the set aims of presentation (1–3 slides may be allocated to the introduction);
4) narration – body part of a presentation, delivery of the chosen topic (5–8 slides);
5) summary points; conclusions, proposals, main results (1–3 slides);
6) acknowledgement to the audience;
7) title page repeated.
ANNEXES
Annex 1
AGRICULTURE ACADEMY OF
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
Research Institute for Bioeconomy or Business and Rural Development research Institute
Name SURNAME
…………………………… programme ……………… studies
year ..... group ........ student
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF INFLATION
Research Paper in ………………………………………
(Study subject)
Checked by: Assist. Prof. Dr. N. Surname
Akademija, 2020
Annex 2
[pic]
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
.............................................................................................Institute
Name Surname
TITLE OF THE FINAL WORK
Final Work of Bachelor's Studies
________________study programme, state code_______________
______________________study field
Supervisor ___________________ ____________ ___________
(Scientific degree, name, surname) (Signature) (Date)
Defended___________________ _____________ __________
(Director of Institute) (Signature) (Date)
Akademija, 2020
Annex 2 continued
Final theses evaluation committee:
(Approved by the Rector's Order No. …, .... March 20...)
Chair Prof. Dr Habil. A. Surname, Vilnius University
Members:
1. Prof. Dr Habil. B. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
2. Prof. Dr Habil. C. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
3. Assist. Prof. Dr D. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
4. Assist. Prof. Dr E. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
5. Assist. Prof. Dr F. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
Supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. N. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
Reviewer …………………………………………………….., Vytautas Magnus University
Head of the Institute Assist Prof. Dr. N. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
Annex 3
[pic]
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
.................................................................................... Institute
Name Surname
TITLE OF MASTER THESIS
Master's Thesis
________________study programme, state code_______________
______________________study field
Supervisor ___________________ ____________ ___________
(Scientific degree, name, surname) (Signature) (Date)
Defended___________________ _____________ __________
(Director of Institute) (Signature) (Date)
Akademija, 2020
Annex 3 continued
Final theses evaluation committee:
(Approved by the Rector's Order No. …, .... April 20...)
Chair Prof. Dr. Habil. A. Surname, Vilnius University
Members:
1. Prof. Dr Habil. B. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
2. Prof. Dr Habil. C. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
3. Assist. Prof. Dr D. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
4. Assist. Prof. Dr E. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
5. Assist. Prof. Dr F. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
Supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. N. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
Reviewer Assist. Prof. Dr. V. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
Opponent …………………………………………………….., Vytautas Magnus University
Head of the Institute Assist Prof. Dr. D. Surname, Vytautas Magnus University
Annex 4
AGRICULTURE ACADEMY OF
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
Research Institute for Bioeconomy or Business and Rural Development research institute
…………………………… …………………………… study programme
year ……… student …………………………………………………………
TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE TERM PAPER
1. Topic ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Contents _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Conditions and general instructions _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Scope of paper _________________________________________________________________
Paper completed on __ _________ 20__.
Terms of reference submitted on __ _________ 20__.
Student ____________________ _________________________
(signature) (name, surname)
Supervisor ____________________ _________________________ (signature) (name, surname)
Annex 5
AGRICULTURE ACADEMY OF
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
STUDY PROGRAMME OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
STUDENT NAME SURNAME
APPROVED BY:
Head of the Study programme committee _________________________________
(Signature)
_________________________________
(Name and surname)
.... January 20....
FINAL WORK OF BACHELOR’S STUDIES
TERMS OF REFERENCE
1. Topic __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Approved by the Order No. , __ __20.... by the by Chancellor‘s decree
2. Content
Introduction
1.______________________________________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________________________
3.______________________________________________________________________________
Conclusions and suggestions
3. Works time scale
|Stages |Dates |Notes |
|Search for information sources, collection of scientific methodological and |2020.02.24 - 2020.03.16 | |
|journalistic literature | | |
|Writing of the first part |2020.03.17 - 2020.03.31 | |
|Empirical research |2020.04.01 - 2020.04.10 | |
|Writing of the second part |2020.04.11 - 2020.04.23 | |
|Writing of the third part |2020.04.14 - 2020.05.07 | |
|Formation of summaries and conclusions |2020.05.08 - 2020.05.12 | |
|Final work printing, binding and registration |2020.05.13 - 2020.05.15 | |
Work completed on ___________ 20__
Terms of reference submitted on ___________ 20_
Student ________________________________ (Signature) (Name and surname)
Supervisor _________________________________________________________
(Signature) (Name and surname)
Annex 6
SUMMARY
(Lithuanian – SANTRAUKA)
Name SURNAME
Title of the work (in Lithuanian language)
Final work of Bachelor's studies or Master's thesis, 60 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, 25 references, 2 annexes, in Lithuanian.
Key words
Research object
Research aim
Objectives
Research method
Research results (brief presentation of what has been analysed in all parts of the work and the obtained results):
• in the first part of work (has been analysed, presented, conducted, etc.)
• in the second part of work (has been explored, analysed, determined, conducted, etc.)
• in the third part of work (has been presented, assessed, estimated, proposed, etc.)
• main conclusions and the importance of work to theoretical and practical domain.
*The time and place of presentation and/or publication of the research results of the work must be specified in the master's thesis.
Recommended length of the summary: 1 page.
Annex 7
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................…..... 3
1. UNEMPLOYMENT AS A MACROECONOMIC PROBLEM ……………………..…........ 5
1 Types of unemployment ……..……………………………………………................... 5
1.2. The problem of unemployment in global practice ………...…………………................ 10
2. THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS DYNAMICS IN LITHUANIA …..... 14
2 Main causes of unemployment in Lithuania ……………...……….......………........ 14
2.2. Variation of the unemployment level ……………………………………................ 17
1. 2.3. Employment differences from the regional perspective …………………..........…......... 20
2. 2.4. Unemployment in different groups of residents ………..………………………...... 23
3. 2.5. Labour market perspectives in Lithuania ………………..…………………………........ 25
3. SOLUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM ………………………...………. 30
3.1. Use of passive measures in the labour market policy………...………………..... 30
3.2. Use of active measures in the labour market policy ...........………………….... 35
CONCLUSIONS………………….. …………………………………………………...………. 40
LIST OF REFERENCES…………………………………………………..............…....… 41
ANNEXES ………………………………………………………………………............……. 42
Annex 8
Table 1. Lithuanian gross domestic product assessed by the method of expenditure and its structure, in 2016 and in 2018 (Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania, 2018)
|Types of economic activity |Eur GDP million |GDP structure, percent |
| |2016 |2018 |2016 |2018 |
|Personal consumption expenditure |61503,7 |71978,8 |64,2 |63,3 |
|Government consumption expenditure |19474,9 |19996,9 |20,4 |17,6 |
|Gross capital formation |16560,2 |20827,6 |17,3 |18,3 |
|Export of goods and services |64792,4 |95468,7 |67,7 |83,9 |
|Import of goods and services (minus) |66655,3 |94537,3 |69,7 |83,1 |
|Total |95676,0 |113734,7 |100 |100 |
Table 2. Income from sale of grain of agricultural company M in region, 2016–2018
(developed by the author according to the data of agricultural company M)
| | | | |Absolute changes of income thou. Eur |
| |Grain sold |Grain |Income | |
|Year |t |price Eur/t |Thou. Eur | |
| | | | |basic |chain |
| | | | |total |of which due to |total |of which due to |
| | | | | |
|Book: 1 author |(Surname, year) |(Šinkūnienė, 2012) |Surname, V. (Year). Book title: Title. |Šinkūnienė, J. R. (2012). Bendruomeniškumas, komunikacija ir |
| | | |Publishing place: Publisher. |muzika: Sociokultūriniai negalios aspektai. Vilnius: Mykolo |
| | | | |Romerio universitetas. |
|Book: 2 authors |(Surname1, Surname2, year) |(Kriščiūnas ir Dėdelė, 2014) |Surname1, V. and Surname2, V. (Year). Book |Kriščiūnas, B. ir Dėdelė, A. (2014). Aplinkos inžinerija: |
| | | |title: Title. Publishing place: Publisher. |Mokomoji knyga. Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. |
|Book: 3-5 authors |(Surname1, Surname2 ir Last Surname, year)|(Žvirelienė, Žostautienė ir |Surname1, V., Surname2, V. and Last Surname, V. |Žvirelienė, R., Žostautienė, D. ir Kuvykaitė, R. (2013). Prekės |
| |first link] |Kuvykaitė, 2013) [first link] |(Year). Book title: Title. Publishing place: |valdymas: Pateiktys ir praktinės užduotys. Kaunas: Technologija.|
| |(Surname1 et al., year) second link] |(Žvirelienė et al., 2013) [second |Publisher. | |
| | |and later link] | | |
|Book: 6-7 authors |(Surname1 et al., year) |(Kurapka et al., 2012) |Surname1, V., Surname2, V., Surname3, V., |Kurapka, V. E., Matulienė, S., Bilevičiūtė, E., Juškevičiūtė, |
| | | |Surname4, V., Surname5, V. and Last Surname6/7, |J., Novikovienė, L., Jurka ir R., Valūnė, R. (2012). |
| | | |V. (Year). Book title: Title. Publishing place: |Kriminalistika: Teorija ir technika. Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio |
| | | |Publisher. |universitetas. |
|Book: > 7 authors |(Surname1 et al., year) |(Beinoravičius et al., 2012) |Surname1, V., Surname2, V., Surname3, V., |Beinoravičius, D., Birmontienė, T., Butvilavičius, D., |
| | | |Surname4, V., Surname5, V., Surname6, V., . . . |Firavičiūtė, R., Grigienė, K., Jarašiūnas, E., . . . Žiobienė, |
| | | |Last Surname, V. (Year). Book title: Title. |E. (2012). Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių konstitucinės |
| | | |Publishing place: Publisher. |sistemos: Mokslo studija. Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas.|
Annex 10 continued
|Type of source |Link template |Link in text |References template |References |
|Book without author |(Title, year) |(A history of Greece, 1994) |Book title: Title. (Year). Publishing place: |A history of Greece. (1994). Sydney: Irwin. |
| | | |Publisher. | |
|Book: joint author |(Team name, year) |(Lietuvos Respublikos Švietimo ir |Collective author. (Year). Book title: Title. |Lietuvos Respublikos Švietimo ir mokslo ministerija. (2011). |
| | |mokslo ministerija, 2011) |Publishing place: Publisher. |2013 metų pagrindinio ir vidurinio ugdymo programų bendrieji |
| | | | |ugdymo planai. Vilnius: Lietuvos Respublikos Švietimo ir mokslo |
| | | | |ministerijos Švietimo aprūpinimo centras. |
|Book: part of a book (chapter, |(Surname, year) |(Dubonis, 2013) |Surname, V. (Year). Title of the part of the |Dubonis, A. (2013). Kas buvo aukštaičiai Lietuvoje XIII-XV |
|article) | | |book: Title. In V. Surname (red.), Book title: |amžiais? In Ministri historiae: Pagalbiniai istorijos mokslai |
| | | |Title. Publishing place: Publisher. |Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės tyrimuose (p. 93–107). |
| | | | |Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas. |
|Book: different works by the same |(Surname, year a) |(Snyder, 2012a) |Surname, V. (Year a). Book title: Title. |Snyder, T. (2012a). Kruvinos žemės: Europa tarp Hitlerio ir |
|author, published in the same year| | |Publishing place: Publisher. |Stalino. Vilnius: Tyto alba. |
| |(Surname, year b) |(Snyder, 2012b) |Surname, V. (Year b). Book title: Title. |Snyder, T. (2012b). Tautų rekonstrukcija: Lenkija, Ukraina, |
| |(Snyder, 2012b) | |Publishing place: Publisher |Lietuva, Baltarusija, 1569-1999 (2-oji laida). Vilnius: Mintis. |
| |Pavardė, V. (Yearb). Knygos antraštė: | | | |
| |Paantraštė. Leidimo vieta: Leidykla. | | | |
| |Snyder, T. (2012b). Tautų rekonstrukcija: | | | |
| |Lenkija, Ukraina, Lietuva, Baltarusija, | | | |
| |1569-1999 (2-oji laida). Vilnius: Mintis. | | | |
| | | | | |
|Book: Other editions (not first |(Surname, year) |(Daukantienė, 2013) |Surname, V. (Year a). Book title: Title |Daukantienė, V. (2013). Siuvinių gamybos technologija (2-oji |
|edition) | | |(edition). Publishing place: Publisher. |patais. ir papild. laida). Kaunas: Technologija. |
|Electronic book: with DOI |(Surname, year) |(Venckus, 2008) |Surname, V. (Year). Book title: Title. |Venckus, Z. (2008). Aplinkos apsaugos politika ir teisė (2-oji |
| | | |Publishing place: Publisher. doi:10.XXXX/XXX |pataisyta laida). Vilnius: Technika. doi:10.3846/900-S |
Annex 10 continued
|Type of source |Link template |Link in text |References template |References |
|Electronic book: without DOI |(Surname, year) |(Danytė, 2011) |Surname, V. (Year). Book title: Title. Publishing place: Publisher. |Danytė, M. (2011). Introduction to the analysis of crime |
| | | |Access through internet: |fiction: A user-friendly guide. Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo |
| | | | |universiteto leidykla. Available at: |
| | | | |
| | | | |-698-0 |
|Article: 1 author |(Surname, year) |(Grohmann, 1980) |Surname, V. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume |Grohmann, A. (1980). I marginali nella Perugia tardo-medievale. |
| | | |(No.), pages xx-xx. |Annali della Facolta di Scienze Politiche: Materiali di Storia, |
| | | | |17(5), 231–248. |
|Article: 2 authors |(Surname1, Surname2, year) |(Stravinskienė and |Surname1, V. and Surname2, V. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. |Stravinskienė, V. ir Račaitė, M. (2014). Impact of cadmium and |
| | |Račaitė, 2014) |Journal Title, Volume (No.), pages xx-xx. |zinc on the growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) shoots |
| | | | |and roots. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23(4), |
| | | | |1355-1359. |
|Article: 3-5 authors |(Surname1, Surname2 ir Last |(Kežutytė, Drevinskas, |Surname1, V., Surname2, V. and Last Surname, V. (Year). Article |Kežutytė, T., Drevinskas, T., Maruška, A. ir Briedis, V. (2011).|
| |Surname, year) [first link] |Maruška, & Briedis, 2011) |title: Paant-pattern. Journal Title, Volume (No.), pages xx-xx. |Study of tolnaftate release from fatty acids containing ointment|
| |(Surname1 et al., year) |[first link] | |and penetration into human skin ex vivo. Acta Poloniae |
| |[following link] |(Kežutytė et al., 2011) | |Pharmaceutica - Drug Research, 68(6), 965-973. |
| | |[second link] | | |
|Article: 6-7 authors |(Surname1 et al., year) |(Snyder et al., 2010) |Surname1, V., Surname2, V., Surname3, V., Surname4, V., Surname5, V. |Snyder, T., Banac, I., Kopeček, M., Aleksandravicius, E., |
| | | |ir Surname6/7, V. (Year). Article title: Title. Journal title, |Portnov, A., Ungváry, K., & Borodziej, W. (2010). Politics of |
| | | |Edition(Nr.), pages xx-xx. |history in eastern europe. Journal of Modern European History, |
| | | | |8(2), 141-163. |
Annex 10 continued
|Type of source |Link template |Link in text |References template |References |
|Article: > 7 authors |(Surname1 et al., year) |(Butkauskas et al., |Surname 1, V., Surname 2, V., Surname 3, V., Surname 4, |Butkauskas, D., Švažas, S., Sruoga, A., Bea, A., Grishanov, G., Kozulin, A., . . . |
| | |2013) |V., Surname 5, V., Surname 6, V.,. . . Last Surname, V. |Ragauskas, A. (2013). Genetic techniques for designation of main flyways of the |
| | | |(Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume |woodpigeon (Columba palumbus) in Europe as a tool for control and prevention of |
| | | |(No.), pages xx-xx. |pathogenic diseases. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 63(85), 12-16. |
|Electronic article with DOI |(Surname, year) |(Azaryahu, 1997) |Surname, V. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal |Azaryahu, M. (1997). German reunification and the politics of street names: The case |
| | | |Title, Volume (No.), pages |of East Berlin. Political |
| | | |xx-xx. doi: 10.XXXX / XXX |Geography, 16(6), 479-493. doi:10.1016/S0962-6298(96)00053-4 |
|Electronic article without DOI|(Surname, year) |(Šatkauskienė, 2012) |Surname, V. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal |Šatkauskienė, I. (2012). Microfauna of lichen (Xanthoria parietina) in Lithuania: |
| | | |Title, Volume (No.), pages xx-xx. Internet access: |Diversity patterns in polluted and non-polluted sites. Baltic Forestry, 18(2(35)), |
| | | | |255-262. Available at: |
| | | | |[2]/Satkauskiene_2012%2018(2)_2|
| | | | |55_262.pdf |
|Internet name |(Surname, year); (Team, |(Vytauto Didžiojo |Surname, V./The name of the team. (Year). The name of |Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto biblioteka. (2014). Bibliografinės nuorodos, jų sąrašai,|
| |year) |universiteto biblioteka,|the web page / document. Internet access: |sąsajos su tekstu. Available at: |
| | |2014) | | |
|Website: no date |(Surname / Collective, |(Hand, n.d.) |Surname, V./The name of the team. (n.d.). The name of |Hand, B. (n.d.). All about artificial sweeteners: The lowdown on zero-calorie sugar |
| |n.d.) | |the web page / document. Internet access: |substitutes. Available at: |
| | | | | |
|Court cases |(Case name, year) |(R. B. v. M. M, 2007) |Case name, Case no. (Court Date) |R. B. v. M. M., Nr. 3K-3-8 (Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas 2007). |
|Conference presentation |(Surname, year) |(Kupčinskienė, 1999) |Surname, V. (Year). Presentation title: Title. |Kupčinskienė, E. (1999). Morphophysiological characteristics |
| | | |In V. Surname (red.), Publishing title: title (p. |of needles of Pinus sylvestris trees near industrial pollution sources of Lithuania. |
| | | |xx-xx). Publishing place: Publisher. |In International Botanical Congress, Saint. Louis, USA, August 1-7, 1999: Abstracts |
| | | | |(p. 529). Saint Louis (Mo.): Missouri Botanical Garden. |
Annex 11
Glossary of key terms
Ecological farming – a system of farming based on natural biological processes and materials, ensuring production and sale of high quality and more natural agricultural products (Ivanikova, Ruževičius, 2008).
Financial leverage rebalancing – adjustment of the capital structure of enterprise to achieve the targeted capital structure (Emery, Finnerty, Stowe, 2004).
Rural community – a group of people living in a certain rural locality, sharing certain common institutions (school, church, community centre, etc.) and using their services; united by solutions on the management of change of their residential locality, common understanding of the local identity, interdependence, neighbourhood relations (Atkočiūnienė, 2004, 2010).
Rural community needs – the needs based on personal needs of all members of a certain community (certain rural locality) and general needs, shortages, shortfalls of residents of a certain rural locality (Atkočiūnienė, 2004, 2010).
Price convergence – reduction in the difference between the futures price and the spot price as the date of submission approaches (Juozapavičienė, 2009).
Quality management – aligned actions guiding and managing the quality-related activity of an organisation (ISO 9000:2000); part of the general management function establishing the quality policy, aims and duties as well as the related measures, such as quality planning, quality management, quality assurance and quality improvement on the basis of quality system (ISO 8402:1994).
Model – a schematic description of a system, theory or phenomenon explaining their available or implied properties that may be used for their subsequent study (Balvočiūtė, 2007).
Modelling – study of an object by using the developed models; formal, simplified visualisation of a phenomenon (Valkauskas, 1995).
Motivation – a system of specific interrelated activation measures and techniques used to increase employees' interest and activity (Senge, 2004).
Additional working capital – difference between current assets and current liabilities not carrying any interest, showing the lack of sources of finance for financing additional current assets (Aleknevičienė, 2009).
Values – key beliefs that a certain conduct or mode of existence is personally or socially more acceptable than a conduct or mode of existence of opposing nature (Rokeach, 2001).
Annex 12
Table 1. Abbreviations for the most commonly used words
|Phenomenon measured |Name |Designation |Example |
|Length |millimetre |mm |5 mm |
| |centimetre |cm |7 cm |
| |metre |m |10 m |
| |kilometre |km |15 km |
|Time, duration |second |s |30 s |
| |minute |min |15 min |
| |hour |h |12 h |
| |day |day |5 days |
| |year |year |2003 |
|Mass |gram |g |100 g |
| |kilogram |kg |8 kg |
| |ton |t |7 t |
|Volume |litre |l |4 l |
| |cubic metre |m3 |23 m3 |
|Area |Square metre |m2 |46 m2 |
| |are |a |30 a |
| |hectare |ha |6 ha |
|Speed |metres per second |m/s |5 m/s |
| |kilometres per hour |km/h |55 km/h |
|Payload distance |ton-kilometres |tkm |6 tkm |
|Power |Watt |W |40 W |
| |kilowatt |kW |15 kW |
|Value, price |Litas |LTL |89 LTL |
| |cent |ct |24 ct |
| |Euro |EUR |46 EUR |
| |U.S. dollar |USD |50 USD |
|Temperature |degree |0 C |37 0 C |
|Relative values |percent |% |10 % |
|Absolute units |piece |pcs |15 pcs |
| |thousand |thou. |10 thou. |
| |million |m |2 m |
| |billion |bn |5 bn |
|Territorial-administrative units |county |Cnty, co. |Kaunas Cnty |
| | | |Kaunas co. |
| |municipality |municipality, muni |Kaunas dist. municipality |
| | | |Kaunas dist. muni |
| |district |dist. |Kaunas dist. |
| |village |vlg. |Naudžiūnų vlg. |
| |locality |loc. |Birštonas farmyard loc. |
Annex 13
Primary and secondary data
Research may be conducted in the basis of primary and secondary data.
Primary data are collected for solution of a certain research problem. Collection and storage of such data starts when comprehensive research is needed to solve the problem. Primary data provide the benefit of their direct relation to the contents and characteristics of the studied problem.
Primary data collection methods:
1) qualitative research: non-structured interview with a small group of respondents aimed at identifying new ideas and hypotheses;
2) survey research: gathering of information by structured survey;
3) observation: collection of information by observing events or people (research participants).
Secondary data is the information that has previously been gathered, recorded and stored in a certain form for other purposes; may be accessible and used for solution of a research problem. Secondary data are usually sufficient to conduct the initial research. In case the amount and quality of secondary data matches and satisfies the needs of research, no primary data are required. Secondary data may be obtained from internal and external sources.
Secondary data may be collected from:
1) internal sources – yearbooks of companies or institutions, libraries, internal accounting or documentation of employee associations, etc.;
2) external sources – state (statistics publications), public publications, databases, etc.
Secondary data may be used for identification of needs, scopes, contents, essence of the research, etc. These data are not sufficient to conduct a comprehensive research.
Annex 14
Examples of the slides
(green / white template for Vytautas Magnus University Academy of Agriculture is used to prepare slides)
• Title slide
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• Presentation of text on the slide
|[pic] |[pic] |
• Presentation of a table on the slide
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Annex 14 continued
• Presentation of a figure on the slide
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