Chapter 13---Section 4—Living and Working Conditions
Chapter 13---Section 4—Living and Working Conditions
Economic Theories
-Mercantilism
-fixed amount of wealth
-to increase wealth…must take away from another country
-Physiocrats
-1700s Enlightenment economists
-natural laws should govern economics
-attempts to interfere would bring disaster
-A Smith
-“Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” 1776
-focused on the creation of wealth
-importance of both manufacturing + agriculture
-laws of economics
1. law of supply + demand
-prices + profits depended on amount of available goods + demand for them
2. law of competition
-as manufacturers compete they must reduce prices
-most efficient manufacturers will survive
-Free Enterprise
-people should be free to engage in any business they choose
-owners would make profits….
-workers would have jobs…
-consumers would buy better products at lower prices…
-unrestricted by laws…regulations…government controls
-Thomas Malthus
-Anglican clergyman-( professor of economics
-agreed with Smith
-wrote “An Essay on the Principle of Population” 1798
-believed human misery + poverty were inevitable
-population increased at a greater rate than death rate
-population was greatest obstacle to human progress
-David Ricardo
-English economist
-“Principles of Political Economy and Taxation” 1817
-Iron Law of Wages
-working class poverty is inevitable
-supply + demand determine wages
-when labor is abundant…wages remain low
-when labor is scarce…wages increase
-as population grows…more workers become available and wages drop
-Laissez-faire
-“let it be” or “leave things alone”
Reformers
-Humanitarians…people who work to improve the conditions of others
-ministers...writers…
-C Dickens
-“David Copperfield”
-describes his own miserable childhood
-terrible working conditions in mines + factories
-laws needed to regulate working conditions + hours
-Utilitarianism
-law was useful + good if it led to the greatest happiness of the greatest amount of people
-Jeremy Benthan
-nations justice and prison system
-education could help decide what was good
-John Stewart Mill
-government should work for the good of its citizens
-protect working children + improve housing + factory conditions
-full democracy for men + women regardless of social class or economic power
-“On the Subject of Women” 1869
-support for womens rights
-promotion of education + individual liberty
Early Reform Laws
-Factory Act of 1802
-shortened hours + reduced improved conditions for children in cotton mills
-had no means of enforcement
-Factory Act of 1833
-corrected error of 1802 + extended to all textile mills
-prohibited from hiring under 9
-children 9-13 could only work 8 hours a/day…6 days/week
-Ten Hours Act of 1847
-10 hour work day for women + children under 18
-laws were not enforced and conditions remained brutal
Collective Action
-workers band together demanding reform
-strikes
-groups of workers refusing to work
-protesting low wages and poor working conditions
-employers sometimes gave in…more often fired workers + hired new ones
-unions
-planned actions…combined demands of different types of workers in the same plant…collected dues
-illegal in France…Germany…Great Britain
-workers organized anyway
-Parliament passed the Combination Acts of 1799 + 1800
-workers who united + demand higher wages…shorter hours + better conditions could be imprisoned
-repealed in 1825
-unions legalized in 1870
-collective bargaining
-management + union reps began to discuss wages…hours + conditions
-agreements written into contracts lasting for a fixed period of time
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