Subject: Module 1 Script - ILRU



IL History and Philosophy: Orientation for IL Staff

A Production of the IL NET

Independent Living Research Utilization at TIRR and

Utah State University Center for Persons with Disabilities

This DVD was developed in collaboration with Utah State University Center for Persons with Disabilities and funded by the Rehabilitation Services Administration, U.S. Department of Education, Agreement No. H132A020004. No official endorsement of the Department of Education should be inferred.

Copyright February 2006

DVD Contents:

Module One: A Brief History of Disability (16.54)

Module Two: Emergence of Independent Living (21:00)

Module Three: Codification of Independent Living - It is the law! (13:50)

Module Four: Disability Policy Framework and Advocacy (19:54)

Produced by Independent Living Research Utilization of the Institute for Rehabilitation and Research

Richard Petty, Executive Director

Darrell Jones, Associate Executive Director.

Developed by the Center for Persons with Disabilities

Utah State University

Judith Holt, Producer

Marilyn Hammond, Director

Writers

Cathy Chambless

Donna Gleaves

Helen Roth.

Additional Production Staff

Jeanie Peck

Narrator

Wendi Hassan

Music

Diane Coleman

Photographs, video and drawings courtesy of

ILRU

Center for Persons with Disabilities

Chicago Historical Society

Dread1myn productions

Gallaudet University

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

Options for Independence

Not Dead Yet

Realistic Reflections

RESNA

and

Yoshiko Dart

Editing, captioning and DVD production

K-SAR Video and DVD Productions.

The IL NET is a collaborative project of Independent Living Research Utilization (ILRU) and the National Council of Independent Living (NCIL), with funding from the Rehabilitation Services Administration. The IL NET provides training, technical assistance and publications supporting the work of centers for independent living and statewide independent living councils.

MODULE 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF DISABILITY

• Screen Text: This DVD was produced by ILRU in cooperation with the Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University.

• Screen Text: Module 1, A Brief History of Disability.

• Photograph: An old picture from the early 1900’s of four high school aged students with disabilities, two in wheelchairs, with their teacher.

• Photograph: A group of college students from the 1960’s talking together, three are in wheelchairs.

• Photograph: A rally with a woman in a wheelchair talking on stage and a banner behind her that states, Injustice anywhere to justice everywhere.

• Photograph: A large group of people with and without disabilities marching down a street.

• Photograph: Justin Dart with his head down and his hand to his face, Orrin Hatch wiping his eyes, with Yoshiko Dart and other disability leaders clapping.

Audio: Welcome to Module 1: A Brief History of Disability. This module will provide us with a historical perspective on Independent Living and its importance in shaping societal attitudes, defining “what disability is,” and creating solutions to the issues surrounding disability. The treatment and perceptions of people with disabilities in Western culture have varied greatly throughout the centuries.

Note: photos and illustrations are generally from the time period described.

• Old Photograph: Five women in white dresses signing in front of long barred windows.

• Old Photograph: A nurse in a hat and long cape behind a young man in a wheelchair with a high rattan back and big wheels.

• Old Photograph: A young man with his leg extended in a cast in a wheelchair with a high back and wheels with large metal spokes.

Audio: The early settlers of the American Colonies would not admit people with disabilities to the colonies because they believed such people would require financial and other support.

• Drawing: Settlers in small groups of families walking through the snow to a log cabin).

Audio: Colonists enacted settlement laws that restricted the immigration of many people, including those with disabilities.

• Illustration: A colonist sitting at a large desk covered with a book and large sheets of paper in the center of a room full of other colonists.

Audio: Regardless of these laws, people were born with disabilities or sustained disabilities after they arrived; although a much smaller number of people survived birth defects or injuries compared with today's modern medical care.

• Illustration: A domestic scene with two children playing, and women engaged in domestic duties including churning butter, making bread, and cooking over a fire.

• Illustration: A tired group of settlers walking up from the sea including a man carrying a frail looking woman.

Audio: During the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress encouraged recruitment by promising pensions to disabled soldiers.

• Illustration: A detailed document beginning with the words, “In Congress, May 2, 1780, instructions to the Captains and Commanders of private armed vessels….

• Photograph: Several dozen cannon balls by an old tunnel.

Audio: Individual colonies and communities provided as much medical care and hospitalization as possible.

• Photograph: A dozen soldiers in line dressed in full uniform of the day carrying two flags.

Audio: During this time, a technique was developed for the amputation of limbs that diminished infection and saved many lives. This technique was the precursor of modern amputation techniques.

• Photograph: Injured soldiers being loaded onto a horse drawn carriage during battle.

• Photograph: A soldier with his leg amputated standing with crutches among a community of about two dozen men, women, and children).

Audio: Throughout history, wars and returning injured soldiers have been a strong motivating factor in advancing more positive attitudes and better solutions, not only of soldiers with disabilities but of all people with disabilities.

• Drawing: Docks with several cannons pointing out to sea and stacks of cannon balls.

• Photograph: Soldiers marching in line down a road holding rifles and wearing helmets.

• Photograph: Horse drawn buggy being loaded with injured soldiers surrounded by injured men waiting on the ground.

Audio: The Maryland Hospital was established in Baltimore in 1797 for the “relief of indigent sick people and for the reception and care of lunatics.”

• Illustration: The Maryland Hospital, a large complex of brick buildings on a manicured lawn.

• Illustration: Old record of patient’s names handwritten from the 1830’s.

Audio: Disability was beginning to be considered a medical issue to be treated by doctors and cured or to be avoided altogether by “exclusionary laws.”

• Illustration: Three doctors closely examining a young man with a curved spine without his shirt on.

• Drawing: A young mother standing outside in the snow dressed in rags cradling her baby as she wistfully looks through the window at people inside a building).

Audio: During the 1800's and early 1900's, disability was generally considered the will of God.

• Illustration: Map of the United States in 1840 sectioned into states, territories, unorganized territories, disputed territories, and the Republic of Mexico.

• Photograph: A beautiful ornate cathedral surrounded by trees.

Audio: Religion encouraged people to be compassionate and pitying toward people with disabilities. People with disabilities were expected to be patient, uncomplaining, humble, and to make themselves useful.

• Drawing: Men and women in a crowded marketplace carrying bags and measuring goods in front of a store.

Audio: Living conditions in this era were harsh, especially in industrialized areas, for most people and particularly so for those with disabilities.

• Drawing: Old run down tenement buildings with men, women, and children scattered about.

Audio: People who lived in poverty, including a high proportion with disabilities, were often put into “poor houses.”

• Drawing: A crowded room with rows of upper and lower platform bunk beds along the wall and a number of people sleeping on the floor in the middle of the room.

• Drawing: Crowded conditions with a dozen people bundled up in a large cement room peering at a stern faced man in a suitcoat coming up a flight of stairs.

Audio: Up until about 1920, a primary means for dealing with people with disabilities was to place them in institutions.

• Drawing: A man with one leg using crutches, a woman, and child talking to another family.

• Drawing: A large institution with a clock tower.

Audio: Some “special” instructional techniques were also developed, mostly in segregated schools.

• Photograph: Elementary students in a classroom standing with their hands clenched looking toward the front.

Audio: Approaches were often disability specific and directed mainly toward groups of people with similar cognitive, visual, auditory, and mobility disabilities.

• Photograph: A three-story institution surrounded by trees and large lawn.

Audio: However, many institutions were established for the custodial care of people with disabilities and made no pretense of education.

• Photograph: An institution with gables, arches, and a tall bell tower topped by a statue.

Audio: At first, many facilities combined various types of populations.

• Photograph: An institution several stories high with a number of trees and shrubs on a spacious lawn.

Audio: For example, people with disabilities were often housed with prisoners and/or impoverished people in jails or alms houses.

• Photograph: A sizable building complex with two large steeple towers in the midst of two rectangular buildings on an expansive lawn.

Audio: Later on, the institutions were segregated from regular society based on disability. Most were located in rural areas away from population centers and were set up for “cure.”

• Photograph: Trees encircling a calm lake showing their reflection.

Audio: They often were quite impressive buildings in beautiful country settings. Mouth Magazine published a series of pictures of these institutions, collected by Robert Bogdan, as shown on your screen.

• Illustration: Massive brick building four stories high with several wings on a spacious lawn).

Audio: In 1841, Dorothea Dix began working on behalf of institutionalized people with disabilities.

• Drawing: Dorothea Dix (head and shoulders shown), an attractive serious looking woman with large eyes, her hair parted in the middle and pulled back in a bun.

Audio: She traveled over 60,000 miles around the United States to observe and report their living conditions.

• Drawing: Many wagon trains, people, and animals in front of a large inn with a sign out front.

Audio: She found that “More than 9,000 idiots, epileptics, and insane in these United States are destitute of appropriate care and protection. Bound with galling chains, bowed beneath fetters and heavy iron balls, attached to drag chains, lacerated with ropes, scourged with rods, and terrified beneath storms of profane execrations and cruel blows; now subject to jibes, and scorn and torturing tricks, now abandoned to the most loathsome necessities or subject to the vilest and most outrageous violations.”

• Screen Text: The quote from Dorothea Dix is shown on the screen.

Audio: At the same time, the American School for the Deaf was founded in 1817. It was the first school for disabled children in the Western Hemisphere.

• Photograph: A long two story building in the winter time with bare limbed trees and a road in front)

Audio: In 1860, the Gallaudet Guide and Deaf Mute Companion was published, the first disability-related publication.

• Photograph: Edward Gallaudet, a man with large eyes, a long nose and a full mustache wearing a jacket and bow tie.

Audio: A short time later, President Abraham Lincoln authorized the Columbia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind to confer college degrees, making it the first college in the world to be established for people with disabilities.

• Drawing: President Abraham Lincoln with a beard.

• Photograph: Graduating college students in caps and gowns walking in procession with their parents watching.

Audio: A year later, in 1864, students who were blind were transferred out of the school to Baltimore and the school eventually was renamed Gallaudet University.

• Photograph: Extensive Gallaudet University buildings with steps leading up to vine covered arches.

Audio: The National Convention of Deaf Mutes convened in Ohio in 1880 and the first order of business was to oppose the ongoing effort to suppress the use of sign language in favor of lip reading and “oralist” communication.

• Collage: A large attractive building drawn in the center, with smaller drawings of other buildings and rooms around the edges, and a sign with Pennsylvania Institution Deaf and Dumb at the bottom.

Audio: People who were deaf expressed their desire to be able to communicate more accurately and rejected the effort to remove deaf teachers from education classes for those who are deaf.

• Photograph: A female teacher in a long dress sitting on a chair speaking to a child who is deaf and blind who has her hand placed gently on the teacher’s throat.

Audio: This group later became the National Association of the Deaf.

• Photograph: Five women in dresses standing in a row signing.

Audio: The Perkins School for the Blind was established in 1842.

• Illustration: Large old building on beautiful extensive grounds with many trees and a few people walking.

Audio: Samuel Gridley Howe, the Director at Perkins, had previously founded the first educational facility for people with cognitive disabilities. Howe wanted schools to prepare children with disabilities to live with the rest of society.

• Photograph: Two women dressed in business attire, with one reading papers and the other typing on a Braille typewriter.

Audio: Demonstration of the use of Braille at the Missouri School for the Blind did not take place for 30 more years because of a controversy over “what was good for people who are blind.”

• Photograph: Two fairly young boys of different heights who are blind holding canes dressed in uniforms with tall hats and big buttons.

Audio: This controversy took place mainly between sighted teachers with little input from those being taught.

• Photograph: An elementary classroom with the teacher wearing a long dress and an apron sitting at her desk with seven female students gathered closely around her.

Audio: Schools for “feeble minded youth” were established in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and along the East Coast offering physical training to improve students’ motor and sensory skills, basic academic training, and instruction in social and self-help skills.

• Photograph: An immense brick institution that was a school for the “feeble minded” on a vast lawn.

• Screen Text: Training to improve: motor and sensory skills, basic academic training, social and self-help skills).

Audio: The United States Sanitary Commission, created during the Civil War to provide aid to all Federal soldiers, later worked to integrate the soldiers with lingering disabilities back into society.

• Picture: A group of six men and four women dressed in long dresses with full skirts. Three of the men are wearing hats and most have beards.

Audio: It reported, “As far as possible, invalids should be restored to their original homes, and the communities to which they belong should absorb them, by assigning to them, by conventional agreement, the lighter occupations and no provisions separating them from their families or diminishing their domestic responsibilities should be encouraged.” (The quote is shown on the screen.

Audio: The United States Sanitary Commission, not withstanding its name, set an example for national charities that would characterize American Philanthropy for the next century.

• Photograph: The Commission with four stern-faced men seated and five standing wearing suit coats and hats in front of a picket fence.

Audio: It was not coincidental that the first wheelchair patent was registered with the U.S. Patent Office shortly after the Civil War ended.

• Photograph: Older man wearing a military hat and suit with a bow tie in an old wheelchair.

• Photograph: The U.S. Patent office in an impressive federal building with eight tall columns.

Audio: It was likely spurred by the needs of Civil War Veterans who wanted and required some mobility in their lives.

• Photograph: A seated civil war veteran with one leg playing a small guitar.

Audio: Around 1842, the circus magnate and showman, P.T. Barnum, began displaying what he called “freaks” at a special museum in New York City.

• Photograph: P.T. Barnum, a large man with curly hair, a high forehead, bushy eyebrows, large eyes and nose, wearing a high collared suit with bow tie.

• Drawing: A large building with a banner that says, Barnum’s American Museum, with many people outside on the sidewalk.

Audio: Essentially, his displays consisted of people with unusual physical features.

• Photograph: A small attractive woman wearing a full length dress who is standing next to a fancy wooden chair that is slightly taller than she is.

Audio: This practice continued as circus side shows well into the 1900's.

• Illustration: A Barnum advertisement that says, One vast undivided show, over 20 trained stallions, and two exhibitions daily at 1:00 and 7:00.

Audio: He emphasized differences of those with disabilities in a way that worked against their acceptance and integration into society and certainly distorted perceptions of people with disabilities.

• Illustration: Another detailed Barnum advertisement in full color.

• Photograph: a man in a suit and hat sitting in a wheelchair on the sidewalk with a container for donations on his lap. Another man is standing in a suit nearby looking at him.

Audio: Decision-making about the lives of people with disabilities was done by doctors and other professionals as well as showmen, but seldom by the person with the disability.

• Photograph: A hospital room in the 1900’s with several nurses talking with patients who are in rocking chairs.

• Photograph: An older woman with a fancy hat doing needlework in her wheelchair outdoors.

Audio: Toward the end of the 19th Century and during the first part of the 20th Century, a eugenics movement flourished that had an extremely destructive impact on public attitudes toward people with disabilities.

• Old Photograph: A street with horse drawn carriages and rows of buildings on either side.

Audio: Sir Francis Galton coined the term “eugenics” to describe his pseudo-science of improving humanity.

• Photograph: Francis Galton, a mostly bald man with sideburns, intense eyes and heavy eyebrows with a serious expression dressed in a suit and tie.

Audio: The movement contended that people with disabilities should not be allowed to survive or reproduce because they would weaken the gene pool of the human race and cause all types of social problems and degeneracy.

• Photograph: A person who is blind with a large hat, pouch, and overcoat begging on the sidewalk in front of a store.

Audio: Hitler's Germany facilitated the ultimate abuse for many individuals with disabilities; most notably people with cognitive disabilities and mental illness who were isolated in institutions.

• Photograph: A young Hitler with part of his face in shadow.

• Poster: Showing a drawing of Hitler with a swastika armband that states, Hitler wants us to believe that: democracy is dying, and a long list of other statements.

• Photograph: A man holding up a large swastika flag with citizens saluting it.

Audio: They became objects of Nazi medical experimentation and mass execution known as the T4 experiments.

• Drawing: Many hands praying surrounded by skeletons with black eye sockets.

Audio: The momentum of the eugenics movement led to the passage of laws to prevent people with disabilities from immigrating to this country, marrying, or having children.

• Photograph: A young Gypsy carrying a person of short stature whose eyes are crossed on his back, both wearing foreign looking clothes and hats.

• Photograph: A large wedding party with the women wearing long fancy white dresses and wide brimmed hats and the men dressed in black suits.

Audio: In many instances, it led to the institutionalization and sterilization of adults and children to protect the human race from degenerating into moral decay.

• Photograph: A man who is blind dressed in a suit and hat using a cane being guided across the street by a young boy, with a fruit cart and buildings in the background.

Audio: Indiana was the first state to enact a eugenics sterilization law in 1907.

• 1907 Photograph: A crowd of people lining either side of a wide track in Indiana.

Audio: It was followed by 32 other states. The Supreme Court upheld these laws as constitutional in 1927.

• Photograph: The Supreme Court Justices in 1927 standing outside the court wearing high dark hats and dark suits.

Audio: Scientists eventually disproved the basic tenets of the eugenics movement but not until after the forced sterilization of thousands of men, women, and children.

• Photograph: Publication entitled, Human Sterilization Today published by the Human Betterment Foundation, Pasadena California. The first sentence reads, During the last twenty-eight years, California state institutions have sterilized nearly 12,000 insane and feebleminded patients.

Audio: It is estimated that 60,000 people were sterilized under state laws between the early 1900’s and the mid 1950’s following the Court’s ruling striking down Oklahoma’s Sterilization Law in 1942.

• Photograph: 50,000 people standing and seated in an old stadium in the 1920’s.

Audio: In the early 1900's, World War I began to usher in a new era of attitudes toward and perceptions of people with disabilities.

• Photograph: Two war veterans in wheelchairs being greeted by the President, officers and their wives at a White House lawn party in 1925.

Audio: Once again it was a war, World War I, with its thousands of returning veterans who had disabilities and had sacrificed to keep the world “safe for democracy,” that spurred some significant changes and the investment by the federal government of considerable resources to assist veterans with disabilities to find jobs and to find their niche in society.

• Publication Star and Garner: Showing the headline, Totally Disabled Soldiers and Sailors, with a drawing of a woman holding up a swooning wounded soldier with his head wrapped in a cloth and his arm in a sling.

• Publication: With the headline, First steps to usefulness, with a photograph of a man lying in bed painting a picture and another photograph of a nurse working with a man with one arm.

• Photograph: Four veterans sitting in chairs working on looms and rugs with a large American flag hanging from the ceiling.

Audio: It should be noted that most soldiers who sustained significant injuries did not survive them at that time.

• Photograph: A soldier lying on the ground at the bottom of a rock gully with his rifle upright.

Audio: The basic medical and charitable models stayed firmly in place.

• Photograph: Two soldiers with disabilities – one without arms having his cigarette lit by another soldier using a crutch.

Audio: Federal legislation gave further recognition to government’s responsibility. (Document entitled, Facts of Interest to the Disabled Soldier or Sailor….

Audio: In 1918, the U.S. Congress passed the Smith-Hughes Veterans Vocational Rehabilitation Act creating a program to assist disabled vets to get jobs in the postwar era.

• Photograph: Two vets talking to a nurse, doctor, and a man wearing a long robe in a room full of tools.

• Words: 1918 Smith-Hughes Veterans Vocational Rehabilitation Act, are shown on the screen.

• Page from a book with the title: No longer out of a job, showing photos of two men with disabilities working as a tin cutter and fountain pen maker.

Audio: In 1920, the Smith-Fess Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act was passed to assist civilians with disabilities to become employed.

• Photograph: A man with large dark glasses doing work at a factory.

Audio: These two pieces of legislation were the forerunners of today's Rehabilitation Act in which Title VII contains the provisions for Independent Living.

• Photograph: Older man who is blind playing a large Austin Company organ.

• Page from a book with two photos and the caption: Future shipworkers – disabled men are taught welding in the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, New York City.

Audio: Organizations focusing around specific disabling conditions began to spring up.

• Photograph: Five older women and one man are seated around a table learning Braille.

Audio: These organizations were of particular importance because for the first time there were organized efforts to raise money and disseminate information to support the interests of specific disability groups.

• Photograph: 13 men are seated around a long wooden table intently discussing issues.

Audio: Most of the organizations were formed and administered by people without disabilities, often parents and friends, acting on behalf of people with disabilities in ways they thought were best, with little input from the people with disabilities themselves.

• Photograph: Numerous parents and their children gathered on the White House lawn.

• Photograph: Male patients seated in a room reading underneath a large Red Cross flag.

Audio: However, there were a few organizations formed by people with disabilities, looking out for their own interests.

• Photograph: Three men working with machine parts, four women wearing dresses assembling metal pieces next to a pair of crutches leaning against the wall, and two men wearing thick dark goggles leaning over a piece of machinery.

Audio: One of these organizations was The League of the Physically Handicapped.

• WPA Poster: Red, white and blue stating, Take pride in your country Nov 10 – 16, state by state, the WPA writers describe America to Americans.

• Words: The League of the Physically Handicapped are shown on the screen.

Audio: It was organized in New York by a group of men with disabilities to stop discrimination by the federal Works Progress Administration or WPA.

• Photograph: Four WPA men working on the engine and the body of a small airplane.

Audio: The WPA was developed to help people through the Great Depression years and did not allow the hiring of people with disabilities.

• Photograph: Two African American workers intently working on a large machine. Man leaning against his car during the Depression.

Audio: The League organized sit-ins, picket lines, and demonstrations.

• Photograph: Demonstration outside with a man in a tall hat talking to a group holding picket signs.

Audio: Members traveled to Washington, D.C. to meet with the Roosevelt administration with the result that the WPA began to hire people with disabilities.

• Photograph: President Roosevelt seated with his advisors standing around him.

Audio: This is one of the first times people with disabilities organized themselves to address prejudice and discrimination because of disability.

• Photograph: Men and women dressed in suits and dresses seated outside under a large canopy.

Audio: It reflected a change in self-perception and led to the beginning of a change in public perception of people with disabilities.

• Photograph: Helen Keller signing to a young child sitting on her lap.

Audio: In the mid 1920's, professional and public views began to change once again toward people with disabilities.

• Photograph: A group of children, two standing with crutches and the others seated, talking with doctor in a room filled with cribs.

Audio: Professionals began to notice that education, training, and socialization of people with disabilities did make a difference.

• Photograph: A man who is deaf and blind wearing an apron working on a machine.

• Photograph: A young man wearing a suit working on leather shoes.

Audio: Over the next several years, institutions began again to develop educational programs with some success.

• Photograph: Two adult women talking to several male students wearing knickers in a classroom.

Audio: Although the number and size of institutions continued to grow, with deplorable conditions in many, they were becoming more involved in education and training.

• Photograph: A round brick asylum with a domed roof and several cars parked in front.

• Photograph: A high school classroom with the males reading and the females knitting.

Audio: Other progress during the years between 1920 and 1960 was evident. The first dog guide school was opened.

• Photograph: Woman in a suit and hat with a dog guide talking to an older man in a suit and tie.

Audio: The first folding wheelchair was devised and patented by Everest & Jennings, which later became the largest manufacturer of wheelchairs in the world.

• Photograph: Two women sitting on a rock bench talking to a man below the lawn of a building with a male sitting in a wheelchair with a blanket over his legs and a nurse.

Audio: Workers Compensation plans were legislated by 45 states to assist people who become injured and sustain disabilities on their jobs.

• Photographs: From a book of two men working, one with metal hands holding a hoe and the other without a right arm at a machine.

Audio: The Social Security Act was signed in 1935 providing benefits to people over 65 years of age, people who are blind, and to dependent children.

• Photograph: An older man with a white mustache and beard standing in front of a shop window.

• Photograph: A little girl who is blind smiling as she sits on the ground holding a doll.

Audio: The Social Security Act also expanded the Vocational Rehabilitation Act to serve people with mental illness and cognitive disabilities, and was made a permanent federal program.

• Photograph: Two men at work seated at a table examining metal wheels.

• Text on the screen: Vocational Rehabilitation Act expanded to serve people with mental illness and cognitive disabilities, over darkened photos of a nurse talking to a person in a hospital bed, deaf school children dancing, and a man in a uniform signing surrounded by children in a large crowd of people.

Audio: The President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped was formed.

• White text: President’s Committee on Employment of Handicapped formed, over a darkened photograph: described next.

Audio: Self-help groups began to organize but still were based on looking for cures.

• Darkened Photograph: The text disappears over the Photograph: of a 1925 Presidential party for veterans showing a man wearing a suit leaning back in his wheelchair being held by a nurse talking to several men wearing suits or white military uniforms and one woman with several other people watching.

Audio: Congress appropriated funds for grants and loans to veterans to purchase or modify homes to be accessible to those with mobility impairments.

• Photograph: Retired General dressed in full brim hat, vest and overcoat seated in a wheelchair holding crutches with a proud expression on his face.

• Photograph: A one level white house with four windows.

Audio: In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, that separate schools for black and white children are inherently unequal and unconstitutional, setting a precedent for considering the legality of segregated education for children with disabilities, and also adding muscle to an impending civil rights movement.

• Sign: Colored waiting room with an arrow, next to another sign that says, White waiting room.

• Photograph: A group of White and African American boys and girls in a classroom dressed in their Sunday best.

• Photograph: Several newspaper headlines on segregation.

• Photograph: Martin Luther King, Jr. talking with Malcolm X with several other men and a policemen in the background.

Audio: The Social Security Act was amended in 1956 to provide Social Security Disability Insurance for workers who experienced “involuntary retirement” due to disability.

• Photograph: Men and women seated at a long table filling out pages of forms. A man in a coat and tie stands at the head of the table with his hands on his hips.

Audio: Gini Laurie, known as the Grandmother of Independent Living, became editor of the Toomey Gazette, a grassroots publication that became an early voice for disability rights, independent living, and cross-disability organizing.

• Photograph: Gini Laurie with mostly white hair and large glasses wearing a red jacket.

• Photograph: shown is when she was younger, working in a room crowded with books and folders of paper.

• Photograph: Gini Laurie talking with Ed Roberts.) The scene was set and the trends in place to foster the emergence of the Independent Living Movement and the Disability Rights Movement.

• Photograph: Lex Frieden in a studio with two women in wheelchairs and a man using a cane.

Audio: The next module will explore the meaning and emergence of Independent Living and cover the next phase of disability history in the United States from 1960 to the present.

• Photograph: Justin Dart, Judy Heumann, Marca Bristo, and many other activists in the street carrying a large banner that reads, Injustice anywhere to Justice everywhere with Martin Luther King, Jr. at the bottom in italics.

• The images fade to black with white text appearing: 1960 to present, Next Module. Screen fades to black.

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