Unit 1 - dep_english.pnzgu.ru
Федеральное агентство по образованию
Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Пензенский государственный университет»
english in pharmacy
Учебное пособие
Пенза ИИЦ ПГУ 2008
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов второго года обучения фармацевтических факультетов, переводчиков в сфере профессиональной коммуникации, а также врачей, которым необходима информация по данной тематике.
Цель учебного пособия – познакомить с основной терминологией по специальности; максимальное развитие и совершенствование навыков чтения, перевода, аннотирования оригинальной литературы по специальности; обсуждение научных фактов, связанных с фармакологией.
Пособие состоит из 6 разделов (Unit). Структура пособия предполагает овладение всеми основными видами речевой деятельности: говорения, понимания на слух, чтения и письма.
Составитель: Н. В. Антропова
Рецензенты: Зав. кафедрой фармакологии,
доктор медицинских наук, профессор
И. Я. Моисеева
Зав. циклом иностранных языков ПГТА,
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент
О. Н. Ясаревская
Contents
|Unit I. |Pharmacology in our Life ………… |3 |
|Unit II. |Drug names, standards, references. Administration |11 |
| |of drugs ……...………………………………... | |
|Unit III. |Drug Classes. NueroPharmacologic Drugs ……… |25 |
|Unit IV. |Drug classes ………………………………… |36 |
|Unit V. |Technology of drugs ………………… |56 |
|Unit VI. |Health and Medicine …………………... |78 |
Unit 1
Pharmacology in our Life
Lead-in
What do you understand by "pharmacology and pharmacist"?
II. What are the duties and responsibilities of a pharmacist? Make a list of them. Compare your list with other students.
Reading 1
This text develops ideas of pharmacology. Read the text and find out new key notions.
TEXT 1
PHARMACY AND PHARMACISTS
Pharmacy is the science about drugs and medicine. Pharmacists - people who prepare the medicines under the recipe of the doctor and sell to sick people. Traditionally, pharmacists have compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. More recently, pharmacy has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. Some of these new pharmaceutical roles are now mandated by law in various legislatures. Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts, and the primary health professionals who optimize medication management to produce positive health-outcomes. The symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle.
Pharmacognozy is a science which embraces the history, source, cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.
A Pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal substances with description, tests and formulas for preparing the same. The pharmacopoeial names of chemical substances do not always represent their chemical composition.
Pharmacy is a field of science related to medicine. Since the Shipman Inquiry, there has been a move in the UK to separate the two roles, separation of prescribing from dispensing. In most jurisdictions (such as the United States) pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. Specifically, the legislation stipulates that the practice of prescribing must be separate from the practice of dispensing. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled Pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. In the minority of jurisdictions (particularly in Asian such as China, Malaysia and Singapore) doctors are allowed to dispense drugs themselves and the practice of pharmacy is integrated with that of the physician. The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. A campaign for separation has began in many countries and has already been successful (like in Korea). As many of the remaining nations move towards separation, resistance and lobbying from dispensing doctors who have pecuniary interests may prove a major stumbling block (e.g. in Malaysia).
Vocabulary
I. Remember:
pharmacy - I. фармация; 2. аптека
pharmacopoeia — фармакопея
pharmacology — фармакология
pharmacologist – фармаколог
pharmaceutical — фармацевтический
pharmacist, pharmaceutist — фармацевт
II. Read and translate the words using your knowledge of Latin:
pharmacy, medicine, drug, compound, dispense, analyse, pharmacist, medicinal, physician, prescribe, prescription, ingredient, manufacture, phenomenon, phenomena, matter, analysis.
III. Find English equivalents for the following Russian words and word-combinations in the text:
готовить лекарства по рецепту, продавать больным, составлять (смешивать), приготовлять и распределять, информация о лекарствах, ступка и пестик, распространение, химический состав, хранение лекарств, животного и растительного происхождения, сфера полномочий, зарегистрированные лекарственные средства, финансовая заинтересованность, избегать ненужного применения лекарств, побочные действия.
Use of English
IV. Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right:
|pharmacy |is a science which embraces the history, source, |
|pharmacists |cultivation, collection, preparation, |
|pharmaceutical activities |distribution, identification, composition, purity |
|a pharmacopoeia |and preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal |
|pharmacognozy |origin |
| |is a special book with some special information |
| |for pharmacists |
| |are drug therapy experts |
| |are mandated by law in various legislatures |
| |is a field of science related to medicine |
V. Put questions to the underlined words:
1. Medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold in pharmacies.
2. Dispensing may only require the transfer of manufactured products to a prescription container.
3. It is important for the pharmacist to know whether the chemicals are stable.
4. Pharmacy treats of medical substances.
a. Finish sentences using information from the text:
|To become a pharmacist... |To become a pharmacist one should achieve |
| |knowledge of different subjects. |
| | |
| | |
|To compound medicine ... | |
|To speak of preparation, distribution, identification, | |
|preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin … | |
|To dispense medicines ... | |
|To describe drugs ... | |
|To produce positive health-outcomes … | |
Reading 2
Skim the text to get a general understanding. Then answer the questions to check your understanding:
How many disciplines can the field of Pharmacy be divided?
Are the boundaries between disciplines clear-cut?
How is pharmacology sometimes considered?
What specializations are there in pharmacy practice?
TEXT 2
THE PHARMACY DISCIPLINES
The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three main disciplines: Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical chemistry (often Medicinal chemistry), Pharmacy practice. The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research together. Pharmacology is sometimes considered to be the fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore, it is usually considered to be a field of the broader sciences. There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Some specialization is based on the place of practice including: community, hospital, consultant, locum, drug information, regulatory affairs, industry, and academia. Other specializations are based on clinical roles including: nuclear, oncology, cardiovascular, infectious disease, diabetes, nutrition, geriatric, and psychiatric pharmacy. Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. Many pharmacists are also small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice.
Over to you
1. What is necessary to become a pharmacist?
2. What is necessary for the pharmacist to know?
3. What particular skills do you think a pharmacist is required? Write a list.
4. Study the information of Pharmaceutical Personnel Market: demand gives rise to supply
|Why did you chose the pharmaceutical faculty? |
|9% of students chose the specialty because their relatives have |
|drugstores |
|14% of students entered the faculty accidentally |
|18% of students like the speciality |
|27% of students think of starting their own drugstore |
|32% of students chose the speciality because it is easy to find |
|employment |
|Where are you going to work after graduating from the higher educational institution? |
|34% - in the wholesale company |
|23% - in their own drugstores |
|20% - in the representative offices |
|9% - in the pharmaceutical production |
|9% - in the drugstores |
|5% - other positions |
5. Draw the pie chart of your group and discuss it.
Reading 3
Read and translate the texts. Answer the questions:
1. Is your country a member of FIP?
TEXT 3.1
INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL FEDERATION (FIP)
Pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) was established in 1912, and is a worldwide federation of national pharmaceutical (professional and scientific) associations. The FIP aims to "represent and serve pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences around the globe." FIP is a world-wide federation of national pharmaceutical (professional and scientific) associations with a mission to represent and serve pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences around the globe. Through its member associations FIP connects, represents and serves more a million pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists around the world. FIP was founded in The Hague, The Netherlands, in 1912 and still has its central office in The Hague. Although FIP is a federation of associations, any pharmacist or pharmaceutical scientist can apply to become an Individual Member of FIP.
FIP is more than ninety years old. As an organisation it has taken on new activities over the years and has grown in size. FIP works with its members in mind and is implementing positive changes to better serve its members.
2. Are you for or against online pharmacy? Give your arguments.
TEXT 3.2
Online Pharmacy
Online pharmacy is one of the hottest business on the internet today. Recently, a number of pharmacies have begun operating over the internet. Many such pharmacies are, in some ways, similar to community pharmacies; the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient than traveling to a community drugstore. Some internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Some customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There have also been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products. In the United States, there has been a push to legalize the importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. Although importation, of prescription medication currently violates FDA regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers.
Over to you
Speak on «Pharmacology in our Life».
Unit 2
Drug names, standards, references. Administration of drugs
Lead - in
I. Have you ever taken any drugs? What were they?
II. What drug names do you know? Make a list of them. What do you know about the administration of drugs?
Reading 1
1. Read the text and formulate its topic.
2. Give the headline which would reveal the topic.
3. Write down key words and word-combinations which help to define the topic.
4. Translate the text and write a short summary.
Text 1
introduction
Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the treatment of disease. These chemical substances can come from many different sources. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants, such as the roots, leaves, and fruit. Examples of such drugs are digitalis (from the foxglove plant), and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin (from plants called molds). Drugs can also be obtained from animals; for example, hormones are secretions from the glands of animals. Drugs can be made from chemical substances which are synthesized in the laboratory. Anti-cancer drugs, such as methotrexate and prednisone, are examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some drugs are contained in food substances; these drugs are called vitamins. Drugs are dispensed and stored in an area known as a pharmacy.
The field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and effect in the body is called pharmacology. Pharmacology is a large medical specialty and contains many subdivisions of study, including pharmacodynamics, molecular pharmacology, chemotherapy, and toxicology.
Pharmacodynamics involves the study of how drugs exert their effects in the body. Scientists interested in pharmacodymanics study the processes of drug absorption (how drugs pass into the bloodstream), metabolism (changes drugs undergo within the body) and excretion (removal of the drug from the body).
Molecular pharmacology concerns the study of the interaction of drugs and cells or subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA, or enzymes. These studies provide important information about the mechanism of action of the drug.
Chemotherapy is the subdivision of pharmacology which studies drugs that are capable of destroying microorganisms, parasites and cells within the body without destroying the body itself. Chemotherapy includes treatment of infectious diseases, mental illness and cancer.
Toxicology is the study of harmful chemicals and their dangerous effects on the body. Toxicology includes the study of the potentially harmful effects of any drug on the body; any drug, if given in high enough doses, can have harmful actions on the body. Toxicological studies in animals are required by law before new drugs can be tested in individuals. A toxicologist is also interested in finding proper antidotes to these harmful effects. Antidotes are substances given to neutralize unwanted effects of drugs.
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
additive — drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
anaphylaxis — hypersensitive reaction of the body to a drug or foreign organism. Symptoms may include hives, asthma, rhinitis, and so forth
antidote – an agent that is given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug
brand name (trade name) — commercial name for a drug, normally the property of the drug manufacturer
chemical name — chemical formula for a drug
chemotherapy — treatment of illness using chemicals; usually refers to treatment of infectious disease, cancer disease, or mental illness
contraindications — factors in the patient's condition which prevent the use of a particular drug or treatment
cumulation — drug action resulting from the administration of small repeated doses of a drug that are not eliminated from the body quickly enough, so that the drug builds up, or accumulates; this may be produced intentionally, or it may be unintentional and have harmful effects
drug toxicity — harmful and dangerous complications which may arise from the use of drugs. Examples of common toxic effects of drugs are blood dyscrasias, such as aplastic anemia and leukopenia; cataracts; neuropathy; collagen disorders; and photosensitivity
idiosyncrasy — a rare type of toxic effect produced in a peculiarly sensitive individual but not seen in most patients
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — governmental agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use
generic name — the legal, noncommercial name for a drug
Hospital Formulary – reference listing of drugs and their appropriate clinical usage found in most hospitals and libraries; published by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacies
National Formulary (N. F.) — large, up-to-date list of drugs and official standards for their manufacture; issued by the American Pharmaceutical Association
Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) — reference book listing drug products; published privately
parenteral administration — administration of drugs by injection into skin, muscle, or veins (places other than the digestive tract)
potentiation — a type of drug action in which the combined effect of using two drugs together is greater than the sum of the effects of using each one alone; also called synergism
side effect - a toxic (harmful) effect which routinely results from the use of a drug
suppositories — cone-shaped objects containing medication which are inserted into the rectum, vagina, or urethra, from which the medication is absorbed into the bloodstream
synergism — type of drug action in which the effect of two drugs acting together is greater than the sum of each acting alone; potentiation
tolerance — condition of becoming resistant to the action of a drug as treatment progresses so that larger and larger doses must be given to maintain the desired effect
United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.) — an authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations which sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing.
II. Read these notes and the paragraph that expands them:
brand name – name for – manufacturer
|brand name (trade name) is a commercial name for a drug, normally the property of the drug |
|manufacturer |
Write similar paragraphs from these notes:
1) Drugs – substances – the treatment – disease.
Drugs – obtain – various parts – plants – animals.
Drugs – make – substances – synthesize.
Drugs – contain – food substances – vitamins
| |
2) type of drug action – two drugs – act – great – the sum of – alone – call
3) toxicology – harmful effects – high doses – to test in individuals
| |
4) condition – resistant – the action of drug – treatment progress – larger – must be given – maintain – call
| |
Reading 2
Read the text and make a plan of it.
Text 2
Drug names, standards,
and references Names
A drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical formula for the drug. This name is often long and complicated.
The generic or official name is a shorter, less complicated name which is recognized as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose. The generic name is public property and any drug manufacturer may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug.
The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. Brand names often have the superscript after or before the name. Most drugs have several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no other brand name may be substituted. It is common practice to capitalize the first letter of a brand name.
The following lists give the chemical, generic, and brand names of the well known antibiotic drug, ampicillin. Note that the drug can have several brand names but only one generic, or official, name.
Chemical Name Generic Name Brand Name
alpha-aminobenzyl P ampicillin Amcill capsules
Omnipen
Penbritin
Polycillin Principen/N
STANDARDS
While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold, there are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers. This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (U.S. P.). Two important standards of the U.S. P. are that the drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug has U.S. P. after its name, it has met with standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published by the U.S. P. every 5 years, but not all drugs are listed in it. The National Formulary (N.F.) is a larger list of drugs which meet purity standards. The letters U.S. P. and N.F. after a drug indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to U.S. P. or N.F. standards. It is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufacturers.
REFERENCES
Libraries and hospitals have two large reference listings of drugs which give important information about drugs. The most complete and up-to-date is the Hospital Formulary, published by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. This listing gives information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient care). The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) is published by a private firm, and drug manufacturers pay to have their products listed. The PDR is a useful reference with several different indexes to identify drugs (generic and chemical name index, product identification index, manufacturers' index, drug classification index) and full descriptions, precautions and warnings, and information about recommended dosage and administration for each drug.
Use of English
I. Give the meanings of the following abbreviations:
PDR; FDA; IV; U.S.P.; IM; NF.
II. Read these sentences and underline the correct form of the verb (active or passive):
1. The generic name is recognized / recognizes as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose.
2. When a specific brand name is ordered / orders on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed / dispense by the pharmacist.
3. No other brand name may be substituted / may substitute.
4. No competitor may be used / may use the brand name.
5. FDA has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold / distributes and sells.
6. Two important standards of the U.S.P. are that the drug must be clinically useful and the pure form must be made/must make by good manufacturing methods.
7. A list of drugs is published / publishes by the U.S.R. every 5 years, but not all drugs are listed / list in it.
8. Hospital Formulary is published / publishes by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists.
9. The Physicians’ Desk Reference is published / publishes by a private firm.
Over to you
I. Answer the questions:
1. How many names can a drug have?
2. What are the names of a drug?
3. Are there any definite standards for a drug? What are they?
4. What are the functions of FDA and U.S.P.?
5. What is N.F.?
6. What is the hospital Formulary?
7. What is the Physicians’ Desk Reference?
II. Using your plan give a summary of the text.
Reading 3
Reading the text fill in a chart summarizing the various routes of drug administration.
|Oral |Sublingual |Rectal |Parenteral |Inhalation |Topical |
| | | | | | |
Text 3
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
The route of administration of a drug (how it is introduced into body) is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug's action in the body.
The many different methods used by physicians and allied health personnel to administer drugs are listed below, with a brief discussion of each method:
Oral Administration. The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. Although this method is probably most acceptable to patients from the standpoint of convenience, it may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by digestive juices or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa, it will be ineffective. Also, oral administration is slower than other methods and disadvantageous if time is a factor in therapy.
Sublingual Administration. In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerin tablets are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain (angina pectoris). The nitroglycerin is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and opens coronary arteries to increase blood flow to the heart muscle.
Rectal Administration. Suppositories (cone-shaped objects containing drugs) and aqueous (water) solutions are inserted into the rectum (distal end of the digestive tract). At times, drugs are given by rectum when oral administration presents difficulties, such as when the patient is nauseated and vomiting.
Parenteral Administration. This type of administration is accomplished by injection through a syringe (syring/o = tube) under the skin, into muscle, into a vein, or into a body cavity. There are several types of parenteral injections:
Subcutaneous Injection. This injection is sometimes called a hypodermic injection, and is given just under the several layers of the skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usual locations for subcutaneous injections.
Intradermal Injection. This shallow injection is made into the upper layers of the skin. It is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions. Short needles are used, and an elevation appears on the skin when an intradermal injection is given properly.
Intramuscular Injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle, usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating to the skin or when a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injections are advisable.
Intravenous Injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues. Good technical skill is needed in administering this injection, since leakage of drugs into surrounding tissues may result in damage to tissues.
Intrathecal Injection. This injection is made into the sheath of membranes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain. The effects of the drug so administered are usually limited to the central nervous system, and intrathecal injections are often used to produce anesthesia.
Intracavitary Injection. This injection is made into a body cavity, as, for example, into the peritoneal or pleural cavity.
Inhalation. In this method of administration, vapors, or gases, are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of the drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation.
Topical Application. This is the local external application of drugs on skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surface. It is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching). Topical application may also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose, and vagina. Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist, or "weeping," and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.
Over to you
Comment on your chart.
Reading 4
1. Translate the title and subtitles of the text. Explain their interconnection, if you see any.
2. Read the text and write down all new pharmaceutical terms into your notebook.
Text 4
TERMINOLOGY OF DRUG ACTION
There are certain terms which describe the action and interaction of drugs in the body once they are administered and have been absorbed into the bloodstream. These terms are listed below with explanations of their meanings:
Potentiation (Synergism). Sometimes a combination of two drugs can cause an effect which is greater than the sum of the individual effect of each drug alone. For example, penicillin and streptomycin, two antibiotic drugs, are given together in treatment for bacterial endocarditis because of their synergistic action.
Additive Action. In this drug action, the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each. For example, if drug A gives 10 per cent tumor kill as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent and drug B gives 20 per cent tumor kill, using A and B together would give 30 per cent tumor kill. If these drugs were synergistic in their action, a combination of drugs would give greater than 30 per cent tumor kill.
Cumulation. If a drug is given in short intervals and the body cannot dispose of it rapidly enough, the drug concentration will rise in the body tissues with each successive dose. This cumulation may cause toxic effects in the body. There are some instances, however, in which cumulation is desired for therapeutic purposes. The use of digitalis in management of cardiac insufficiency is an example of a therapeutic buildup of a drug to promote the efficient working of the heart.
Tolerance. In this drug action, the effects of a given dose diminish as treatment goes on, and larger doses must be given to maintain the desired effect. Tolerance is a feature of addiction to drug such as morphine and meperidine (Demerol).
Idiosyncrasy. In some instances, a patient may display unexpected effects following the administration of a drug. Idiosyncratic reactions are produced in very few patients taking a drug, but may be life-threatening in those few instances. For example, in some individuals penicillin is known to cause an idiosyncratic react ion'such as aitaphylaxis (acute type of hypersensitivity, including asthma and shock).
Reading 5
Read the text and decide if the headline helps to guess what it is about.
Text 5
DRUG TOXICITY
Drug toxicity refers to the poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of some drugs. Idiosyncrasy is an example of an unpredictable type of drug toxicity.
Other types of drug toxicity are more predictable and based on the dosage of the drug given. If the dosage of certain drugs is increased, unfavorable effects may be produced. Physicians are trained to be aware of the potential toxic effects of all drugs they prescribe and must be cautious with their use. Disorders directly resulting from diagnostic or therapeutic efforts of a physician are known as iatrogenic, and are usually related to drug toxicity.
Side effects are toxic effects which routinely result from the use of a drug. They often occur with the usual therapeutic dosage of a drug and are usually tolerable. For example, nausea, vomiting, and alopecia are common side effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer.
Contraindications are factors in a patient's condition which make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised. For example, in the presence of renal failure, it is unwise to administer a drug which is normally eliminated by the kidneys.
Among the most dangerous toxic complications of drug usage are blood dyscrasias (blood diseases) such as aplastic anemia and leukopenia, cataract formation (eye disorder), cholestatic jaundice (biliary obstruction leading to yellow discoloration of skin), neuropathy, collagen disorders (connective tissue damage such as arthritis), and photosensitivity (abnornmal sensitivity to light).
Vocabulary
Fill in the missing words in this table. The words can be found in the texts.
|Combining Form |Definition |Terminology |
|pharmac / o |drug |pharmacology |
|chem / o |drug |– |
|toxic / o |– |toxemia |
|lingu / o |tongue |– |
|derm / o |– |– |
|ven / o |– |– |
|aer / o |air |– |
|erg / o |work |– |
|idi / o |– |– |
|cras / o |disease mixture |– |
|anti – |– |– |
|intra – |within |– |
|contra |– |– |
Use of English
I. Build medical words:
1. pertaining to against itching; 2. the study of poisons; 3. treatment with chemicals; 4. pertaining to within a vein; 5. study of drugs; 6. pertaining to under the tongue; 7. pertaining to under the skin; 8. against infection; 9. produced by a physician; 10. pertaining to within a sheath
II. Give the meaning of the following terms:
1. parenteral; 2. pharmacopeia; 3. idiosyncrasy; 4. synergism; 5. contraindications; 6. anaphylaxis; 7. antidote; 8. drug toxicity; 9. aerosol; 10. side effect
III. Match the terms in a) with associated terms in b):
1. pharmacy; 2. molecular pharmacology; 3. brand name; 4. generic name; 5. chemical name; 6. cumulation; 7. additive action; 8. potentiation; 9. tolerance; 10. absorption.
a. combination of two drugs together is equal to the sum of the effects of each; b. drug name which gives the chemical formula; c. combination of two drugs together gives an effect which is greater than sum of each drug alone; d. drugs passing into the bloodstream; e. building up of drug in the body due to inability to excrete it as fast as it is taken in; f. effects of a drug diminish as larger and larger doses are needed to produce desired effect; g. area to prepare, store, and dispense drugs; h. official name; legal and noncommercial name; i. trade name of drug privately owned by manufacturer; j. study of drug interaction with cells or subcellular entities
IV. Match the routes of administration of drugs in a) with the medications and procedures in b):
1. intravenous 2. rectal 3. oral 4. topical 5. inhalation 6. intrathecal 7. intramuscular 8. intradermal.
a. lotions, creams, ointments b. tablets and capsules c. used for allergy skin tests d. lumbar puncture e. deep injection, usually into buttocks f. suppositories g. used for blood transfusions h. aerosols.
Over to you
Sum up the information of the unit and speak on “Drug Names, Standards, References”.
Unit 3
Drug Classes.
NueroPharmacologic Drugs
Lead-in
I. Look in your first-aid kit at home. Can you name everything that you find there?
II. Do you know the names of the different classes of drugs and their use in patient care?
Reading 1
Read the text and draw the chart summarizing the various types of autonomic drugs.
Text 1
NEUROPHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS
These drugs act on the nervous system. There are two major types of neuropharmacologic drugs: autonomic drugs and central nervous system drugs.
Autonomic Drugs. These drugs influence the body in a manner similar to the action of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system.
The function of the sympathetic nerve network in the body is (1) to stimulate the flow of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, (2) to increase heart rate, (3) to constrict blood vessels, and (4) to dilate air passages.
Drugs which mimic the action of sympathetic nerves are called sympathomimetic or adrenergic agents. They stimulate the flow of epinephrine, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and dilate air passages. Examples of sympathomimetic drugs are epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These drugs are the same chemicals which are naturally released from the sympathetic nerve endings and adrenal glands during times of stress or emergency.
Drugs which mimic the action of parasympathetic nerves are called parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agents. These drugs oppose the actions of the sympathomimetic (adrenergic) drugs, which means that they slow down heart rate, constrict air passages, and stimulate involuntary muscles in the digestive tract and other organs. The parasympathetic agent which is produced normally at all times by parasympathetic nerve endings is called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine, unlike a drug such as epinephrine (adrenaline), cannot be administered to patients. This is because there are enzymes in the body called cholinesterases which inactivate acetylcholine almost as quickly as it is given. Other cholinergic drugs are, therefore, chosen as exogenous agents. One example of a cholinergic drug similar to acetylcholine in effect but longer lasting in the body is bethanechol. Bethanechol (Urecholine) is used in postoperative urinary retention to include the constriction of the urinary bladder, aiding urination.
Other autonomic drugs are parasympatholytic agents which oppose the effect of parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Examples of these drugs are atropine and belladonna, which are also known as antispasmodic drugs because they act to relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract and decrease peristalsis.
Sympatholytic agents, which block the action of the sympathetic nervous system, include reserpine, guanethidine, and phentolamine. These drugs are used to decrease blood pressure and protect against the excess epinephrine secretion liberated by pheochromocytomas (tumors of the adrenal gland).
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
acetylcholine — a chemical which is found in the body and acts as a transmitter of nerve impulses of the parasympathetic nervous system
adrenergic agent — a drug which duplicates the effect of stimulating sympathetic nerve fibers. This agent is also called a sympathomimetic drug
atropine — an agent used to decrease muscle contractions or spasms (antispasmodic) and block impulses of the parasympathetic nervous system
belladonna—drug containing atropine and used as an antispasmodic and sedative agent
cholinergic agent — a drug which duplicates the effect of stimulating parasympathetic nerve fibers. An example is bethanechol
neuropharmacologic drugs — those drugs which affect the nervous system. They include autonomic and central nervous system drugs, e.g., cholinergic drugs (acting like parasympathetic nerves) and drenergic drugs (acting like sympathetic nerves)
prophylaxis — prevention of (protection against) disease
II. Find in the text English equivalents.
1. Nueropharmacologic drugs (воздействуют на) the nervous system.
2. The function of the sympathetic nerve network is (способствовать) the flow of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, (увеличивать) heart rate, (сужать) blood vessels, (расширять) air passages.
3. These drugs are the same (химические вещества).
4. These drugs (препятствуют) the actions of the adrenergic drugs.
5. Acetylcholine cannot (быть назначен) to patients.
6. Drugs act (расслабить) the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract and (уменьшить) peristalsis.
Use of English
I. Give the meaning of the following terms which relate to autonomic neuropharmacologic drugs:
1. sympathomimetic 2. adrenergic agents 3. parasympatho-mimetic 4. cholinergic agents 5. acetylcholine 6. epinephrine
7. parasympatho-lytic 8. sympatholytic
II. Match the neuropharmacologic drug in a) with a term in b) which describes its function:
1. atropine 2. epinephrine 3. reserpine 4. belladonna
5. bethanechol 6. acetylcholine
a. cholinergic (parasympathomimetic) b. sympatholytic
c. parasympatholytic d. sympathomimetic (adrenergic).
III. Answer the questions:
1. How many types of nueropharmacologic drugs do you know?
2. What drugs are called adrenergic agents?
3. What are the functions of sympathomimetic agents in the body?
4. What drugs are called cholinergic agents?
5. What are the functions of parasympathomimetic agents in the body?
6. What examples of these drugs do you know?
Over to you
Comment on your chart summarizing the various types of autonomic drugs.
Reading 2
1. Read the text and draw the chart summarizing the different types of drugs affecting the central nervous system.
2. Find all definitions in the text. Write them down.
TEXT 2.1
Central Nervous System drugS
Central Nervous System Drugs. The drugs which affect the central nervous system are of two main types: those which stimulate the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, stimulants, and those which depress the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, depressants.
Stimulants. Central nervous system stimulants are used to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse, and also to oppose the depressant effect of other drugs. Stimulants produce a temporary feeling of euphoria (well-being) and help to relieve lethargy. Examples of drug stimulants are caffeine and amphetamine (Benzedrine). Side effects of caffeine, which is obtained from tea leaves and coffee beans, are tachycardia and irritability as well as insomnia. Amphetamines are much more powerful than caffeine and can produce restlessness, insomnia, and nervousness as well as hypertension (high blood pressure) and gastrointestinal disorders when given in high doses. Used in excessive doses these drugs can produce convulsions.
Depressants. There are several types of central nervous system depressants. These include analgesics, hypnotics, sedatives and barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, alcohol, and anesthetics.
Analgesics are agents which act to relieve pain. Examples of analgesics are acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), acetaminophen (Tylenol), and dextropropoxyphene (Darvon). Aspirin and Tylenol are antipyretics (agents against fever) as well as analgesics. Darvon is used to lessen any type of mild pain, especially in recurrent or chronic disease.
Acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophean, and dextropropoxyphene are examples of non-narcotic analgesics. Examples of narcotic analgesics are opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, and meperidine (Demerol). Narcotics are drugs which, in moderate doses, can suppress the central nervous system and relieve pain, but in excessive doses produce unconsciousness, stupor, coma, and possibly death. Most of the narcotic analgesics are addictive and habit-forming.
Hypnotic drugs are those which depress the central nervous system and produce sleep. Sedatives are used to quiet and relax the patient without necessarily producing sleep. Some drugs act as sedatives in small doses and as hypnotics in larger doses. Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, secobarbital, and pentobarbital, are the best known sedatives and hypnotics. Chloral hydrate is an example of another type of sedative. Depending on the dose and how it is administered, the response to a barbiturate may range from mild sedation to hypnosis and finally to general anesthesia.
Text 2.2
Tranquilizers are drugs which alter behavior, allowing for control of nervous symptoms such as anxiety, depression, fear, or anger. Minor tranquilizers, such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium), are used primarily for control of less severe nervous states, while the major tranquilizers, such as phenothiazines (Thorazine, Stelazine), and tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline (Elavil), are used to control severe disturbances of behavior or psychoses (loss of contact with reality).
Anticonvulsant agents are used to treat epilepsy, a central nervous system disorder caused by abnormal electrical discharges within the brain which result in abnormal muscular movements, loss of consciousness, and other symptoms. Ideally, anticonvulsant drugs should depress the part of the brain which controls motor, or movement, activity and not the sensory and cognitive (thinking) parts of the brain. An example of an effective anticonvulsant drug is diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin). Barbiturates like phenobarbital are also used as anticonvulsant drugs.
Alcohol is another central nervous system depressant. It affects the cerebral cortex of the brain in several ways. One way is to block the processes which control or inhibit behavior. This effect accounts for the talkativeness and lack of inhibition which accompany consumption of even small amounts of alcohol in some people. Alcohol is also used as a dilator of blood vessels in vascular disease, as an antiseptic, and as a hypnotic.
Anesthetics are drugs which produce loss of sensation, and particularly loss of the appreciation of pain. General anesthetics produce loss of sensation throughout the entire body by depressing the central nervous system, producing sleep, unconsciousness, and muscle relaxation. Examples of general anesthetics are diethyl ether, nitrous oxide, thiopental, and halothane. Local anesthetics relieve or prevent pain in a particular area of the body. The names of most of the local anesthetics have the suffixcaine. Examples are cocaine, procaine (Novocain), lidocaine (Xylocaine), and tetracaine (Pontocaine).
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
alcohol — central nervous system depressant. Also used as a dilator of blood vessels and as an antiseptic
anesthetics — drugs which produce loss of sensation and block the awareness of painful stimuli. Examples of local anesthetics are procaine (Novocain), cocaine, and lidocaine (Xylocaine)
anticonvulsants — drugs which prevent and treat convulsions (involuntary contraction and spasm of muscles associated with loss of consciousness). They are used in the treatment of epilepsy. Examples are diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and Phenobarbital
barbiturates — drugs which are used to induce sedation or sleep. Examples are Phenobarbital and secobarbital
depressants — drugs which decrease the functioning of an organ or system
hypnotics — drugs which depress the central nervous system and produce sleep
narcotic — a depressant drug which produces stupor, sleep, or unconsciousness, and is habit-forming. Examples are opiates such as heroin and morphine, and synthetic drugs such as meperidine (Demerol)
sedatives — central nervous system depressants which relax and quiet a patient without producing sleep
stimulants — drugs which increase the functioning of an organ or system
tranquilizers — drugs which calm and quiet a patient, altering behavior without causing the drowsiness produced by sedatives
II. Find in the text English equivalents:
1. The drugs which (воздействуют на) the central nervous system are of two main types.
2. Central nervous system stimulants are used (ускорять) vital processes (в случае) of shock and collapse.
3. Side effects of caffeine are (тахикардия) and (раздражительность) as well as (бессонница).
4. Analgesics are agents which act to (снять боль).
5. Hypnotic drugs are those which (подавляют) the central nervous system and (вызывают сон).
6. Tranquilizers are drugs which (изменяют поведение), allowing for (контролировать) of nervous symptoms such as (раздражительность), depression, (страх) or (гнев).
7. Anesthetics are drugs which produce (потеря чувствительности).
Use of English
I. Give the meaning of the following terms which describe drugs affecting the central nervous system:
1. depressants 2. stimulants 3. analgesics 4. anesthetics 5. anti-convulsants 6. hypnotics 7. antipyretics 8. narcotics 9. sedatives 10. barbiturates 11. tranquilizers
II. Match the name of the drug in a) with an appropriate drug term in b):
a) 1. chloral hydrate 2. morphine 3. acetylsalicylic acid
4. caffeine 5. Dilantin 6. amphetamine 7. diethyl ether 8. heroin 9. Thorazine 10. Novocain.
b) a. anesthetic b. tranquilizer c. sedative d. anticonvulsant e. narcotic f. stimulant g. analgesic.
III. Answer the questions:
1. Are the drugs which affect the central nervous system of two types? What are they?
2. What are analgesics? Do you know the examples of them?
3. What are sedatives? Do you know the examples of them?
4. What are tranquilizers used for?
5. What are anticonvulsant agents used for?
6. What and how does alcohol affect?
7. What are anesthetics?
8. What general and local anesthetics can you name?
Over to you
Comment on your chart summarizing the different types of drugs affecting the central nervous system.
Reading 3
1. Read and translate instruction for medical use.
2. Pay attention to the structure of the instruction.
3. Make up a plan of it.
|BETASERC® |Precautions |
|INSTRUCTION FOR MEDICAL USE |The drug should be used with caution in patients |
|Registration number: |with a history of peptic ulcer. Patients with |
|in Russia: N ЛС-000268 |pheochromocytoma and bronchial asthma should be |
|in Kazakhstan: PK-ЛC-5-N°007403. |regularly observed during the treatment. |
|Trade name: Betaserc®. |Pregnancy and lactation |
|International nonproprietary name: |There are scarce data to evaluate the effect of |
|betahistine. |the drug during pregnancy and lactation. |
|Dosage form: tablets. |Dosage and administration |
|Chemical name: |Orally, during a meal. |
|2-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]pvridinedihydrochloride. |Betaserc 24 mg |
|Composition |Doses; 1 tablet; |
|Active substance: |administrations twice daily |
|betahistine dihydrochloride, 24 mg. |An improvement is usually noted just within the |
|Excipients: |first days of therapy; a steady-state clinical |
|microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, citric acid |effect develops after two weeks of treatment and |
|monohydrate, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc. |may increase during several months of treatment. |
|Description |Treatment is long. |
|White or almost white biconvex tablets with |The duration of treatment should be determined on |
|beveled edges. On one side of the tablet: score |an individual |
|imprinted and «289» on both sides around the |basis. |
|score; on the other side - the symbol «S» above « |Side effects |
|». |Gastrointestinal disturbances. There are rarely |
|Pharmacological/therapeutic group |reports on skin hypersensitivity reactions (rash, |
|Histamine drug. |itch, urticaria), Quincke's edema. |
|CodeATC:[N07CA01]. |Overdosage |
|Pharmacological properties |Symptoms: nausea, vomiting. Convulsions have been |
|Betaserc® (betahistine) acts mainly on H1 arid |reported when a dose of 728 mg is used. Treatment:|
|H3-histamine receptors of the inner ear and |symptomatic therapy. |
|central vestibular nuclei. Due to its directly |Drug interactions |
|agonistic action on the H,-histamine receptors of |Cases on interaction and incompatibility with |
|internal ear vessels and to its indirect action on|other drugs are unknown. |
|H3-histamine receptors, the drug improves the |Effect on the ability to drive a car and operate |
|microcirculation and permeability of the |mechanisms |
|capillaries, normalizes endolymphatic pressure in |Betaserc® does not show any sedative effect or |
|the labyrinth and cochlea. At the same time |affect the ability to drive a car and operate |
|Betahistine increases blood flow in the basilar |machines and mechanisms. |
|artery. |Manufacturing form |
|As an inhibitor of H3-histamine receptors of |24-mg tablets: 20 tablets in a PVC/PVDC/AI |
|vestibular nerve nuclei, it shows a marked central|blister. 1, 2, 3 or 5 blisters (20, 40, 60 or 100 |
|effect. The drug normalizes vestibular nuclear |tablets) together with use instruction in a |
|neuronal conductivity at the level of the brain |cardboard package. |
|stem. The above mentioned clinical manifestation |24-mg tablets: 25 tablets in a PVC/PVDC/AI |
|of the above properties is the decreased frequency|blister. 1, 2 or 4 blisters (25,50 or 100 tablets)|
|and severity of vertigo episodes, alleviated |together with use instruction in a cardboard |
|tinnitus, and improved hearing in case of its |package. |
|deterioration. |Storage conditions |
|Pharmacokinetics |Store the drug in a dry place at a temperature not|
|The drug rapidly absorbs, its protein binding is |above 25oC. Keep out of reach of children. |
|low. The maximum blood concentration reaches in 3 |Shelf-life |
|hours. The half-life is 3-4 hours. It is virtually|Shelf-life period is 5 years. Do not use the drug |
|excreted by the kidneys as a metabolite |after the expiry date stated on the pack. |
|(2-piridilacetic acid) within 24 hours. |Dispensing terms |
|Indications |Prescription medicine. |
|Treatment and prevention of vertigo of vestibular |Company name and manufacturer address |
|origin. |Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V., |
|Syndromes, including vertigo and headache, |36, C.J. van Houtenlaan, |
|tinnitus, progressive |NL-1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands. |
|hearing loss, nausea, and vomiting. |Tel.:+7 (095) 411 69 11. |
|Meniere's disease/syndrome. |Fax: +7(095)411 69 10. 24,VavilovSt, 119991 Moscow|
|Contraindications |solvay-pharma.ru |
|Hypersensitivity to any component of the drug. | |
Over to you
Clinical situations:
1. A 15-year old girl complains of frequent migraine headaches.
Which following drugs could help to prevent them? And why?
a. propranolol
b. ephedrine
c. phenylephrine
d. clonidine
2. A patient with hypertensive disease used some antihypertensive drugs for chronic therapy for the prolonged time. The adverse effects of the drug are bradycardia, abdominal pain, bronchoconstriction and hypersalivation.
What are the mechanisms of therapeutic and adverse effects and what drugs are administered to reduce the side effects?
Unit 4
Drug classes
1. Antihistamines
2. Cardiovascular Drugs
3. Gastrointestinal Drugs
4. Antibiotics and Sulfonamides
5. Vitamines
Lead-in
Think of some of the illnesses you (or members of your family or friends) have had. What were the symptoms and what did the doctor prescribe?
Reading 1
1. Skim the text in order to get the general idea.
2. Scan the text to find particular information about antihistamines.
Text 1
ANTIHISTAMINES
These are drugs which block the action of a chemical called histamine which is found in the body. Histamine is produced by most cells and especially by sensitive cells under the skin and in the respiratory system. When certain foreign antigens (protein substances which lead to the production of antibodies) enter the body, antibodies are made by cells. These antibodies attempt to inactivate, or neutralize, the offending antigens and, as a result, a chemical called histamine may be released by other cells. Histamine causes the characteristic allergic symptoms when it is liberated from cells: itching, hives, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, hay fever, and, in some very serious cases, anaphylactic shock.
Antihistamines, by blocking the action of histamine in the body, can relieve the allergic symptoms which histamine produces. Antihistamines cannot cure the allergic reaction, but they can relieve its symptoms. Some potentially dangerous side effects of antihistamines are drowsiness, sedation, and blurred vision. Examples of antihistamines are diphenhydramine (Benadryl), meclizine (Bonarnine), chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) and tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine).
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
anaphylaclic shock — an acute allergic reaction to a drug, chemical or foreign substance. Symptoms include asthma, fall in blood pressure and swelling of the larynx (laryngeal edema).
antihistamines — drugs which block the action of histamine in the body. Examples are diphenhydramine (Benadryl), meclizine (Bonine), and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton).
histamine — a chemical found in all tissues of the body which when released in excess from cells causes allergic symptoms (rhinorrhea, edema, hives, itching, asthma).
II. Fill in the chart and learn the words with associated meanings:
[pic]
Reading 2
1. Read the headline. Make suggestions what this text will be about.
2. Read the first paragraph.
Have you heard anything about this classification? If “yes”, then write down in note form what you know. If “no”, then formulate and write down the questions the answers to which you’d like to find in the text.
3. Read the text attentively and find the most important statements. Do they contain the answers to your questions?
4. Reading the text fill in the chart, reviewing the types of drugs used to treat cardiovascular disorders.
| | |cardiovascular drugs | | |
| | | | | |
| | | |
|Antacids |Neutralize (render inactive) acid in the |Magnesium trisilicate (given |
| |stomach. Used for peptic ulcer symptoms, |alone or combined with aluminum |
| |which are esophagitis (heartburn) and |hydroxide in drug called |
| |epigastric discomfort. |Gelusil); magnesium hydroxide and|
| | |aluminum hydroxide (Maalox); |
| | |sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).|
|Emetics |Produce vomiting. |Solution of table salt; syrup of |
| | |ipecac. |
|Purgatives: Laxatives (mild)|Promote defecation and relieve | |
|Cathartics (strong) |constipation; there are four modes of | |
| |action: | |
| |(1) Irritants disturb the lining of the |Bisacodyl (Dulcolax); |
| |intestine and produce contractions. |castor oil |
| |(2) Agents which swell in the presence of|Agar (from seaweed). |
| |water and mechanically stimulate | |
| |intestinal contractions. | |
| |(3) Salt (saline) holds water in the |Milk of magnesia; magnesium |
| |intestine, promoting contraction of |sulfate (Epsom salts). |
| |muscles. | |
| |(4) Emollients soften the feces. |Mineral oil. |
|Antinauseants |Relieve nausea and vomiting. |Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine); |
| | |meclizine |
| | |(Bonine); prochlorperazine |
| | |(Compazine). |
|Antidiarrheals and |Treat diarrhea and decrease rapid |Atropine; belladonna. |
|antispasmodics |movement of bowels (spasms). | |
Vocabulary
1. Read and learn:
antacids – drugs which neutralize acids in the stomach. Examples are magnesium trisilicate and magnesium hydroxide
antidiarrheals – drugs which relieve loose bowel movements (diarrhea). An example is atropine
antinauseants – agents which relieve nausea and vomiting. Examples are dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) and meclizine (Bonine)
cathartic – agent which promotes defecation (bowel movement)
emetics – drugs which induce vomiting. An example is syrup of ipecac
laxative – mild purgative (promoting defecation)
purgatives – drugs which promote defecation and relieve constipation
Use of English
I. Match the type of gastrointestinal drug in a) with its function in b):
a) 1. laxative 2. antidiarrheal 3. antacids 4. antinauseant
5. cathartic 6. emetic 7. antispasmodic
b) a. produce vomiting b. relieve nausea and vomiting
c. relieve diarrhea d. promote defecation (mild drug)
e. neutralize acid in the stomach f. relieve spasm of the bowels g. promote defecation (strong purgative)
II. In the following drugs, tell if each is an: (A) Emetic
(B) Purgative (C) Antacid (D) Antinauseant
(E) Antidiarrheal:
1. Compazine 2. mineral oil 3. syrup of ipecac 4. Gelusil
5. Dramamine 6. Milk of magnesia 7. Maalox 8. atropine
9. Bonine 10. Dulcolax
III. Read and translate the Instruction for Medical Use of Dicetel. What group does this drug belong to?
INSTRUCTION
for Medical Use of
DICETEL®
Registration No.:
in Russia: П No. 014873W-2003 dated April 01, 2003
Trade name: Dicetel®
International nonproprietary name (INN): pinaverium bromide.
Chemical name: N-(2-bromo-4,5 dimethoxybenzyl) N-(2[2-(6.6-dimethyl] morpholine bromide.
Dosage form: film-coated tablets.
Composition: Active ingredient: pinaverium bromide, 50 mg or 100 mg. Excipienis: anhydrous silica, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, magnesium stearate, pregelatinized starch, lactose monohydrate.
Coating: gastrosoluble acrylic resin, talc, macrogol 6000, film coating (titanium dioxide, yellow san-set, hydroxyoropy; cellulocse).
Description: Orange round biconvex coated tablets with «50» (50-mg tablets) or «100» (100-mg tablets) being engraved on one face and «S».
Pharmacotherapeutic group: spasmolytic ATC code: A03AX04.
Pharmacological properties. This is a spasmolytic agent having myotropic and M-choline-blocking activities. It diminishes visceral muscle smooth spasm and lowers hydrochloric acid secretion. The drug accelerates gastric evacuatory function and has no marked anticholinergic activity.
Pharmacokinetics. With oral administration, less than 10% of the drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Indications and usage. Abdominal smooth muscle spasms: colonic dyskinesia, biliary dyskinesia. Preparation for gastrointestinal X-ray study using barium.
Contraindications. Hypersensrtivity to the components of the drug.
Dosage and administration. The drug is intended for oral administration.
Adults: Dicetel is 50-mg coated tablets.
Daily dose: 3 – 4 tablets are daily taken during a meal. In exceptional cases, the daily dose may be increased up to 6 tablets a day. When prepared for X-ray study- 4 tablets are daily used within 3 days before the study. When prepared for X-ray study, 2 tablets daily within 3 days before the study. The tablets are taken whole, by drinking a glass of water. They cannot be chewed or sucked. The drug should not be taken before sleep.
Adverse reaction. In rare cases, there may be allergic reactions, dyspepsia, constipation, nausea.
Special warnings. During pregnancy and lactation, as well as in childhood, the drug is used only if the expected benefit overweighs the possible risk to the fetus or baby.
How supplied. 50-mg film - coated tablets: 20 tablets in blister.
Storage. Store the drug at temperature not above 30oC without taking any precautions. Keep out of the reach of children.
Shelf-life. 50-mg tablets: 5 years. Do not use the drug after the expiry date given on the pack.
Dispensing. To be prescribed.
Manufacturer: Solvay Pharmaceuticals
Over to you
Explain to a patient what some gastrointestinal drugs are used for. Use the key-words that you’ve written down.
Reading 4
1. Translate the title of this text. Guess what this text will be about. What do you know about antibiotics?
2. Write an annotation of this text in Russian.
Text 4
Antibiotics
An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism (bacterium or simple plant called a mold). The antibiotic can be bacteriocidal (able to kill microorganisms such as bacteria) or bacteriostatic (inhibit the growth of other microorganisms). Antibiotics have been synthesized in the laboratory and are used to treat serious bacterial infections.
The term gram-positive and gram-negative are often used to describe types of bacteria which are destroyed or inhibited by antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria are those which stain purple with the Gram stain. Gram-negative bacteria lose the Gram stain and take the red color of a "counter" stain. Examples of gram-positive bacteria are claustridia, staphylo-cocci, and streptococci. Gram-negative bacteria are the bacteria causing meningitis, cholera, and typhoid fever.
The chart below gives the names of the major antibiotic groups, the bacterial organism affected, the disease prevented, and an example of a specific antibiotic drug of that group:
|Drug Group |Bacteria |Disease |Example of Drug |
|Penicillin |cocci (berryshaped) |pneumonia; streptococcal |ampicillin; penicillin |
| | |infection |G; |
| |bacilli rod-shaped) |tetanus | |
| |treponema of syphilis |syphilis |penicillin V |
| |actinomyces |actinomyces | |
|Erythromycin |some gram-positive cocci;|streptococcal, |erythromycin estolate |
| |some gram-negative cocci |staphylococcal and | |
| | |pneumococcal infections | |
|Streptomycin |tubercle bacilli; many |tuberculosis; plague |streptomycin |
| |gram-positive and | | |
| |gram-negative bacteria | | |
|Tetracyclines |streptococci; |bacterial infections; |tetracycline; Aureomycin|
| |staphylococci: |rickettsial infections |B; |
| |gram-negative bacteria; | |Terramycin |
| |rick-ettsia. (parasitic | | |
| |organisms) | | |
|Antifungal agents |fungi (simple plants) |skin infections and |nystatin; |
| | |fungal meningitis |amphotericin B |
The sulfonamides, or "sulfa drugs," are also used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. They are bacteriostatic, as opposed to bacteriocidal. These drugs are synthetic and made to resemble a substance bacteria need for making a necessary vitamin, folic acid. Sulfa drugs have been largely replaced by antibiotics which can act faster with fewer side effects. However, such sulfonamides as Gantrisin (sulfisoxazole) are effective in combating urinary tract infections.
Vocabulary
1. Read and learn:
antibiotic — chemical substance, produced by a mold or bacteria, that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. Examples of antibiotics are penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracyclines
antineoplastic drugs — drugs which are used to treat malignant tumors
gram-negative bacteria — a general class of bacteria which, when stained with the Gram stain and its "counter" stain, fails to retain the purple Gram stain, but takes on the red color of the "counter" stain. Examples are the bacteria which cause typhoid fever and urinary tract infections (Escherichia coli)
gram-positive bacteria — a general class of bacteria which, when stained with the Gram stain and its "counter" stain, retains the purple color of the Gram stain. Examples are staphylococci and streptococci
quinidine — drug used to treat abnormalities in heart rhythm
sulfonamides — "sulfa drugs," used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Gantrisin is an example of this type of drug
Use of English
I. Give the meaning of the following terms:
1. gram-positive bacteria 2. gram-negative bacteria
3. antibiotic 4. bacteriocidal 5. bacteriostatic 6. penicillin
7. erythromycin 8. streptomycin 9. tetracycline
10. sulfonamides
Over to you
1. Give a summary of the text in English.
2. Find some information as to add to the chart giving the names of the major antibiotic groups.
Reading 5
1. Have you got any associations with the word “Vitamins”? What are they?
2. Write a list of words associated with “Vitamins”?
3. Read the text and answer the questions :
1) What does vitamin mean?
2) What are vitamins necessary for?
3) Where can vitamins be found?
4) Why are vitamins important?
5) What diseases resulting from deficiency of the vitamin have you known?
Text 5
VITAMINS
Vitamins are necessary for normal body functioning, although none can be made by the body itself. They are found in plant and animal foods and are needed in only minute quantities for good health. Vitamins play important roles in the metabolic processes of the body, and can be synthesized in the laboratory.
The following list includes the major vitamins, the foods containing the vitamin, and diseases resulting from deficiency of the vitamin:
|Vitamin |Other Names |Foods |Deficiency Disease |
|Vitamin A | |carrots, egg yolks, green |night blindness, dryness |
| | |leafy vege-tables |of eyes and skin |
|Vitamin B1 |thiamine |wheat germ, yeast, soybean |beriberi (neurological |
| | | |disorder) |
|Vitamin B2 |riboflavin |eggs, liver, poultry |pellagra (cutaneous, |
| | | |gastrointestinal, |
| | | |neuronlogical, and mental |
| | | |disorder) |
|Vitamin B6 |pyridoxine |rice, yeast |dermatitis, neuritis, |
| | | |anorexia |
|Vitamin B12 |cyanocobalamin |liver, dairy products |pernicious anemia |
|Vitamin C |ascorbic acid |fresh vegetables, fruits |scurvy (abnormal bleeding,|
| | |(citrus), and juices |poor teeth and bone |
| | | |formation) |
|Vitamin D | |milk, butter, egg yolks |rickets (poor bone |
| | | |formation and poor calcium|
| | | |absorption) |
|Vitamin E | |lettuce and other green |not well understood in |
| | |leafy vegetables |humans anemia |
|Folic acid | |meats, yeast, green leafy | |
| | |vegetables | |
|Vitamin K | |most foods |hemorrhaging |
Vocabulary
I. Read and learn:
ascorbic acid — vitamin С
pyridoxine — vitamin B6
riboflavin — vitamin B2
thiamine — vitamin B1
vitamins – substances found in foods and, in minute quantities, essential for good health, growth, and life itself
Use of English
I. Match the name of the vitamin in a) with its synonym
in b):
a) 1. cyanocobalamin 2. riboflavin 3. thiamine
4. pyridoxine 5. ascorbic acid
b) a. vitamin B6 b. vitamin B1 c. vitamin C d. vitamin B12
e. vitamin B2
II. The following diseases are associated with what vitamin deficiency?
1. beriberi 2. pernicious anemia 3. night blindness 4. scurvy
5. pellagra 6. rickets
Over to you:
Write a list of recommendations for healthy eating.
Unit 5
Technology of drugs
Lead – in
1. Do you know any drug form?
2. Fill in the chart of medicinal forms which help you to define them.
|medicinal forms |
|solid |soft |liquid |
|tablets | | |
Reading 1
1. Translate the title of this text. Guess what this text will be about.
2. Write down the most informative sentences explaining what solution is.
3. Write an annotation of this text in Russian.
Text 1
SOLUTION
Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is said to be a solution. It is possible to have solutions of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids, gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc.
Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize true solutions, colloidal solutions, and suspensions.
If sugar is dissolved in water, it is supposed that the ultimate sugar particle is of molecular dimensions and that a true solution is formed. On the other hand if very fine sand is mixed with water, a suspension of comparatively large particles, each consisting of many molecules is obtained. Between these two extremes lie colloidal solutions.
From the pharmaceutical stand-point solutions of solids in liquids are of the greatest importance and many quantitative data are available on the properties of such solutions.
When an excess of a solid is brought into contact with a liquid, molecules of the former are removed from its surface until equilibrium is established between the molecules leaving the solid and those returning to it. The resulting solution is said to be saturated at the temperature of the experiment.
The extent of solubility of different substances varies from almost imperceptible amounts to relatively large quantities but for any given solute the solubility has a constant value at constant temperature.
Under certain conditions it is possible to prepare a solution containing a larger amount of solute than is necessary to form a saturated solution. This may occur when a solution is saturated at, one temperature, the excess of solid solute removed, and the solution cooled. The solute present in solution, even though it may be less soluble at a lower temperature does not always separate from the solution and a supersaturated solution is produced.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
to disperse – рассеивать, разгонять, разбрасывать
particle – частица
suspension – взвесь, эмульсия, суспензия
to dissolve – растворять(-ся), разлагаться на составные части
ultimate sugar particle – элементарная частица сахара
dimension – величина, размер
equilibrium – равенство
to saturate – насыщать
to vary – меняться, изменяться
perceptible – заметный, ощутимый
solution – микстура, жидкое лекарство, раствор
to produce – производить, вырабатывать
II. Find in the text English equivalents:
1. степень растворимости различных веществ
2. с другой стороны
3. количественные данные
4. взвешенные частицы
5. истинный раствор
6. элементарная частица сахара
7. взвесь сравнительно больших частичек
8. избыток твердого растворенного вещества
9. растворы твердых частиц в жидкостях
10. растворенное вещество, находящееся в растворе
Use of English
I. Complete the questions and answers:
|1. |Q: |
| |A: Yes, paper filters are the most useful for the pharmacist. |
|2. |Q: What mixtures may be defined as a solution? |
| |A: |
|3. |Q: |
| |A: Yes, it is possible to prepare these solutions in the lab. |
|4. |Q: What kinds of solutions are recognized? |
| |A: |
|5. |Q: |
| |A: No, they are not completely separated by filtration. |
|6. |Q: What does the variety of a solution depend on? |
| |A: |
|7. |Q: Why are many quantitative data available on the properties of solutions of solids in |
| |liquids? |
| |A: |
| | |
|8. |Q: How does the extent of solubility of different substances vary? |
| |A: |
II. Explain the grammatical phenomenon, common for the following sentences:
1. Before 1942 uranium was said to have no important use.
2. Salts containing hydrogen or hydroxide radicals are known to be acids or basic salts. 3. Penicillin was proved to have always been used most effectively in cases of wound infections. 4. The capsulating of medicinal substances both dry and liquid in gelatin shells is considered to be one of the most largely used methods for administering medicines today. 5. The uniform mass and the granules obtained are know to be dried at 40o C for 14 hours.
6. Filtration is known to be the process of separating liquids from solids with the view of obtaining the liquids in a transparent condition.
III. Translate into English:
1. Раствор – это однородная смесь двух или трех веществ.
2. В зависимости от размера взвешенных частичек распознаются следующие растворы: истинные растворы, коллоидные растворы и взвеси.
3. Предполагают, что истинный раствор образуется, если сахар растворяется в воде.
4. Степень растворимости различных веществ зависит от определенных условий.
5. Взвесь получается, если очень мелкий песок смешивается с водой.
Over to you
Give a summary of the text in English.
Reading 2
1. Look through the text and divide it into logical parts. Give your reasons.
2. Read the text and write down the key words and word-combinations.
3. Translate the text.
Text 2
PREPARATION OF TABLETS
The tablet is the most common form of medication for the administering of a drug in a dry state.
From a purely physical point of view the technique of tablet making (tabletting) may be defined as a process whereby a known volume of a drug in a finely divided state is subjected to pressure in a die between two punches.
A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is also characterized by a definite rate of disintegration when brought into contact with water.
It is generally observed that tablets can be made easily from certain drugs, such as sodium chloride and other alkali halides, even without the addition of auxiliary substances. For some other drugs, such as lactose, the addition of auxiliary substances is found to be necessary to overcome certain difficulties in their tabletting. Some difficulties are occasionally experienced in the process of tabletting certain materials because of persistent binding or sticking in the tablet machine.
The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very important role. The correct pressure must be applied in order to avoid unnecessary complications. Tablets which should dissolve in the mouth must be more strongly compressed than other average tablets for internal administration.
Another important effect of higher pressures is an increase in friction which obviously necessitates the use of greater amounts of lubricants and glidants. Glidants are added to the tablet materials to improve their flow properties.
A great variety of shapes and sizes is available among medicinal tablets. The most common shape of the tablets is a circular body with flat or slightly convex sides. There are also rectangular, triangular and many other shapes in the case of special tablets.
In the Scandinavian countries where the Pharmacopoeia provides official specification of formula and the method of preparation of the various tablet formulas, the size and shape is specified officially.
The preliminary consideration in selection of particular shapes and sizes of the tablets is essentially ethical.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
form of medication – форма лекарственных препаратов
a drug in a finely divided form – лекарство в мелко измельченном состоянии
subjected to pressure in a die between two punches – подвергается прессованию в штамповальном прессе
alkali halides – щелочные галоидные соединения
average tablets – обычные таблетки
lubricants and glidants – смазывающие и скользящие вещества
medicinal – лекарственный
II. Translate into English paying particular attention to the suffixes: -fy, -ate, -ize.
Filtrate, acidify, granulate, fermentate, cultivate, concentrate, inactivate, vaporize, specify, oxydize, gasify, utilize, neutralize, sterilize.
III. Fill in the missing words in this table. Write an example sentence for each one.
|Verb |Noun |
|filtrate |– |
|– |administering |
|acidify |– |
|– |ferment |
|in activate |– |
|– |application |
|vaporize |– |
|– |specification |
|utilize |– |
|improve |– |
|provide |– |
Use of English
I. Substitute Russian words with English ones in proper form:
to know, to state, to recognize, to find, to be necessary.
1. Известно, that the tablet is the most common form of medication. 2. Было установлено, that starches possess very good glidant properties increasing the flow of tablet stuff.
3. Было необходимо to improve the technology of tabletting.
4. Указывают, that the results obtained from these tablets are satisfactory. 5. Считают, that there can also be important technical reasons which may influence the selection of particular dimensions of the tablets.
II. Complete the questions and answers:
|1. |Q: What is the most common form of medication for the administering drugs in a dry state? |
| |A.: |
|2. |Q.: |
| |A.: A tablet is disintegrated when brought into contact with water. |
|3. |Q.: In what state is a certain volume of a drug subjected to pressure during tabletting? |
| |A.: |
|4. |Q.: |
| |A.: The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very important role. |
|5. |Q.: |
| |A.: The use of starch in tablet making has been known for a long time. |
|6. |Q.: To what drugs is it necessary to add auxillary substances? |
| |A.: |
|7. |Q.: What are difficulties in the process of tabletting? |
| |A. |
|8. |Q.: What substances improve the flow properties of the tablet stuff? |
| |A.: |
|9. |Q.: |
| |A.: A great variety of shapes and sizes is available in medicinal tablets. |
|10. |Q.: |
| |A.: Selection of particular shapes and sizes of tablets is essentially ethical. |
III. Translate into English:
1. Таблетка – это самая распространенная форма лекарств.
2. Таблетки легко приготавливаются из определенных лекарств.
3. Щелочные галоидные соединения используется для приготовления таблеток без добавления других веществ.
4. В процессе приготовления таблеток большую роль играет давление.
5. Необходимо изменить давление в процессе изготовления таблеток в зависимости от используемого материала.
6. Самая обычная форма у таблеток – это круглая с плоской стороной или слегка выпуклая форма.
Over to you
Give a summary of the text in English.
Reading 3
1. Look through the text and divide it into logical parts. Give your reasons for the division.
2. Find the most important sentences in every paragraph. Write them down and see if it can be taken as a logical short summary.
3. Translate the text.
Text 3
ointments
Ointments are semi-solid preparations for external application of such consistency that they may be readily applied to the body or to mucous membranes.
They should be of such composition that they soften but not necessarily melt when applied to the body.
The ointment base usually constitutes the major portion of the pharmaceutical preparation and, therefore, may influence the efficacy of the incorporated medicinal substances.
Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into three classes. Epidermic ointments are those which demonstrate no, or very slight, power of penetration into the skin. In this group have been placed the bases which contain petrolatum, waxes and their combinations.
Endodermic ointments are those which possess some power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin. Most of them have a somewhat lower melting point, approaching the temperature of the skin, and contain vegetable oils, lard, wool fat, lanolin, and/or combinations of these.
Diadermic ointments are those which penetrate the skin, thus offering a better opportunity for absorption of the medicament. Ointments of emulsion type and the water-soluble bases belong to the group of absorption base.
Hydrocarbon bases include ointments prepared from petrolatum, or liquid petrolatum, with wax or other stiffening agents.
White and yellow ointments are relatively stable to normal climatic temperature changes. Absorption bases generally have a high index of compatibility toward the majority of medicaments used topically. These bases have found a definite place in pharmacy as well as cosmetology.
Until recently, ointments and ointment type products were packaged in glass, stoneware, porcelain, polyethylene, or plastic wide-mouth jars. Since a large area of the ointment was exposed to the effects of air, those ointments containing easily oxidized medicinals were packaged in collapsible metal tubes. The use of aerosol containers preventing contamination, drying out of the product as well as protecting water sensitive drugs is preferable.
Ointments are prepared by two methods: 1) mechanical incorporation and 2) fusion. The choice of method depends upon the medicament and the physical properties of the constituents of the base. An exception is the preparation of Mercuric Nitrate Ointment which is prepared by chemical reaction.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
semi-solid – полутвердый
consistency – консистенция
to melt – таять, плавиться, растоплять(ся)
ointment base – мазевая основа
to penetrate – проникать внутрь, проходить сквозь
petrolatum – вазелин
wax – воск
oil – масло, нефть
lard – лярд, топленое свиное сало
wool-fat – ланолин
stiff – плотный, густой
compatibility – совместимость
wide-mouth jars – сосуды с широким горлышком
to expose – подвергать действию
to incorporate – соединять(ся), смешивать(ся)
fusion – плавка, расплавление
II. Build new words with the suffix – ity and translate them:
stable устойчивый, stability устойчивость
active, capable, pure, intensive, quantitative, relative, susceptible, compatible
III. Find in the text English equivalents:
1. полутвердые лекарства
2. для внешнего применения
3. при нанесении на тело
4. смешанные лекарственные вещества
5. сила проникновения в кожу
6. лучшая возможность для поглощения
7. относительно устойчивые к
8. используемые локально (только для определенного места)
9. подвергаться воздействию воздуха
10. выбор зависит
Use of English
I. Read and translate paying attention to the word combinations “N+N”. Give your examples:
temperature changes, emulsion type, absorption bases, potassium iodide, paper filter, sugar particle, antibiotic production, filtration paper, ointment base, water solution, penetration ointments, starch portion, alcohol content, solvent activity.
II. Fill each gap with suitable word from the box:
|medicament, vegetable, divided, petrolatum, absorption, physical, penetration, temperature, wool, |
|stiffening, properties |
1. Ointments of emulsion type belong to the group of …… base.
2. The substance obtained is stable to normal climatic … changes.
3. Based on their penetration ointments have been … into three classes.
4. Epidermic ointments possess very slight power of … into the skin.
5. Most of endodermic ointments contain … oils, … fats, lanolin, and/or combinations of these ones.
6. Ointments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon bases are prepared from …… with wax or other …… agents.
7. The choice of method depends on the …… and the …… of … the constituents of the base.
III. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)?
1. Ointments are semi-liquid preparations for external application.
2. Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into four classes.
3. Hydrocarbon bases do not include ointments prepared from petrolatum with wax.
4. Absorption bases generally have a low index of compatibility towards the majority of medicaments.
5. White and yellow ointments are not stable to normal climatic temperature changes.
6. Endodermic ointments are those which do not possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.
7. Ointments are prepared by three methods.
Over to you
I. Answer the questions:
1. What kind of preparations are ointments?
2. Are ointments used for internal or external application?
3. What consistency are the ointments of?
4. Do ointments soften or melt when applied to the body?
5. What classes have ointments been divided into?
6. What ointments possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin?
7. What melting point have most of endodermic ointments?
8. What substances do endodermic ointments contain?
9. What ointments belong to the group of absorption base?
10. What methods are ointments prepared by?
II. Give a summary of the text in English.
Reading 4
1. Read the headline. Make suggestions what this text will be about.
2. Have you heard anything about drug extraction? If “yes”, then write down in note form what you know. If “no”, then formulate and write down the questions the answers to which you’d like to find in this text.
3. Translate the text.
TEXT 4
DRUG EXTRACTION
The principle modes of extraction employed in pharmacy at present are as follows: 1. Maceration 2. Percolation 3. Digestion 4. Infusion 5. Decoction.
Percolation is the most important and useful.
Maceration and digestion, which is merely a modified form of maceration, are old processes.
The process of maceration consists simply of extraction by soaking the drug or substance in the menstruum until the cellular structure is thoroughly penetrated and the soluble portion softened and dissolved. The usual method is to introduce the drug into a bottle with the solvent, stopper it tightly, and agitate it occasionally for a period ranging from 2 to 14 days, then to pour off the liquid, express the residue to avoid loss, and filter the mixed liquids. The drugs are macerated in definite quantities of menstruum, which consists of alcohol of various strengths, ether and alcohol, or other specified solvent.
Percolation, or lixiviation, is the extraction process in which a granulated or powdered drug is deprived of its constituents by the descent of a suitable solvent through it.
The physical forces playing an important part in percolation are gravitation, viscosity, adhesion, friction, osmosis, capillarity, surface tension, and solution.
The instrument used to hold the powder is called a percolator, the liquid poured on top of the powder, the menstruum; the liquid coming from the percolator, the percolate; and the residual drug remaining in the percolator after the extraction of the soluble constituents, is called the mare.
In order to understand thorouhgly the process of percolation as applied to powdered drugs, it must be remembered that the soluble principles of vegetable substances are in hard and dry condition, and are generally contained in cells which are more or less disintegrated by the process of grinding. If the soluble principles could be separated from the insoluble cellular substance and be deposited in the ground particles, percolation would be rapid.
But the powdering of the drug only partially separated the soluble principles from the insoluble and the finest dust of the powder always contains a larger proportion of the soluble principles than of the insoluble substance. Hence the first proportion of the percolate is usually the most dense, the most highly coloured, and contains the largest proportion of the soluble principles.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
to macerate – вымачивать, размачивать
percolation – просачивание, процеживание, фильтрование
digestion – усвоение
infusion – настой, вытяжка
decoction – вываривание, отвар
to soak – пропитывать, погружать в жидкость
menstruum – (pl – rua) – растворитель (хим.)
solvent – растворитель
stopper – пробка;. закрывать
to agitate – трясти, взбалтывать, перемешивать
to pour – наливать, разливать
residue – осадок
to deprive – лишать
viscosity – вязкость
adhesion – слипание, прилипание
osmose – физ. осмос
friction – трение, сцепление
capillarity – физ. капиллярность
tension – напряжение, натянутость, растяжение
to grind – перемалывать, растирать (в порошок)
soluble principles – растворимые основные элементы
II. Give derivatives of:
capillarity, density, purity, solubility, conductivity, relativity; equality, similarity, viscosity;
discolour, disacidify, disarrange;
reorganize, reworking, reweighing, reproduce.
Use of English
I. Fill each gap with a suitable word or word-combination from the box:
|hence, it seems, therefore, as is known, it must be remembered, I should say, more over |
1. … this reaction is also possible even in the absence of oxygen.
2. … small particles of the drug remained suspended in the liquid fatty phase.
3. … that nitrogen not only does not combine with oxygen readily but it does not combine with any other element easily.
4. … particle size influences drug absorption.
5. … both preparations were tolerated.
6. … that the intravenous injection of autistine produces good results in cases of ventricular extrasystole.
7. … that in this case bromide has to be administered as a sedative.
II. Chose the proper form of the Participle:
1. For the determination of vitamin B1 the (testing/tested) solution was diluted with water.
2. The instrument (using/used) to hold the powder is called percolator.
3. The (preparing/prepared) suppository forms were placed in a refrigerator for 3 days.
4. When (subjecting/subjected) to a low temperature and high pressure carbon dioxide is converted into a liquid.
5. The physical forces (played/playing) an important part in the percolation are gravitation, viscosity, surface tension.
6. The time (requiring/required) for 90% drug release was 15 min. for tablets (making/made).
III. Reread the text more carefully to complete the sentences:
1. The drugs are macerated in definite quantities of …… .
2. The menstruum consists of alcohol of various …… .
3. Percolation is one of the most important methods of drug extraction employed in …… .
4. The instrument used to hold the powder is called … .
5. The soluble principles of vegetable substances are generally contained in … .
6. The process of maceration consists simply of extraction by soaking … .
7. The residual drug remaining in the percolator after the extraction of the soluble constituents is called … .
IV. Translate into English:
1. Процеживание (перколяция) – самый важный и полезный метод экстракции лекарств.
2. При процессе вымачивания лекарственное вещество погружается в растворитель.
3. Вещество помещается в бутылку с растворителем и плотно закрывается.
4. Полученное вещество время от времени взбалтывается в течение 2-14 дней.
5. Перколяция – это процесс извлечения, при котором гранулированные или измельченные лекарства лишаются своих составляющих компонентов.
6. Следовательно, первая пропорция перколяции – самая плотная, самая насыщенная по цвету и содержит самую большую часть растворимой основы элемента.
Over to you
I. Answer the questions:
1. What principle modes of drug extraction are used in pharmacy?
2. What is the most important and useful method of drug extraction?
3. What process is called maceration?
4. What are the drugs macerated in?
5. What does the menstruum consist of?
6. In what process is a granulated or powdered drug deprived of its constituents?
7. In what process do physical forces play an important part?
8. What instrument is called a percolator?
9. What proportion of the percolate is usually the most dense?
10. What would the process of percolation be if the soluble principles could be separated from the insoluble cellular substance and be deposited in the ground particle?
II. Give a summary of the text in English.
Reading 5
1. Look through the text and find the words or word-combinations that help to make the text logical and structured.
2. Read the text. Make up an outline of it.
3. Translate the text.
Text 5
THE PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN
The industrial manufacture of penicillin on a large scale is carried out in several stages of which the first is fermentation. This is the cultivation in vessels of a penicillin-producing fungus on a suitable medium in which penicillin accumulates. In the second stage penicillin is extracted from the culture medium, concentrated and purified. In the third stage the sterile concentrated solution of purified penicillin which has passed the necessary tests for potency and absence of pyrogenic or other toxic impurities is put into ampoules and dried by means of the freeze-drying process. Finally the ampoules are labelled and packed for distribution.
Fermentation. Two fermentation methods have been used for the production of penicillin, the "surface culture" and the "submerged culture" method. The surface culture method was used exclusively at the beginning of the development of large-scale manufacture of penicillin. It being expensive and unproductive, the submerged culture process has gradually replaced it.
Submerged culture method. The principle of the submerged method is to grow the fungus in large steel containers in a medium which is constantly agitated and aerated. Under these conditions the fungus grows not only on the surface but throughout the medium.
The submerged method of penicillin production has several important advantages over the surface method, one of them being the economy of labour. Instead of thousands of small surface fermentation vessels each of which must be washed, filled, inoculated and emptied, only a small number of units is required for the submerged culture method which can be controlled much more easily.
Another advantage is economy of space, as in the surface method the culture medium can be used only in shallow layers, so that a very large surface is required to obtain substantial quantities of culture fluid containing penicillin.
Lastly, higher yields of penicillin are obtained and it is possible to prepare final products of a high degree of purity by a simpler procedure of purification.
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
ferment(n) – фермент, брожение
to ferment (v) – разлагать
penicillin-producing fungus – плесень, служащая материалом для производства пенициллина
culture medium – питательная среда для разведения культуры пенициллина
tests for potency and absence of pyrogenic impurities – испытания на активность и отсутствие пирогенных примесей
by means of the freeze-drying process – при помощи процесса сухого замораживания
the “surface culture” method – метод поверхностного брожения культуры пенициллина
the “submerged culture” method – метод погруженной культуры и метод нижнего брожения
in a medium which is agitated and aerated – в среде, которая взбалтывается и газируется воздухом
surface fermentation vessels – бродильные установки для получения пенициллина методом поверхност-ного брожения
unit (зд. в значении vessel) – емкость, танкер
shallow layers – поверхностные слои
yield of penicillin – выход пенициллина
II. Find in the text English equivalents:
1. стерильный концентрированный раствор пенициллина
2. два метода ферментации
3. метод поверхностного брожения культуры пенициллина
4. метод нижнего брожения
5. высокая степень чистоты
6. более простой способ очистки
7. процесс сухого замораживания
8. плесень для производства пенициллина
9. важные преимущества
10. пенициллин накапливается
Use of English
I. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete the sentences:
1. The filter (to make/to be made) of paper, sand, ground and glass.
2. The researcher (to treat/to be treated) the mixture of solid fatty acid with an aqueous solution of a surface active agent.
3. The air (to supply/to be supplied) from compressor in insulated pipe lines.
4. The chemist (to use/to be used) various stuff for spore production.
5. Sterilization of the medium (to do/to be done) by steam.
6. Two fermentation methods (to use/to be used) for the production of penicillin.
7. The surface method (to replace/to be replaced) gradually by the submerged one.
8. The temperature (to increase/to be increased) lest the reaction should stop.
9. Before the fermentation the filters (to sterilize/to be sterilized) by steam in order to prevent contamination.
10. In the fourth stage the ampules (to label/to be labeled) and (to pack/to be packed).
II. Complete the gaps with a conjunction from the box:
|but, in order, as if, so that, because, since |
1. During the fermentation the chemists tried to maintain a positive air pressure in the tanks …...… that they might prevent contamination.
2. It is necessary to extract and purify penicillin …...… it may be used in medicine.
3. In the surface method the culture medium is used only in shallow layers …...… a very large surface is required to obtain substantial quantities of culture fluid containing penicillin.
4. A third form of gelatin capsules is used for liquids only ……... occasionally solid constituents are inserted into each capsule with oil.
5. You speak on the problem …...… you knew the process of penicillin production.
6. …… …... many of the constituents of plants may now be prepared synthetically, isolation from natural source often remains an easier and cheaper method.
7. The culture medium is usually not sterilized in the fermenters …...… in special vessels – cookers.
III. Translate into English:
Model: Ему в среднем нужно 30 минут, чтобы охладить среду.
It takes (him) an average 30 min to cool down the medium.
1. Обычно нужно три дня, чтобы произвести брожение в больших установках.
2. Ему нужно две недели, чтобы закончить эксперимент.
3. Нужно три минуты, чтобы получить белый кристал-лический осадок в цилиндре.
4. Требуется несколько дней, чтобы превратить этот раствор в твердое вещество.
5. Требуется три часа, чтобы высушить препарат при температуре 60o .
6. Нужно определенное время, чтобы лекарство всосалось.
Over to you
I. Answer the questions:
1. In how many stages is the industrial manufacture of penicillin carried out?
2. In what stage is penicillin extracted from culture medium?
3. What process is used for drying the sterile concentrated solution in ampoules?
4. What methods have been used for penicillin production?
II. Sum up the main points of the text and write down an annotation/annotative translation.
III. Comment on your chart of medicinal forms using the information from Unit 5.
Unit 6
Health and Medicine
Lead-in
Look at the blanks. Compare and contrast using the words from the box:
| |Код формы по ОтКУД 5108805 |
|…………………….. |Медицинская документация |
|Наимен.учрежден. |Форма № 148-1/у-88 |
|(штамп учрежд.) |Утверждена Минздравом СССР |
| |12.08.1988 г. |
|Серия 1136 А-5 |
| |
|Рецепт № |
|«__» ________________ 200 г. |
|дата выписки рецепта |
|За полную |Бесплатно |Оплата: |50% |20% |
|стоимость | | | | |
|1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |
| |
|Ф.И.О. Больного _________________________________________________ |
|(полностью) |
|ИОВ Дети Прочие |
|Возраст___________________ |
| |
|Адрес или № медицинской карты амбулаторного больного |
|_________________________________________________________________ |
|_________________________________________________________________ |
|Ф.И.О. Врача _____________________________________________________ |
|(полностью) |
|Руб. |Коп. |Rp. |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| ________________________________ |
|Подпись и личная печать врача М.П. |
|Рецепт действителен в течение 10 дней, 2 месяца |
|(ненужное зачеркнуть) |
| |
|Name of the hospital or physicians name |
| |
|Address … |
| |
|Name Date |
| |
|Rx |
| |
| |
| |
|Refill |
|Times |
|M.D. |
| |
| |
|Attending Physician |
|to prescribe a medicine, a prescription blank, name of the drug, the dosage, right hand corner, to |
|use the drug, to specify the amount, signature |
I. Support your ideas:
to prescribe
if a doctor prescribes a drug or treatment, they say, you should have it. The drug should not be taken unless prescribed by a doctor
to prescribe smb. smth.
ex. He was prescribed a course of antibiotics
to prescribe smth. for smth.
ex. This drug is one of the commonly prescribed for arthritis.
prescription – a piece of paper that a doctor gives you that says what type of medicine you need
ex. The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics.
repeat prescription
1. a prescription for a medicine you take regularly
ex. I need a repeat prescription.
2. a particular medicine that a doctor has told you to take
prescription charge – the fixed amount you have to pay for a prescription
ex. Prescription charges have risen again
prescription drug – a drug that you can only get if you have a prescription from your doctor
on prescription – if a medicine is on prescription, you can only get it if you have a piece of paper from your doctor
(Macmillan English Dictionary)
II. To prescribe a medicine a doctor should fill in a prescription blank. Read and translate this instruction.
To fill in a prescription blank these are the steps to be followed:
1. Name of the patient and date.
2. After “Rx” write the name of the drug.
3. Write the dosage of the medication in the right hand corner after the vertical line and in the same horizontal line as the drug used. The metric system is usually used.
4. Below the name of the drug specify the amount of medication you want the patient to buy. This should be proceeded by the letter “n” or the symbol.
5. Next line write SIG (signature: let it be marked with direction). Give instructions to the patient regarding the way he should take this medicine.
6. After “Refill” write the number of times the prescription can be refilled.
7. Sign your name and your narcotic number (if using narcotics and narcotic blanks).
8. There are some abbreviations. Learn them:
Vocabulary
I. Read and remember:
|ампула |amp. ampule |
|Британская национальная рецептурная книга |B.N.F. British National |
|Британская фармакопея |Formulary |
| |B..P., B.Ph. British Pharmacopoeia |
|Британский фармацевтический сборник |B.P.C. British Pharmaceutical Codex |
|в день | |
|взрослый |a.d. a day, p.d. per day |
|в месяц |ad. adult |
|в неделю |a.m. a month |
|внутривенный |a.w. a week |
| |i.v. intravenous, by intravenous injection |
|внутримышечный |i.m. intramuscular, by intramuscular injection. |
| |R., Rx recipe, take |
|возьми |Mr. mister |
|господин |Mrs. missis |
|госпожа |g., gm., gram"(me) |
|грамм |... g.p.d, ... grams per day |
|...граммов в сутки |b.d., b.i.d. bis in die, twice a day |
|два раза (дважды) в день |inj. injectable |
| |o. u. oculus uterque, both eyes |
|для инъекций |a. c. ante cibum, before meals, a. p. |
|для обоих глаз |anteprandial, before meals |
| |d. dose |
|до еды |L.D. lethal dose |
| |S.T.D. skin test-dose |
| |Dr. doctor |
|доза, прием |M.D. doctor of medicine |
|доза смертельная |U., u. unit |
|доза стандартная |I.U. immunizing unit |
|доктор |I.U. international unit |
|24. доктор медицины | |
|25. единица |o.n. omni nocte, every night, q.n. quaque nox, |
|26. единица иммунная |every night |
|единица интернациональная |q. ... h. quaque ... hour |
|каждую ночь |o.d. omnidie, every day |
| |...— hrly, ...— hourly |
| |o.m. omni mane, every morning, q.m. quaque matin, |
|каждые ... часа |every morning |
|каждый день |caps, capsules |
|31. каждые ... часов |M. medicine |
|32. каждое утро |meg. microgram |
| |mg. milligram |
| |ml. millilitre, cc. cubic |
|капсулы |centimetre |
|лекарство |stat. statim, immediately |
|микрограмм |N.P.O. nothing per os |
|миллиграмм | |
|миллилитр, сантиметр кубический | |
|немедленно |P.O. per os, by mouth, orally |
|не применять внутрь (для наружного применения) |s.c. subcutaneous, by subcutaneous injection |
|перорально |aa ana |
| |p.c. post cibum, after food |
|подкожный |... t.d. ... times daily |
| |inf. infant |
|поровну |f. formula |
|после еды |Q. S., q.s. quantum sufficit |
|... раз в день |Т. А. Т., Т. А. Т. mixture, toxin-antitoxin |
|ребенок |mixture |
|рецепт (пропись) |P. Т. О. please, turnover |
|сколько требуется |A.T.S. antitetanic serum |
|смесь дифтерийного токсина | |
|смотри на обороте |tabl. tablet |
|сыворотка противостолбнячная |tabs, tablets |
|таблетка |Т. А. В. Т. typhoid-paratyphoid-tetanus vaccine |
|таблетки |t. d. s., ter in die sumendum: t. i. d. three |
|тетравакцина (тиф, паратифы А и В, столбняк) |times a day |
|три раза в день |Oz., oz., ounce |
| |56. U.S.P., U.S. Phar, United States Pharmacopoeia|
| |57. bot. bottle |
|55. унция = 28,5 г |58. Form E.G. Form Executive Committee |
|56. Фармакопея США | |
| |59. ...hrs. ... hours |
|57. флакон |60. q.d.s., q.i.d. quater in die sumendum, four |
|58. Форма (бланк) исполнительного комитета |times a day |
|59. ... часов |61. No numero |
|60. четыре раза в день | |
| | |
| | |
|61. числом | |
Use of English
II. Read and interpret the prescriptions:
| |
|Name Mr. John Doe Date June 16, 2001 |
|Rx |
|Benadryl |
|n.100 |
|SIG Take one capsule two times a day and at bedtime |
|Refill 2 times |
| |
| |
|0,50 gm |
| |
| |
|William McCAUGH, M.D. |
|Attending Physician |
| |
| |
|Name Mrs. Mary Johnson Date Jan, 28, 2001 |
|Rx |
|Digitoxin |
|n.150 |
|SIG One tablet daily |
|Refill prn times |
| |
|0,15 gm |
| |
| |
|Joe Webster, M.D. |
|Attending physician |
| |
III. Write a prescription for the following:
1. digitalis
2. ASA
3. Penicillin
4. broad spectrum antibiotics
5. oral diuretic
Over to you
Clinical situations
1. A patient with high BP suffers from the acute onset of asthma. What drugs can be used for the prevention of the acute onset of asthma?
2. A patient with congestive heart failure and cirrhosis of the liver has been treated by digitalis. For three days he had been taking the therapeutic dose of the drug, so the therapeutic effects was positive and his condition improved. But in four days the toxic effects such as vomiting, nausea, bradycardia and extra systole appeared. Explain the course of the disease and the toxic effect of the drugs.
3. A patient with severe pain radiated to the left arm, fear of death and tachycardia was admitted into hospital. The doctor administered him the drug that decreased the level of BP but caused bronchoconstriction. What drug was given and why did that drug produce the spasm of bronchi?
4. A patient with high BP sufferes from the acute onset of asthma. What drugs may be used? What antiasthmatic drugs are contraindicated in this case.
5. A patient with edema and congestive heart failure has been treated with diuretic drug. In five days the therapeutic effect of the drug stopped because the drug produced acidosis. Which diuretic was administered to the patient? Why does the effect of this diuretic depend on pH of blood?
Use of English
How to write an annotation - SIMPLE!
Study the article: read it first fairly quickly to get a sense of the general meaning. Then read more carefully, following the author's argument and noticing what is fact and what is opinion, what is general statement and what is particular example. It is often helpful to summarize each paragraph in a few words at this stage.
Identify the key points: check the instructions for the annotation. Go through the text again and mark the places where important information is given – by underlining, highlighting with a coloured pen or making a mark in the margin.
Make notes: write down the key points you've identified in note form in your own words.
Put points in order: look at the list of points you've made. Then decide the best order to put the points in - this may be different from the order in which they appeared in the original text.
Leave out unnecessary detail: e.g. lists, figures of speech, schemes.
First draft. Edit your first draft: check the spelling and grammar, count the number of words. If you have many fewer than the limit, you've probably left out something important so check the original text again. If you have more than the limit, look for ways of combining points in one sentence, or of «losing» words here and there.
Reading 1
Pre-text work
1. Before you begin reading this article say what in your view it is going to be? Use the heading as a clue.
2. As you read, think whether it is a suitable title for the article. Give your reasons.
3. What is you first impression of this article?
4. Say what information given in the article is new for you.
Text 1
New drug appears effective
in leukemia treatment
By Karen Klinger
A NEW drug appears extremely effective in combating a rare form of leukemia and holds promise as a treatment for other forms of cancer, researchers said.
A drug known as 2-CdA brought about a complete remission of hairy-cell leukemia in at least 11 of 12 patients after only one week-long course of treatment, the researchers said.
In addition, 2-CdA appeared "remarkably devoid" of tone side effects usually associated with chemotherapy, Dr Lawrence Piro and colleagues at the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, California, reported in the New England Journal of Medicine.
"The development of a new chemotherapy agent which is effective without toxicity certainly constitutes a breakthrough in the treatment of cancer," Piro, director of the Scripps cancer centre, said at a news conference.
The drug, which is "quite inexpensive" because it is "extremely simple" to make, has produced remissions in patients with other blood-system cancers, including two types of lymphomas, and is now being tested in patients with solid-tumor cancers, he added.
"There is laboratory evidence to suggest that the drug may be effective in some forms of solid-tumor cancers," Piro said.
While he cautioned against viewing 2-CdA as a "miracle drug," he told reporters: "There are very few cancer treatments which will produce a complete remission that lasts as long as four years. ... I hope we will be meeting together in some future year to say the word 'cure'."
Post-text work
1. Look through the text for the facts which are important for the general understanding. State the main issues discussed in the article.
2. How do you think the author is trying to get your attention and keep up your interest? Is the author successful?
3. What does the final statement “I hope we will be meeting together in some future year to say the word 'cure' ” suggest to you in social context?
Over to you
Write down an annotation in which you carefully consider how the author presents and supports the effectiveness of new drug in leukemia treatment.
Reading 2
Pre-text work
1. What do you think is the content of the article given below? Use the heading as a clue.
2. As you read, think weather it is a suitable title for the article. Give your reasons.
3. Say what information given in the article is new.
TEXT 2
Drug TRIO FOUND TO INHIBIT HIV
By Marlene Cimons
In some of the strongest evidence thus far that a new generation of AIDS drugs can inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus, scientists reported that HIV became virtually undetectable in most patients six months after starting treatment with one of the new drugs in combination with two standard ones.
"For the first time we may be close to achieving almost total suppression of the AIDS virus in most patients", Dr.Emilio Emini, executive director of the antiviral research division of Merck & Co., said on Monday. The company makes indinavir - also known as Crixivan - one of drugs in the new generation.
Addressing the Third Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Washington, Emini said that the virus could not be found in the blood of 85 percent of the patients who took the triple combination, which also included the drugs AZT and 3TC.
Experts believe that AIDS cannot be cured, so the longtime approach has been to slow or eliminate disease progression through drug therapy, thus prolonging survival ultimately, it is hoped, to a normal lifespan.
The new findings bolster those hopes that powerful drug combinations can delay the virus' reproduction.
Post-text work
Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an annotation.
Use: This article is called …...
The author of the article is …...
It is published in …...
The main idea of this article is that …...
The fact … is stressed …...
Reading 3
Pre-text work
1. Say what you already know about herbal remedies?
2. Translate into Russian the following word-combinations:
herbal remedies, alternative remedies, conventional antidepressant drugs, side-effects, complementary medicine, inadequate treatment.
3. Find in the dictionary the translation of the following words:
drug, druggist, drugster;
medicine, medicate, medicated, medication, medicative, medicinal;
remedy, remedical, remediable;
treat, treatable, treatment.
4. Skim the text. What is your first impression of the text?
5. Scan the text. What sort of ideas do you think the text contains?
Text 3
OLD HERBAL REMEDY 'BETTER THAN DRUGS'
By Jeremy Laurance Health Editor
One of the most widely used herbal remedies for depression, St.John's Wort, is as effective as conventional antidepressant drugs but has fewer side effects, a study shows.
The remedy, already a best-seller in the growing herbal-medicine market, improved the mood and mental performance of patients with moderate depression at least as much as the widely prescribed antidepressant imipraminc. Side-effects, such as a dry mouth, were worse in those who took imipramine than in those who took hypericum extract.
The findings, published in the British Medical Journal, were immediately countered with a warning in the rival journal The Lancet that hypericum extract may be less sale than its "natural" label encourages consumers to think.
Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at the University of Exeter, writes in The Lancet that at least eight cases have been reported of St. John's Wort reacting badly with pharmaceutical drugs that patients were taking, reducing their effectiveness and increasing side-effects.
Professor Ernst says patients should be encouraged to tell their doctors if they are taking alternative remedies and to recognize that "natural" does not always mean "harmless".
"Given the widespread use of hypericum extracts, the implications of emerging evidence of adverse reaction are potentially serious", Professor Ernst writes. "Regulatory bodies should perhaps take a fresh look at whether herbal medicines need regulation".
The BMJ study was conducted by researchers from Germany, where hypericum extracts outsell Prozac by four to one. Scientists at the Imerem Institute for Medical Research in Nuremberg compared hypericum extracts with imipramine in 263 patients. They found the herbal remedy as effective as the pharmaceutical. "Since many depressed patients receive either no treatment or inadequate treatment", they write, "hypericum extract may be considered as an alternative first choice.
Post-text work
1. What kind of reader you think the author has in mind?
2. How does the article influence you?
3. Underline the sentence which seems the most important to you.
4. Group the top sentences according to the questions:
what, how, why?
Over to you:
Write the annotation in which you carefully consider how the author presents and supports herbal remedies.
Reading 4
Pre-text work
1. Are you in favour or against advertising in medicine?
2. Do you think it may help a patient?
TEXT 4
DOCTORS ANNOUNCE
A PERSONALIZED WEIGHT CONTROL PROGRAM
advertisement
Health Gains Through Weight Loss.
Most patients significantly lower blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels through medically supervised weight control.
Personalized Program Is Easy To Follow.
Your tasty and varied menu featuring regular foods and formula is individualized to your metabolism, lifestyle, and health requirements.
Health Improvements For Men and Women.
Recognizing the physical and behavioral differences among people – especially among men and women – treatment is individualized for every patient. For example, a special program has been developed to help abdominally obese men reduce their heightened risk of heart attack, stroke and diabetes.
Health and Fitness For The Long Run.
The program helps you develop exercise, nutrition, and eating habits to keep you fit for the rest of your life.
Post-text work
1. Remember the following words and phrases which are used for generalization:
Generally, on the whole, in practice, besides, it should be noted, according to statistics, in other words, as proof of it ... .
2. Write down an annotation.
Reading 5
Pre-text work
1. While reading the text make brief notes of all information that you will find new.
2. Say what information in the article is new.
Text 5
FRIENDS, MONEY ARE MEDICINE
FOR HEART PATIENTS
By Tim Friend
USA TODAY
Anaheim, Calif. - Heart disease patients who have love, friends and money live longer than those who are poor and alone, new research shows.
"It's great to do all we can with technology, but people also should know just having someone to talk to is very powerful medicine", says Dr. Redford Williams, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.
His research shows that while money helps, the strongest predictor of heart patients' longevity was having a close relationship. Findings, presented at an American Heart Association meeting:
* 50% of unmarried patients had died five years after diagnosis. Married, 17%.
* 24% of people with family income of $10,000 or less had died. Above $40,000, 9%.
Post-text work
1. What aspects of the problem do you believe this article describe?
2. Write down an annotative translation
|Use: |Данная статья опубликована в ... |
| |Статья озаглавлена ... |
| |Автор акцентирует внимание на ... |
| |Статья написана для ... |
| |В заключение автор, суммируя все факты, ... |
Reading 6
Pre-text work
1. Before you begin reading this text say what in view it is going to be. Use the heading as a clue.
2. Say what information given in the text is new for you.
TEXT 6
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
Outside of the more popular drugs there was success in the treatment of some of the symptoms of psychosis and depression. The first antipsychotic compound, for the treatment of the symptoms of schizophrenia, was chlorpromazine (known by tradenames like Largactil or Thorazine) in 1953. Their effects went beyond simple sedation with patients showing improvements in thinking and emotional behaviour, and over 100 million patients were treated. From chlorpromazine number of other similar antidopaminergic compounds were developed, such as the phenothiazines. Such drugs had a revolutionary role in transforming mental institutions from an almost purely custodial role.
Enthusiasm for the first generation of anti-psychotic medications peaked in the late 1960s, but the image of the drugs plummeted in the mid-1970s as studies emerged showing that chronic users of anti-psychotic medication developed high rates of tardive dyskinesia, a typically permanent neurological disorder similar to Parkinson's disease involving involuntary movements. The first generation of antipsychotic drugs are now commonly referred to as typical antipsychotics.
In the 1990s severa1 atypical antipsychotic drugs were first marketed. Atypical antipsychotics are believed to have a lower incidence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal side-effects than the first generation typical antipsychotics. The atypical antipsychotics are believed to be better at treating the "negative symptoms" of schizophrenia. They are currently marketed under the names Abilify (aripiprazole) and Risperidol (risperidone)among others.
However, the limited available knowledge of brain chemistry means that even the more modern compounds cause a range of extrapyramidal side-effects. While effective at controlling acute symptoms, antipsychotic drugs are of less value in treating chronic symptoms.
Post-text work
1. Look through the text for the facts which are important for the general understanding.
2. Underline the sentences which seem most important to you.
3. Sum up the main ideas of the text and write down an annotation.
Use: This article is concerned with …..
In the article the author gives the description of ..
It should be noted that ..
The following conclusions are drawn ..
The importance of .. is stressed.
Reading 7
Pre-text work
1. Say what you know about obesity.
2. Translate into Russian the following word-combinations:
certain medications, steroid medications, migraine medications, mood altering medications, addiction to drugs, poor eating habits, motivational drive for smth., to trigger overeating and obesity, to combat obesity, drugs of abuse, treatment possibilities.
3. Skim the text. Does the text contain information about treatments for obesity or causes of obesity?
4. Scan the text. What sort of ideas do you think the text contains?
TEXT 7
Medications
Certain medications can also be a cause of obesity. Steroid medications are common culprits increasing the amount of fluid the body holds in the body. Some migraine medications are also known to cause weight gain. Antidepressants and other mood altering medications, sometimes used for the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression can also cause increased weight gain.
A recent study conducted by a team of researchers from the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York found that overeating is really an addiction, like any other addiction to drugs, alcohol etc. It has been known for a long time now that many people may develop an addiction to eating, eating disorders and poor eating habits. But the new study is important, because it shows that there is a close connection between stomach and the brain. More exactly, the stomach of those addicted to overeating is linked to the hippocampus area of the brain, the same neural region which is involved in drug addiction.
The hippocampus is the area of the brain mostly concerned with the memory and emotions. Besides the hippocampus, overeating also stimulates the frontal cortex region of the brain. "We found that areas of the brain that received signals were the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and emotion, and also the frontal cortex," wrote Dr. Gene-Jack Wang and his team in the report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He added that "similar brain circuits underlie the enhanced motivational drive for food and drugs seen in obese and drug-addicted subjects, respectively."
The team explained that signals from the stomach to the hippocampus region of the brain are the key-factor which triggers overeating and obesity. Researchers also cautioned that even if one who used to be overweight and obese lost weight and has a normal"BMI, he is still at the risk of gaining weight again, as the link between the hippocampus and stomach preserves within his body. "An obese person, even if he becomes lean, still has the signals in the area of the hippocampus, so there is a high likelihood that he will relapse," explained Dr. Wang.
However, things are not that tragic and pessimistic as they may seem at a first view. Dr. Mark Gold. Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience at the University of Florida's McKnight Brain Institute pinpointed the fact that knowing which bodily mechanism triggers overeating and eating disorders is very useful for medical experts, as it may help in the development of new ways to combat obesity. "The advantage of having a novel hypothesis means that we might be able to develop new treatments for obesity similar to those for drugs of abuse. This opens a whole range of treatment possibilities." he said.
The only question which still remains unanswered until further research - the most difficult question, in fact - is how the information can be used in order to efficiently fight against obesity. Dr. Wang suggested that new methods of treating obesity and overeating may be linked to emotions, like in the case of drug addicts. "That is the million-dollar question. We must study to learn more about how the signal is transmitted and how to treat obesity. As with drug addiction, we might also have to treat the emotions," the leader of the study said.
Post-text work
1. Remember the following words and phrases, which are used for generalization:
for instance, accordingly, because of, due to, as a matter of fact, consequently, as a result, in conclusion.
2. Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an annotation/annotative translation.
Reading 8
Pre-text work
1. Before you begin reading this text say what in your view it is going to be.
2. Say what you already know about aspiring effects.
3. Say what kind of reader you think the author has in mind.
TEXT 8
Aspirin effects differ in women
Broad benefits seen primarily in those 65 and older, Women 's Health Study data show.
While benefits of aspirin have been clearly established for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in both men and women, the drug has been poorly studied in women who did not have preexisting problems. Now, in results from the first large-scale investigation of the drug for prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in women, aspirin protected primarily against ischemic stroke yet increased gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, making use questionable in most women younger than 65 years and those in the elderly group at increased risk of GI problems.
Data from the Women's Health Study were presented at the 54th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology in Orlando by Paul M. Ridker, MD, of Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital, and released simultaneously by the New England Journal of Medicine. A total of 39,876 initially healthy women were followed for 10 years while they took aspirin 100 mg or placebo every other day. At follow-up, the risk of stroke was reduced significantly, by 17% in the aspirin group compared with the placebo group. This difference resulted from a 24% reduction in risk of ischemic stroke, as a nonsignificant increase was seen in the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in the group taking aspirin. Aspirin had no significant effect on the risk of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes except in the subgroup of patients who were 65 and older.
Gastrointestinal bleeding requiring transfusion occurred more frequently in the aspirin group, with a 40% increase in relative risk. The increase in absolute risk was small, as the number of events totaled 127 in the aspirin group and 91 in the placebo group. Overall, five women died from gastrointestinal hemorrhages, including two who were taking aspirin and three who receiving placebo.
Writing in the New England Journal of Medicine, Ridker and his colleagues offered this advice to clinicians and patients: "With respect to guidelines in primary prevention, in 2002, the Preventive Services Task Force and the American Heart Association recommended aspirin for adults whose 10-year risks of a first coronary-heart-disease event were at least 6 percent and 10 percent, respectively. However, this may be complex for women, since in our study overall, aspirin lowered the risk of stroke without affecting the risk of myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular causes. Thus, as with men, any decision about the use of aspirin in primary prevention among women must ultimately be made after a woman consults her physician or health care provider, so that the net absolute benefits and risks for the individual patient can be ascertained."
Post-text work
1. Say what information given in the article is new for you.
2. Look through the text for the figures which are important for general understanding of the text. State the main problems discussed in the article.
3. Sum up the main ideas of the article and write down an annotation.
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