W E S L E Y A N U N I V E R S I T Y



Wesleyan University History 160 Sophomore Seminar Fall, 2011 Mondays, 1:10-4

the spanish civil war

Nathanael Greene, 215 Public Affairs Center

685-2376 ngreene@wesleyan.edu

Office hours: Wednesdays, 1:00-4

Books: Broad Street Books will have copies of the following:

Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War

Charles Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808-1939

Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth

Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History

Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel

Stanley Payne, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977

George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia

Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic at War*

Stanley Payne, The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933-1936*

Michael Seidman, Republic of Egos*

Ronald Radosh, ed., Spain Betrayed*

*Recommended

Please note that much of your reading will be selected from among titles suggested for each class. All of the suggested titles are available in Olin Library, but only those books listed above will be placed on reserve. It is assumed that students will frequently be reading from different works for each class. Students should feel free to choose relevant works from the library's collection which do not appear on this syllabus, and you are specifically encouraged to devote time to browsing in the collection.

Papers: Each student will submit three short papers and a major research paper. The three short papers will be due in class on the date stipulated and will be devoted to questions indicated below. These papers must be brief, no more than two pages of text, double-spaced, 12 point font; a third page may be used for notes. These papers are due at the beginning of class on September 19 and 26, and October 3. These papers will be graded. In addition, very brief reports - no more than one page - will be due on the reading accomplished by the student in preparation for class in the weeks

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when a paper is not required; these reports will not be graded. These reports

are due on October 10, 17, 31, and November 7. Papers and reports should be submitted by e-mail to ngreene@wesleyan.edu

The research paper, devoted to a topic chosen in consultation with the instructor no later than October 5, will be due in its final form on December 14, the first day of the examination period. First drafts of the research papers will be circulated prior to classes scheduled for November 21 and 28, and December 5 for critical comment and discussion at those classes. These drafts must be circulated to all members of the seminar by e-mail no later than 48 hours prior to the seminar, i.e., no later than Saturday evening. Examples and suggestions concerning research papers are offered on pages 10-13 of this syllabus.

Oral Presentations: Every student will serve, at least once, either as a reporter or a critic, at one of the classes described below. At the sessions of October 17 and 31, and November 7, the seminar will divide into four groups. Each group will be responsible for report and discussion on a work or works chosen from lists indicated below. In addition, the first draft of a research paper will receive detailed comment from a student assigned to that task at the classes scheduled for November 21 and 28, and December 5.

Examinations: There will be no examinations in this course.

Website: “Moodle,” to be found in your Electronic Portfolio.

Prerequisites: There are no course prerequisites for this seminar, but students who have not taken college-level courses in modern European history should become familiar with the history of Europe in the period from 1900 to 1945 by reading in a reliable textbook in the first weeks of the semester. By way of example, these texts might be useful:

H. Stuart Hughes, Contemporary Europe, A History

R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World

Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century

Robert Paxton, Europe in the Twentieth Century

John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume II

Attendance at every class is mandatory; absences will be excused only for

illness or emergencies. Papers must be submitted on the date due or they will not be accepted in the absence of illness or emergency.

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Schedule of Classes and Readings

September 5: Organizational Meeting

Article from The New York Times, “Spaniards at Last Confront the Ghost of Franco,” November 22, 2002.

September 12: Spain from 1868 to 1931: A General Overview

Charles Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age, chapters 7-13, or

Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, Parts I and II

Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History

• Liberal Principles (1868-1869)

• El Estado Catalan, “On Federalism” (1870)

• An Anarchist Manifesto (1873)

• Clarín, “Hunger in Andalusia” (1883)

• Valentí Almirall, “Spain Such as It Is” (1887)

• Pablo Iglesias, “The Social Revolution” (1892)

• Enric Prat de la Riba, “Compendium of Catalanist Doctrine”(1894)

• Pablo Iglesias, “Our Bourgeoisie” (1898)

• Sabino de Arana, “What Are We?” (1895)

• Alejandro Lerroux, “Rebels, Rebels” (1906)

• Spanish Bishops, “Against the Existence of Secular Schools” (1909)

• Julián Juderías, “The Black Legend” (1914)

• José Ortega y Gasset, “Invertebrate Spain” (1922)

• Miguel Primo de Rivera, “The Barcelona Manifesto” (1923)

• “Platform of the Patriotic Union” (1928)

• Alfonso XIII, “Message of Renunciation” (1931)

September 19: The Second Republic, 1931-1936: Interpretations

Paper topic: How do you explain the collapse of the Spanish Republic?

Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War, Part I, or

Charles Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age, chapters 14 and 15, or

Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, Part III, or

Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic At War, Introduction and Ch 1,or

Stanley Payne, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977, chapters 1-3, or

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Stanley Payne, The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933-1936, chapters 1-10 and, in any case, Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel, Part III, “The Clash”, pages 433- 516, and

Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History

• Spanish Bishops, “On the Proposed Constitution” (1931)

• Manual Azaña, “Spain Has Ceased to Be Catholic” (1931)

• “Parliamentary Debate on Women’s Suffrage” (1931)

• The 1931 Constitution”

• Fernando de los Ríos, “The Republican Education Program” (1937)

• La Pasionaria, “From Childhood to Maturity” (1966)

• El Debate, “A Large Catholic majority” (1933)

• José Antonio Primo de Rivera, “Ideas of the Falange” (1934)

• José Antonio Primo de Rivera, “Feminine Dignity” (1935)

• El Socialista, “On the Victory of the Popular Front” (1936)

September 26: The Uprising

Paper topic: How did the Nationalists justify the uprising? Do you find any credibility to their justification?

Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War, chapter 6, or

Charles Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age, chapter 16

Stanley Payne, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977, chapters 4-9, or

Stanley Payne, The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, chapter 13

Paul Preston, Franco, chapters I-XII, or

Sheelagh Ellwood, Franco, chapters 1-4

Documents:

• Ramiro Ledesma, “The Voice of Spain”

• José Antonio Primo de Rivera, “Total Feeling” and “Bread and Justice”

• “Guidelines of the Falange,”

• “Manifesto of the Bloque Nacional”,

• “Manifesto by General Francisco Franco,”

• “Speech by the Monarchist Poet José Maria Pemán, ”

Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History

• Spanish Bishops, “On the War in Spain” (1937)

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October 3: The Revolution

Paper topic: Did a revolution occur? If so, whose was it?

Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War, Chapter 7, and

George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, Chs V, IX-XIV, and/or

Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel, Part III, “The Clash”, pages 516- 582, and/or

Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic At War, Chs 2-5, and/or

Michael Seidman, Republic of Egos, Ch 1, “Militancy” and/or

Stanley Payne, The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, chapters 11, 12, 14, and Conclusion

Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History

“Ideological Struggles of the Left” (1936, 1937)

• “Decree Closing Religious Institutions” (1936)

and Ronald Radosh, ed., Spain Betrayed, Chapter I, “1936”

October10: The War

George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, Chs I-VIII, and/or

Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel, Part III, “The Clash”,

pages 583-751, and

Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War, Chapters 8-11 and Epilogue, or

Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic At War, Chs 6 & 7, and/or

Michael Seidman, Republic of Egos, Ch 2 “Opportunism”, Ch 3 “Cynicism” and Ch 4, “Survival”

Documents:

• General Millan Astray, “Long Live Death!”

• Colonel José Moscado, “The Alcazar”

• Film, “To Die in Madrid,” to be shown at beginning of class

• “The Southworth Collection of Posters” online at

Robert Capa, Heart of Spain: Robert Capa’s Photographs

John Tisa, ed., The Palette and the Flame: Posters of the Spanish Civil War

Raymond Carr, ed., The Spanish Civil War in Pictures

Abel Paz, The Spanish Civil War

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October 17: Europeans and Americans

The seminar will divide into four groups for this meeting, with subjects and readings as indicated below. Each group will select from among these readings, but it may look for other studies to be found in Olin Library.

Great Britain and France:

Documents:

Speech by Léon Blum, Luna Park, 1936

Léon Blum, excerpts from “To Be A Socialist” and “For all Mankind”

“The American Ambassador in France on the reasons why the Blum government refuses to supply arms to the Spanish Republic, 27 July 1936"

“Sir George Clerk warns Yvon Delbos of the dangers of French intervention in the Spanish Civil War"

British diplomatic documents [Packet]

• G. Clerk to the Foreign Office, 8/7/36

• G. Clerk to the Foreign Office, 8/8/36

• G. Clerk to the Foreign Office, 8/11/36

• Thomas to Cadogan, 8/11/36

• Minute by Sargent, 8/12/36

• Eden to G. Clerk, 8/24/36

German diplomatic documents [Packet]

• Welczeck to the Foreign Ministry, 8/6/36

• Welczeck to the Foreign Ministry, 8/10/36

• Welczeck to the Foreign Ministry, 8/21/36

• Forster to the Foreign Ministry, 12/11/36

• Welczeck to the Foreign Ministry, 12/24/36

Tom Buchanan, Britain and the Spanish Civil War

Jill Edwards, The British Government and the Spanish Civil War

W. Laird Kleine-Ahlbrandt, The Policy of Simmering

Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History

• “British parliamentary debates on Spain” (1937)

David W. Pike, Conjecture, Propaganda, and Deceit

Nathanael Greene, Crisis and Decline, Ch 2

Joel Colton, Léon Blum, Humanist in Politics, Chs VII and VIII

Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France, Ch 7

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United States:

Harry Fisher, Comrades

F. Jay Taylor, The United States and the Spanish Civil War

Allen Guttmann, The Wound in the Heart

Richard P. Traina, American Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War

Douglas Little, Malevolent Neutrality

Alun Kenwood, The Spanish Civil War: A Cultural and Historical

Reader, pages 265-287

Germany and Italy:

Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History

• “Germany and the Spanish Civil War” (1936-1937)

Robert Whealey, Hitler and Spain

Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-1945: Nemesis

John F. Coverdale, Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War

Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini

R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini

Soviet Union:

David Cattell, Soviet Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War

Robert Tucker, Stalin

Ronald Radosh, ed., Spain Betrayed, Chapters II and III

Stanley G Payne, The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism

Note: For Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and France, you will find it useful to look through the published diplomatic documents pertaining to the

Spanish Civil War, e.g., Documents on German Foreign Policy: The Spanish Civil War.

October 31. Participants and Witnesses

The seminar will again divide into four groups for this meeting, with subjects and readings as indicated below. Each group may select from among these readings, but it may look for other studies to be found in Olin Library.

A View from the Right

Luis Bolin, Spain: The Vital Years

Harold Cardozo, The March of a Nation

E. Allison Peers, Spain in Eclipse

Georges Bernanos, A Diary of My Times

Jose Maria Gironella, The Cypresses Believe in God

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A View from the Left

Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel, Part III, “The Clash”, pages 613-751

Arthur Koestler, Spanish Testament

Felix Morrow, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Spain

Julio Alvarez del Vayo, Freedom’s Battle

Hank Rubin, Spain’s Cause Was Mine: A Memoir of an American Medic

Harry Fisher, Comrades

Upton Sinclair, No pasaran! They Shall Not Pass!

Dolores Ibarruri, They Shall Not Pass

Arthur H. Landis, Death in the Olive Groves: American Volunteers

Dutchess of Atholl, Searchlight on Spain

Leon Trotsky, The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939

Observers and Reporters

Franz Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit

Robert Colodny, The Struggle for Madrid

William Foss and Cecil Gerahty, The Spanish Arena

Alvah Bessie, Men in Battle

Ralph Bates, Of Legendary Time

Peter Stansky, Journey to the Frontier

Journalists’ accounts, e.g., The New York Times, articles by Herbert Matthews

Writers and Activists

André Malraux, Man’s Hope

Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls

Claude Bowers, My Mission to Spain [United States Ambassador]

Elliot Paul, The Life and Death of a Spanish Town

Constancia de la Mora, In Place of Splendour

Herbert Matthews, Two Wars and More to Come

Herbert Matthews, The Yoke and the Arrows

Valentine Cunningham, Spanish Front: Writers on the Civil War

Ruiz Vilaplana, Burgos Justice: A Year’s Experience in Nationalist Spain

Murray Sperber, And I Remember Spain: A Spanish Civil War Anthology

Anna Louise Strong, Spain in Arms

Arnold Lunn, Spanish Rehearsal

S. Mangini, Memories of Resistance: Women’s Voices from the Spanish Civil War

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November 7. Interpretations: Historians and Biographers

The seminar will again divide into four groups for this meeting, with subjects and readings as indicated below. Each group may select from among these readings, but it may look for other studies to be found in Olin Library.

Histories:

Frank Jellinek, The Civil War in Spain

Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War

Gabriel Jackson, The Republic and Civil War in Spain

Paul Preston, The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge

Stanley Payne, The Spanish Revolution

Stanley Payne, Spain’s First Democracy

Pierre Broué and Emile Témime, The Revolution and Civil War in Spain

Patricia van der Esch, Prelude to War

Dante Puzzo, Spain and the Great Powers, 1936-1941

Raymond Carr, The Spanish Tragedy: The Civil War in Perspective

Paul Preston, ed., Revolution and War in Spain, 1931-1939

Ronald Fraser, Blood of Spain: An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War

George R. Esenwein, The Spanish Civil War in Context, 1931-1939

Sheelagh Ellwood, The Spanish Civil War

José Sanchez, The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy

Peter Wyden, The Passionate War: A Narrative History

Harry Browne, Spain’s Civil War

Richard Robinson, The Origins of Franco’s Spain, 1931-1936

Wayne H. Bowen, Spaniards and Nazi Germany

Burnett Balloten, The Spanish Civil War

Raymond Carr, The Civil War in Spain

General Franco and the Nationalists:

George Hills, Franco: The Man and His Nation

Paul Preston, Franco

J. W. D. Trythall, Franco

Juan Fusi, Franco: A Biography

Herbert R. Southworth, The Myth of the Franco Crusade

Spain, Ministerio Fiscal, The General Cause: The Red Domination of Spain

Luis Bolin, Spain: The Vital Years

Robert Brasillach, Histoire de la guerre d’Espagne

Gregorio Marañón, The Liberal in the Looking Glass

Herbert R. Southworth, Conspiracy and the Spanish Civil War: The Brainwashing of Francisco Franco

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Socialism, Communism, and Anarchism

Helen Graham, Socialism and War

Helen Graham and martin Alexander, eds., The French and Spanish Popular Fronts

Paul Heywood, Marxism and the Failure of Organized Socialism in Spain

E. H. Carr, The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War

David Cattell, Communism and the Spanish Civil War

Burnett Bolloten, The Grand Camouflage: The Spanish Civil War and Revolution, 1936-1939

José Peirats, Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War

Robert Alexander, The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War

Robert Kern, Red Years, Black Years: Spanish Anarchism, 1911-1937

Sam Dolgoff, The Anarchist Collectives

Martha Ackelsberg, Free Women of Spain

Michael Seidman, Workers Against Work

International

Gerald Howson, Arms for Spain: the Untold Story of the Spanish Civil War Michael W. Jackson, Fallen Sparrows: The International Brigades

Stanley Weintraub, The Last Great Cause: Intellectuals and the Spanish Civil War

Shirley Mangini González, Memories of Resistance: Women’s Voices from the Spanish Civil War

Vincent Brome, The International Brigades

Verle B. Johnston, Legions of Babel: The International Brigades

__________________________________________________________________________

November 14: No Class. research and preparation of papers.

November 21: Presentations and Discussions of Papers.

November 29: Presentations and Discussions of Papers.

December 5: Presentations and Discussions of Papers.

_______________________________________________________________

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Some topics, meant as examples and suggestions only:

a) International:

The Abraham Lincoln Brigade

French Diplomacy and the Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War

The Origins of Non-Intervention in the Spanish Civil War

Ireland and the Spanish Civil War

British Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War

The United States and the Spanish Civil War

Soviet Motives and Actions in the Spanish Civil War

The French Left (or Right) and the Spanish Civil War

The International Brigades

The Non-Intervention Committee

Comparison of the French and Spanish Popular Fronts

Study a major European or American leader’s response to the Spanish Civil War, e.g., Léon Blum, Anthony Eden, Neville Chamberlain, Franklin Roosevelt

[British, German, and French diplomatic documents are published and may be consulted easily.]

b) Compare Accounts by contemporaries, selecting from the list for the class of March 29.

c) Study the role of a prominent figure, institution, or political party:

Indalecio Prieto and Spanish Socialism

Francisco Largo Caballero and Spanish Socialism

Manuel Azaña, President of the Republic

José Maria Gil Robles and the CEDA

Alexandro Lerroux and the Radical Party

Juan Negrín, the Republic’s last Prime Minister.

Buenaventura Durruti, celebrated Anarchist leader

Franco’s other insurgent generals – Mola, Sanjuro, and Queipo de Llano

The Carlists and/or the Falange during the Civil War

Anarchism in Barcelona, 1936-1937

The sudden rise of the Communist Party

Actions of key figures in the Roman Catholic Church in Spain and the Vatican

Socialist Unions [UGT] and/or Anarchist Unions [CNT]

The POUM [Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification]

d) Analyze the military role and contributions of Germany, Italy, or the Soviet Union.

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e) Examine the ways in which the American or European press reported the war. The New York Times would be one example, but Olin has runs of major weeklies and monthlies as well.

f) Examine the importance of Catalonia and/or the Basque country in the origins and conduct of the war.

g) Undertake a review of major historical studies of the Civil War, beginning with the year 1961.

h) Study representations of the Civil War in literature, in Spain or elsewhere, beginning with the 1930’s, or simply limit your study to a specific period of time.

i) If you wish to go beyond the war, many subjects suggest themselves, e.g, representations of Spain in the press at key moments in the 1940’s and 1950’s, or ways in which Franco used memory of the war to assist in his retention of power.

Paper topics selected by students in previous versions of this seminar:

Women in the Spanish Civil War

Moroccans in the Spanish Civil War

Fascist Women’s Perspectives and Motivations

Guerilla Groups in the Spanish Republic

Propaganda and Recruitment Posters

Propaganda

Reactions to the Abraham Lincoln Brigade

The Barcelona Uprising of 1937

Carlists

The Anarchist Collectives

Anarchist Collectives and “Workers Against Work”

The Condor Legion and Nazi Involvement in Spain

International Fascist Brigades

Resistance in the Nationalist Zone

Basque and Catalan Involvement in the Spanish Civil War

Léon Blum and the Spanish Civil War

Buenaventura Durruti

The American Press and the Spanish Civil War

Manual Azaña and the Spanish Civil War

Spanish Fascism

Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War

The Soviet Influence in Spain

The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War

Ireland and the Spanish Civil War

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The Army of Africa

American Policy and the Spanish Civil War

Literary Perspectives on the Spanish Civil War

The Abraham Lincoln Brigade

The International Brigades

Photographs of the Spanish Civil War

Peasant Resistance in the Spanish Civil War

W. H. Auden and the Spanish Civil War

Socialist Discord: Prieto vs. Largo Caballero

|The NY Times and the Spanish Civil War |

|Republic and Church |

|International Brigades |

|Franco's Military |

|Britain and the Spanish Civil War |

|Unamuno and Lorca |

|The USSR and the Spanish Civil War |

|Propaganda in the Spanish Civil War |

|Intellectuals at War |

|Barcelona in 1936-7 |

|Representations of Guernika |

|The US and the Spanish Civil War |

|Jews and the Spanish Civil War |

|Franco and Hitler, 1940 |

|International Brigades |

|Anarchist Women |

|Catalan Independence |

|Portugal and the Spanish Civil War |

|Fanelli and Anarchism |

|Historiographical Perspectives on the Left |

|Irish Volunteer Brigades |

|Anarchist Propaganda |

|Britain and Non-Intervention in the Civil War |

|Study of a town: Baena in the Civil War |

|Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera |

|US Press Coverage of the War |

|Franco's European Foreign Policy, 1936-1945 |

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|Anarchism in Catalonia, 1936-1939 |

|Ireland's Involvement in the Spanish Civil War |

|Death of Federico Garcia Lorca |

|Intellectuals in the Spanish Civil War |

|Durruti |

|Songs of the Spanish Civil War |

|Spanish Communists and the Civil War |

|Beatifications of Spanish Clergy |

|May Days in Barcelona |

|USSR in Spain |

|Basque Separatist Movement |

|Republican Refugees in France |

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|Mexico and the Spanish Civil War |

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|May Days in Barcelona, 1937 |

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|The United States and the Spanish Civil War |

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|Journalism and Censorship |

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|Modernism and Modernity in Spain |

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|Political Theater and the Spanish Civil War |

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|Franco's Rhetoric, 1936-1939 |

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|The Impact of the Spanish Civil War in the USSR |

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|The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War |

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|Writers and the Spanish Civil War |

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|Franco's Relationship with Monarchists |

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|Stalin and the Spanish Civil War |

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|Narratives of Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War |

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|Discourse of Empire: Primo de Rivera, Falange |

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|Visual Representations of the War |

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|Children and the Spanish Civil War |

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|The Abraham Lincoln Brigade |

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|Dorlores Ibarruri |

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|The Comintern and the PCE |

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