Library of Congress Classes JZ and KZ:



Library of Congress Classes JZ and KZ:

Historical Notes and Introduction to Application

Jolande E. Goldberg

Library of Congress

Washington, DC 20540

Outline

A. Introduction

B. Obituary for a revoked class

1. Class JX and others: How close are the relations?

1.2. The project laid out. Succession

C. Some historical notes. Settlement of the inheritance

1. LC collections and organization to the end of the 19th century

1.2 Expanding collections and organization. The LCC

2. First classes of the LCC

3. Last class of the LCC: Class K for the Law (1949 to present)

3.1 Policies and principles restated in summary

3.2 Jurisdictions. Regions and regional organization. The IGOs

3.3 Arriving at the Matrix: Perimeters of Class K. Adjustments. Revisions

D. The JZ-KZ mandate

1. Recasting JX

1.2 Comparative law - comparative classification. Enabling techniques

2. Sources of history and the source of international law

3. Treaties and other international agreements. Conventions

3.1 Distribution of treaties in Class KZ

3.2 Sources by region or country: Treaties. Cases and claims

3.3 Documents of intergovernmental organizations (IGO)

3.4 The United Nation system: Dialogue between JZ and KZ after Dumbarton Oaks

4. Global security. Promotion of peace and the law of peace enforcement

4.1 Diplomacy and arbitration. The courts in pacific settlement and for international

crimes

4.2 Enforced settlement. Enforcement techniques. Law of armed conflict

4.3 International criminal Law. The International Criminal Court (ICC) and

procedure

E. The international commons. Political Science breaks the ground

1. International legal regimes. Institutes for conflict resolution

1.2 Class KZA: Law of the Sea. Regime of the oceans

1.3 Class KZD: Space law. Law of outer space, the Moon, and other celestial bodies

1.4 KWX: The Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctic legal regime

F. Form division tables

G. The future

A. Introduction

The classification schedule KZ-KZD (Law of Nations), implemented in draft form at the Library of Congress (LC) on May 1, 1997 (Law Day), contains the subclasses for comparative/theoretical public Law of nations (KZ), Law of the sea (KZA), and Space law (KZD). This schedule, at that time a cause célèbre, was the 10th in the series of classifications under the letters K-KZ, created for the various law systems in the largest law collection on the continent, narrowing the gap in the encyclopedic Library of Congress Classification (LCC). Simultaneously, Class JZ: International Relations, the last subclass of Class J for Political Science, was redeveloped and implemented.

Both JZ and KZ-KZD together replace the old and now obsolete Class JX: International Law, with its subdivisions International Relations, Diplomatic History and Diplomacy.

During the trial period for application at LC of the JZ and KZ schedules on current materials covering the subjects of international law and relations, a limited though selective reclassification project covering a broad spectrum of topics was executed at LC by the Law Team and the Rare Book Cataloging Team. Simultaneously, the two draft schedules were released to a small group of research libraries preparing for reclassification of their complete JX holdings. In return, LC elicited educated input from those libraries during their application of the schedules, mainly because, in the economic climate at LC, a full reclassification of the large JX collections was – up to this date - not feasible. Such outside input has contributed - and continues to contribute- to the numerous substantive revisions that have since been executed in both schedules, KZ-KZD and JZ. [1]

Other revisions and expansions were necessary due to external events, such as the erection of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and general adoption of International Criminal Law as a distinct sub-system of International law proper.

The following discussion is intended to provide insight into the development process, governing policies, and underlying structure to aid the user of the Library of Congress Classification in applying these most recent schedules, JZ-KZ.

B. Obituary for a revoked class

B.1 Class JX and others. How close are the relations?

Class JX, published in 1910, was a hybrid construct of end-19th century comprehension of international law and international relations. Expressed in the contemporary Subject Heading International law and relations, it provided mostly for large source collections, slipping in and out of political and diplomatic history. Gradually in the course of expansion after 1910, it included some coverage of prominent international events, such as the two World Wars followed in their aftermath by two international organizations: the League of Nations and the United Nations.

Since about 1960, without structure and provisions for classification of materials generated by rapid changes in the global order, the class has been only marginally serviceable. Still, on advice of the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL), and through a resolution to the LC Processing Department in 1970, the revision was postponed until a classification scheme for all countries of the world was completed. In 1991, the third and last comprehensive regional classification schedule KL-KWX (Law of Asia, Africa, Pacific Areas, and Antarctica) marked the completion of the classification of domestic law for all jurisdictions, opening the way for the JX project.

An extensive shelf review and an analytical outline of the collections laid the groundwork for a planned separation and redistribution of all legal, historical, and political materials residing in the large JX collection. The findings were compared to several alternative proposals dating back to about 1970.

B.1.2 The Project laid out. Succession

In 1991, two alternatives that seemed to have been favored originally were used for proposals to the Cataloging Directorate and to the Law Advisory Committee on Library of Congress Foreign Law Classification:[2]

(1) JX revision proposal #1 would not attempt to separate materials, but rather bring the schedule up to current standards of the discipline. This proposal recognized that - at the time, when schedule JX was created - International relations was conceived as a subordinate set of international law.

In the past, this alternative was preferred by LC’s Processing Department, since it seemed to be a less painful operation concerning the Library’s own custodial problems associated with it.

(2) JX revision proposal #2 would (a) remove all law materials from Class JX for construction of the new law subclass KZ (Law of Nations); (b) restructure the remaining Class JX for the subjects of International Relations; and (c), distribute all materials not belonging in this class between the appropriate subclasses J-JV and other classes, such as the History classes D-E-F.

In order to avoid confusion between class numbers based on the old JX schedule with those based on the restructured JX schedule, the class letter combination JZ was adopted.

Proposal #2 was approved by the proper authority at LC and supported by the Law Advisory Committee.

Alongside this new development, schedule J: Political Sciences was to be revised.

However, the prospect of eliminating class JX, so intimately interlocked with several other classes, focused attention and critique again on the proposed solutions. Concerns were expressed once more about classification of LC collections for history, political science and law, and custodial jurisdictions over these collections. LC’s Political Science reference specialists prepared a Class J collection conspectus for LC’s Collection Policy Office, voicing concerns about “a prevailing lack” of appreciation for International Relations as a distinct sub-discipline of Political Science.

At this point, LC’s Political Science reference specialists were assigned to participate in all technical operations associated with “dismantling” the JX class and in development of the two new classes, the twin-set JZ-KZ. They were joined by a committee of LC government document specialists that began a systematic review of document collections relating to international organizations. This review of collections resulted in the policy decision shown in Figure 1. (Figure 1)

It was intended, firstly, to establish the relations between the two oldest groups of Classes, D-E-F (History) and J (Political Science), and the newer Class K (Law), by now the largest in the LCC system; and, secondly, to set the delimiters for the collections governed by these schedules The first major task was another in-depth shelflist and collection review, now broadened to include the history Classes D-E-F.

The hidden, real issue slowly evolved. To be tested were the century-old collection policies and long-standing, uncontested cataloging practices. By 1992, the inter-departmental efforts for reconciliation of the issues in-house, as well as discussions outside LC were resumed.

C. Some historical notes. Settlement of the inheritance

C1. LC collections and organization to the end of the 19th century

The development of the Library of Congress Classification began in 1898, at the end of LC’s initial collection building phase spanning nearly a century. That first century[3] was defined by the struggle for colonial independence on the one end, and on the other end by the westward expansion over Indian territories, boundary settlements, territorial solidification in the Northwest and to the South, and the Civil War. Each step to nationhood was recorded and interpreted by the historians, who were tasked, firstly, to create the nations common heritage, a common national history subordinating the role of the individual colony or state to that of the nation, and, secondly, to create a common national bond guided by the desire to see the new United States acquire American character. With the mid-1800s, a steadily rising number of local historical societies appeared in the United States, including those in the new frontier territories, which provided the historiographer with collections of personal papers, accounts of lawyers, business men, pioneer settlers, colonial offices, etc., and treatises on American institutions.

All this still echoed in LC’s mission statement proclaimed in 1898 by Librarian John Russell Young: “...[to collect] whatever illustrates American History...varied forms of American Growth,...Commonwealth, Building, Jurisprudence, Peace and War..." This was adopted in concept by his successor Herbert Putnam.

Various accounts such as annual reports, memoranda, and laws shed light on the focus of LC’s initial collections: government documents, treaties, laws, and legislative journals, official/diplomatic correspondence - all sources of history. Thus, from 1808 on, collecting concentrated mostly on laws and Congressional papers; in 1815, Jefferson‘s collection was acquired; in 1817, LC received its first copyright deposits; in 1837, the Joint Library Committee supported international exchange of public documents. Critics of the collections pointed out the narrow scope. And in 1836, the Secretary of War (in an address to the American Historical Society) advocated expansion of LC collections to all subjects of human learning “...to elevate it to an equality with those great repositories of knowledge which are among the proudest ornaments of modern Europe.”

With acquisition of Thomas Jefferson’s collection in 1815, his classification scheme was introduced at the Library of Congress. Jefferson’s classification was still in use in 1861, when a new general catalogue was issued for the collection, then totaling 79,214 volumes. Although the classification was steadily expanded to accommodate the fast growing collections, its division of knowledge into the three principal classes, history, philosophy, and fine arts (poesy), was preserved until implementation of the new LC Classification, the LCC.

C1.2 Expanding collections and organization. The LCC

The second period of LC’s collection development saw major changes in treatment of the subject History. In the United States, writing of history changed to critical/historical exploration. In particular after the Civil War writers established the national past as the basis for the reunion (which in turn became the justification for the Civil War). From Germany, the scientific (seminar) method of study and writing of history was brought back to the U.S. around 1884 by scholars trained in German seminars, where government and international law formed part of the history curriculum. This so-called, ‘new historical movement’ perceived history as a study and record of social evolution.

The best of these scholars, viewing themselves as political scientists, would establish departments for history and political science at American universities. The border between the two disciplines began to blur.

The expansion of the LC collections in this period was based on Congressional requests for deposit of all documents by the States’ governors (1866), the formalized exchange of foreign government documents (1867-1875), establishment of major collections (to 1890) either by Congressional appropriation or by bequest and gift, among them the Lincolniana and Rochambeau collections, and purchase in Europe of document collections relating to the Treaty of Paris (of 1783).

These accounts should be seen against the general politico/cultural background of the second half of the 19th century, the citizens’ century: Humboldt's declaration of “Freedom of Study and Teaching” in Germany, underpinned by major achievements in the arts and sciences, and archeological endeavors of the German and the English in the Middle East, deepening the interest in antique/Hellenic studies and Roman law. A critical factor was the new industrial wealth - paired with the German Bildungsideal - which were to lay the foundation for public collections, mostly libraries and museums, as well as botanical and zoological gardens, open to all citizens. This was the time when America's industrial upper class had their agents buying and acquisitioning in Europe: the DuPonts, Frick, Vanderbilt, Morgan, and the Pittsburghers, competing with the Continent. So, too, did LC. And in 1892, the President approved a Congressional resolution to finally open the Library of Congress to the public.

Herbert Putnam, appointed Librarian of Congress in 1898, focused on the development of the collections, now up to the one million mark, and on a new classification system.

C2. First classes of the LCC

The sequence of classification development was predetermined by both the politico/intellectual climate and the size of the collections that had been building. Because of its importance for the planned massive reclassification, Class Z (Bibliography and Library Science, 1898) was the first class to be designed. However, first to be published (1901) were the classes for the most extensive collections, history classes E-F (America: History and Geography), followed by the draft of Class D (Universal and Old World History). The political science classes J-JX, in company of Naval and Military science (V and U), were published in 1910.

This shows clearly two things: first, Putnam’s vision of LC as “a bureau of information for Americana...,” which aligns with the philosophy (American orientation) of his predecessor, and, second, the prevailing philosophical comprehension of the times in which history is treated as an all-inclusive field in subject matters, because historical studies have, in fact, provided answers to contemporary needs, closely tracking political, social, and economic developments.

Classes E-F, and D included:

* boundary questions and treaties, both relating to the narrower subject of a State’s territory and sovereignty;

* the recorded manifestations of U.S. westward expansion and territorial dominance over the Indian territories;

* geography;

* works on war and peace and the peace treaties as well; and

* the whole regional development leading eventually to the formation of the Organization of American States (OAS), a subject belonging by definition to International law.

Class D had absorbed eminent historic-legal sources belonging to Germanic and ancient law, as well as prominent Roman jurists. Legal history, on the other hand, was never recognized as a branch of legal studies but formed part of general history.

Class J-JX (Political Science) followed in 1910 and included:

* official gazettes (a primary source of the law);

* legislative papers; and

* texts of constitutions of the world together with constitutional history (see Figure 2). (Figure 2)

In accord with the philosophy of the time, international law was wrought together with international relations, instructing the cataloger, in case of doubt, to prefer Classes D-F. Class K was never developed, although it was designated as the class for law in the final outline of the LCC. Instead, many of the LC classes completed by 1948, had absorbed legal materials that one would have expected to serve as the basis for Class K. Law was considered an aggregate, or aspects rather, of other disciplines and not a discipline in itself; law had become a form of other Classes, in particular of Class H (Social science) and Class J (Political science). Class H included criminology and forensic techniques of investigation (in most systems part of criminal law and procedure).

C3. Last class of the LCC: Class K for the law (1949 to present)

Under Librarian Luther H. Evans, collection and selection policies focused on post World War II Europe. His “Mission in Europe,” which aimed at obtaining multiple copies of European publications for the war period for distribution to American libraries and research institutions, accounted for an unprecedented expansion of LC’s collection due to the massive inflow of foreign, predominantly legal materials between 1945 and 1949. Of special importance were German laws and all related materials for the study of Germany's past role in the European theater, now the Territory under Allied Occupation. This would finally lead to development of the last component class of the LCC, Class K (Law).

C3.1 Policies and principles restated in summary

In 1949, during the Annual Convention of the American Association of Law Libraries, the guiding principles for classification of law were worked out. These principles were later published as the Interim Report of June 10, accompanied by an outline of the entire Class, which has remained the governing document for the development of Class K. The report defined for the first time the types and categories of what constitutes law materials and has since set the demarcation lines between Class K and other classes. These categories are:

* all legal sources, historic and contemporary;

* legal treatises, i.e., works dealing with subjects in terms of legal principles involved; and

* materials that should be grouped together with law materials because of their relevance to the practice and the legal profession.

Only the first two categories are of concern here.

Opinions on design issues were greatly divided. The development of the first class, Class KF (Law of the United States), eventually published in 1968, was caught up in point-counterpoint arguments for 20 years, both outside and inside LC. As a result, development patterns changed due to a major change of the original classification policy. The planned creation of a duplicate law shelflist, consisting of bibliographic records extracted from Classes A-Z for the older materials buried in such classes, and combining them with more recent records already designated as LAW, was abandoned. Consequently, the physical separation of law materials from existing collections never materialized either. For the first time in LC’s classification history, reclassification was ruled out up-front.

C3.2 Jurisdictions. Regions and regional organization. The IGOs

The hierarchical structure (order) of Class K is governed primarily by the regionality and jurisdictionality principles:

A jurisdiction is a political geographic subdivision (country) that

* is issuing law, or

* is governed by law.

A region is a geographic area in which historic, religious and ethnic underlying patterns, as well as socio-economic conditions are commonly shared, as reflected in laws in the area; and where cultural, scientific, and economic interests have led to regional integration and organization.

The regional principle was adopted during the work on the schedules for the Law of Latin America (KDZ, KG-KH), simultaneously developed with the Law of Europe (KJ-KKZ), and has since been applied to all other regions of the world (Asia, Africa, and Pacifica; KL-KWW). The schemes or symmetric, uniform tables (shown in Figure 3) are the result of comparative legal analysis of such patterns, concepts or conditions identified as being common to the largest number of jurisdictions in a region. (Figure 3)

At the same time regional intergovernmental organizations were added to the scheme of subjects. The design patterns were refined to accommodate these organizations, using techniques of abstracting and approximation. Such techniques had allowed for analogous application of patterns otherwise only associated with federally organized jurisdictions, and for their placement in the same frame of hierarchical subject order common to all jurisdictions.

The first schedule created in this fashion was for the European Economic Community (KJE), followed by a full development for the Antarctic Treaty System (KWX) (see Figure 4). Patterns were further refined for other organizations such as the OAS, ASEAN, and, most recently, for global organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations. Most of the materials about these organizations until recently had not been classed at all or had received only marginal treatment due to the lack of prescribed classification. (Figure 4)

C3.3 Arriving at the Matrix: Perimeters of Class K. Adjustments. Revisions

Implementation of the vast Class K in sections over the past 50 years proved that classification is the conceptual structure and complex policy framework for development and maintenance of large collections. In law classification, traditionally part of social sciences, policies have set demarcations to its neighboring Classes H (Social Science) and, in particular, to Class J (Political Science) (see Figure 5). (Figure 5)

Within Class K, principles or policies have delimited the provinces of its subclasses. The structure consists of a hierarchy. The main class (first caption in the hierarchy) is represented by the single letter K for comparative and uniform law, private international law (universal, i.e., inter-regional or supra-regional in scope or application), and global intergovernmental organizations as far as they do not belong to Class KZ.

Opposite K, on the same level of the hierarchy, Class KZ is the comparative and uniform public international law, universal in scope and application as well, including the global intergovernmental organizations belonging in the realm of public international law.

One step down in the hierarchy of K are the classes for regional law (including regional comparative law, uniform law and treaty law, the law of regional organizations, and the uniform tables for jurisdictions in the region). The regional class is further broken down into subclasses with two or three letters, representing jurisdictions within, for example:

K: Law [Main Class]

KQ: Law of Africa [Subclass Region Africa]

KQG: Law of Algeria [Subclass Jurisdiction in Africa]

1-9999 [General to specific topics, expressed by integral numbers]

Class KZ forms its own small hierarchy for the subclasses covering the international commons, Class KZA (Law of the Sea), and Class KZD (Space Law. Law of Outer Space), as shown in Figure 6. (Figure 6)

However, classification is not static. It is an ongoing process, adjusting itself to major changes as new knowledge fields emerge or established ones mature. Such occurrences were handled in the past not only by revision of the scope of a class, or by numeric expansion of a particular class, but also by major shifts of whole subclasses, or of subject clusters from one subclass to another (technically expressed by bracketing of blocks of obsolete numbers in a particular area or schedule and referencing the re-developments in the preferred class or section of the same class).

Although such operations were always communicated to outside the Library through various established channels or media, concerns voiced by the outside regarding stability of the subject arrangements within a class prompted LC officials to caution adopting libraries that those aspects of the LCC (its development, revisions and application) have to be fully understood. In the wake of recent massive reclassification efforts by law libraries adopting LCC Law (Class K), and LC’s own efforts to bring the older schedules up to current knowledge compliance, existing classificatory strategies were evaluated. During this process, models were created for common divisions (form, geographic, or period) and concept/subject divisions, based on experience gained by recent developments of K Classes. In particular, old, commonly underlying patterns were identified and harmonized with new patterns in order to achieve pattern conformity; hierarchies were realigned in related schedules or groups of schedules during revision; and form division tables were standardized, incorporated into the text of the schedules, or eliminated, etc. However, most of these operations did not generally affect the number structures of older existing collections.

D. The JZ-KZ mandate

D1. Recasting JX

More complex were the projected operations for restructuring of the conceptual frame of Class JX, fixed in pre-World War I time and not kept in compliance with current scientific standards. Some collection policies were in need of revision as well as those cataloging practices that were rooted in the ideological perception of history dating back to 1901, and which henceforth had led to classification of major international developments in History Classes D-E-F. Similarly, the collection decisions, made during development of the regional subclasses with regard to large source collections, e.g., decisions for treaties, had to be investigated once more to clarify patterns of source distribution between JX and the regional subclasses (KDZ, KG-KH; KJ-KKZ and KL-KWX).

It was then recognized how fragile systematically arranged collections really are, when they are either based on historic perceptions, dated development of a discipline, or on self-prescribed missions of an institution. Therefore, different classificatory techniques were explored for (1) careful recovery of materials from other classes, such as K and D-E-F, to which JX had referred such materials and (2) distribution of original JX materials between JZ-KZ (see Figure 7). (Figure 7)

D1.2 Comparative law - Comparative classification. Enabling techniques

The initial sorting of some 70,000 JX titles (reproduced in duplicate from the shelflist) revealed an almost equal division of the collections into categories for international relations and international law.

This meant that the design somehow had to correlate the two new schedules as closely as possible, and that it should provide for parallel or approximate patterning, or possibly for complete parallel arrangements of subjects in both classes. Thus, cross-class topic-relations were studied and, in reverse, converted into cross-class design, which allows for:

(1) comparative classification between two classes (K and KZ), or intra-class subject fields/subdivisions of related classes; and

(2) blocks of information to be navigated from one class into the hierarchies of another class, as shown in Figures 8 and 9,

* in pre-coordinated (matching) numerical order, and

* under harmonized terminology if topics are rooted in, or related to, the same concepts. (Figures 8, 9)

To accomplish this goal, the hierarchies for subjects in the two new classes had to be carefully planned since they provide the order of concepts or textual elaborations of an entire discipline and its subjects, descending from the most general and broadest to the most specific and refined term or definition, expressing their relationship to each other by indention.

Other features present in the LCC, or techniques already used earlier in the development of Class K, were utilized or modified in application for JZ-KZ, especially the comparative working techniques borrowed from legal scientists, such as analytical exegesis, harmonization, and analogous interpretation:

(1) symmetric developments, parallelisms, as shown in Figure 10; and

(2) the reference structure (see- references, see- also references). (Figure 10)

Information about secondary relationships of a concept to others, especially to those in parallel hierarchies in the same class, was used to inter-relate concepts and subjects in the twin-classes JZ-KZ under the same number when used in both classes; if one class is the preferred class, the number in the referencing class is in parentheses. Extensive referencing from the systematic position of fact, event, or topic to the actual class is long-standing practice and has been freely used in development of the international law/international relations complex in order to accommodate new doctrines and scientific developments effecting rearrangement or distribution of materials between several older classes. When an older class was included in the parallel design, revisions adjusting hierarchy, terminology, etc. had to be carried out simultaneously.

The design for subject arrangement and number structure of the twin classes will allow for discretionary placement of works in either class depending on an individual library's emphasis or collection policy. The same functionality (cross-class information integration) has been envisioned by research libraries for customizing their collections for document sets of intergovernmental organizations (see Figure 11).

(Figure 11)

A permanent classification data merger, though, would impact the physical collection. One could apply duplicate call numbers on the bibliographic records, adding the new one as the systematic class for topic or concept and retaining the original one for the shelf location, if relabeling and moving the old and large collection is undesirable or not feasible.

To aid libraries in JX reclassification projects to the new classes JZ and KZ, or assist librarians who continue to apply the JX schedule with a finding aid, the obsolete schedule JX has been referenced to relate materials by section or caption to the new twin schedules.

D2. Sources of history and the source of international law

In the course of reshaping the source collections of JX, the fontes juris gentium, the issues of realignment of certain older collections with law collections had to be addressed, in particular those source collections in Classes D-E-F (History) which are caught in conflict with policies for certain legal materials in the more recent law classification. This is a phenomenon associated with law classification all along, and sources of international law are no exception. They have shared the fate with many other manifestations of law and legal development because of the lingering duality in the character and definition of the term “source”, one part always fixed in time.

Nevertheless, sources of universal (inter-, supra-, trans-regional) and regional (supra-national, trans-national) law, are of premier importance for serviceability of any collection governed by the regional, as well as those governed by the two universal law classification schedules K (Comparative and uniform law) and KZ (Law of nations); they are recognized in descending order of authority as follows:

* Treaties and other international agreements. Conventions (= primary legislation);

* Decisions and regulations issued by global or regional organizations (= secondary legislation); and

* International arbitral awards by international tribunals and arbitral awards and decisions by the established international courts (universal and regional), now including the International Criminal Court (ICC).

Further, as specified in the universal and regional law schedules:

* Official documents generated by IGOs; and

* Proceedings generated by intergovernmental congresses and conferences as specified in the schedules (including standing and ad-hoc congresses of heads of state).

There are, of course, other sources of the international law such as customary law and principés généraux, which belong, though recognized, in classificatory terms to the works on theory and doctrine of public international law (KZ1277+).

Comprehensive authoritative-theoretical works, by established publicists furthering the science of the law of nations, are presented in an extensive list KZ2064-3410, with reserved additional range of numbers to KZ3469. This list is based on the original JX2070-3695 arrangement, but greatly expanded in recognition of LC holdings. Although brought up to current authority standards, the list has been carefully edited to preserve as far as possible original class numbers.

Guidelines for the distribution of legal materials, which have been formulated since 1970 and implemented along with classification schedules, need to be strictly observed, in particular for treaties (universal or regional), materials relating to IGOs, intergovernmental conferences, cases and claims before international tribunals, and decisions of international courts. Many of these are reflected in captions of the schedules (indirect) or contained in scope notes or instructions.

D3. Treaties and other international agreements. Conventions

An AALL resolution of 1970, directed at LC’s Processing Department, lists explicitly all the sources to be included in the classes for international comparative/uniform and international public law:

"International Legislation. In this section of subclass K are classed texts of, and treatises on, the legal aspects of multilateral international agreements on any subject matter included in subclass K...or any other of the subclasses (e.g., international copyright conventions; postal conventions; international labor law, etc.). International conventions concerning political relations among sovereign nations (e.g., international organizations and organizations of universal or regional political character, international arbitration, jurisdiction over waters and outer space, and... the international law governing war and peace) are classed in JX. Works on the international legal aspects of regional federations of limited sovereign jurisdiction and with power to issue binding legislation or decrees (e.g., the EC) are classed as separate jurisdictions in Class K..."

These recommendations were adopted by the Processing Department over time as the development of Class K continued.

At implementation of Subclass K (Law General) in 1977, the preface of the schedule stated that treaties and international conventions concerning political relations, international arbitration, the seas, outer space and war and peace would be classed in JX.

In 1982, the policy concerning treaty arrangements addressed for the first time distribution of treaties to regions in the regional classification then under development:

* Treaties between two or more countries in the same region and treaties of regional organizations are classed in the region by subject or under the organization.

This decision excluded the creation of a special section or subclass in the regional schedules for treaties, since they govern - like statutes - a subject, or establish and govern an IGO.

All treaties on subjects pertaining to public international law continued to be classed in JX, with exception of peace and boundary treaties residing in classes D-E-F. Therefore, Class KZ will also provide:

* classification for all treaties belonging in the realm of public international law; and

* for treaty collections of individual countries regardless of region or subject in order to avoid duplication.

D3.1 Distribution of treaties in KZ

The source section of Class KZ commences with broad, historic, and named treaty collections (KZ64-164), as shown in Figure 12. The schedule design reflects the riches of the old JX collection with a detailed arrangement of prestigious compilations, followed by treaty series of IGOs (the League of Nations and the United Nations, KZ169-173). Added are historic and modern bibliographic aids. The original elaborate arrangements by historic periods and by languages in JX have been dropped in favor of two periods, delineated by the year of the event that gave new direction in international law, namely the creation of the League of Nations after World War I. Thus, the first period ends in 1920 (To 1920); the second period extends from 1920 to the present (1920 - ). (Figure 12)

For the first time, a special section for topical treaties has been added (KZ176-194):

KZ176-182.5, Boundary treaties. These are subarranged by region and country. They are an important category in an international law schedule, since boundaries define or delimit the territory on which exclusive sovereign rights are exercised. The number and character of documents to be transferred from other classes to KZ has not yet been determined, so the arrangement is only rudimentary.

KZ183-183.5, Treaties of arbitration, investigation, etc. and compulsory adjudication. These treaties are of equal importance to boundary treaties, since they provide means of conflict settlement in the international community.

KZ184-194, Peace treaties. These are of singular importance in international law, since they restore the order in the community of nations. They form the largest part in this particular collection and are subarranged as follows:

* KZ184-184.3, a detailed arrangement of broad and older compilations, to 1914, including bibliographic aids; individual historic treaties are in the historic-theoretical section on the Jus naturae et gentium, KZ1330-1387.2, which is a reworked section of JX retaining original JX numbers;

* KZ185-186.5, peace treaties (collected and individual) 1914 to 1920;

* KZ188-192, peace treaties (collected and individual) 1920 to end of WWII (1945); and

* KZ194, A-Z, peace treaties (collected and individual) 1945 to present, for particular conflicts and wars.

These subarrangements utilized in part, where applicable, the existing LC shelflist of Classes D-E-F for sketching an outline that anticipated the eventual transfer of materials from other classes to KZ. Necessary adjustments or revisions in schedules D-E-F are still under investigation.

D3.2 Sources by region or country: Treaties. Cases and claims

The preceding section of broad treaty collections is followed by the arrangement of source materials by region or country, KZ221-1152.

This section preserves as far as possible the same integral numbers used in the old JX for the jurisdictions of the world though conservatively edited to align with the current jurisdiction arrangements in the regional law classification schedules. The same span of numbers is used in both JZ and KZ. The original 10-number and 1-number form division tables for subarrangements under countries (assigned either a 10 number span, or 1 number) have been retained and are only slightly revised (e.g., some Cutters reflecting outdated shelflist practice were removed). Both schedules, KZ and JZ, have these tables assigned with the instruction to:

* apply numbers 1-4 in JZ to materials dealing with international relations (i.e., politico/diplomatic correspondence of the foreign minister, office reports, diplomatic correspondence and general legislative papers with regard to foreign relations);

* apply numbers 5-10 in KZ to treaties, cases, and claims, as shown in Figure 13. (Figure 13)

This structure allows libraries the option of integrating their JZ and KZ material in the stacks while retaining a logical structure. The arrangement of U.S. materials (KZ231-239) is the only exception to current LC policy: For greater serviceability of the collections by the Law Library, those materials which would normally fall within the range of international relations were retained in KZ. Libraries that do not want to follow LC policy in separating their collections, but want to keep the collections together in either JZ or KZ, may use the arrangement of the U.S. materials displayed in the schedule as an example for customizing.

D3.3 Documents of intergovernmental organizations (IGO)

While it is not easy to identify one area in JX that was more in need of revision than another, there was general agreement that the Cutter arrangements for document collections of the League of Nations, JX1975+, and, more importantly, for the United Nations, JX1977, were beyond repair and discontinued in use, while for other important intergovernmental organizations (universal or regional) no arrangements were provided at all.

Since any classification that could be devised would affect several departments at LC, such as the Law Library, the Serial and Government Publications Division, as well as the then Constituent Services/Humanities and Social Sciences Division, a Foreign and International Government Committee (as subgroup of an established Government Publications Project Team, including the Collection Development Office and Cataloging Policy Office), was established in 1991 to study internally all the related issues. In the meantime, sizes of such collections across the country and their present institutional treatments were explored at AALL and AALS meetings and through surveys. Recommendations coincided in emphasis: The outside forwarded a resolution to LC (through the Advisory Committee on LC Foreign Law Classification) to abstain from classification development for such collections; instead, they opted for a reserved block of numbers for discretionary use by other libraries if so desired.

The LC Foreign and International Government Committee recommended that: document collections of intergovernmental organizations, in the purview of the Serial and Government Publications Division and designated as “Core Collections,” should be exempt from traditional cataloging, which would disperse such collections by subject; they should, instead, be kept together and be organized according to the numeric system established by the issuing organizations or agencies (see Figure 14). (Figure 14)

Because LC preferred Class JZ for such a document section, consistent with the character of Class J, while other libraries favored incorporation of such collections in KZ, the dual approach in development of the new classification for official documents of universal as well as regional intergovernmental organizations was acknowledged as a critical design element for the successful application of the schedules.

Thus, the final design of the classification for “Core Collections” of an IGO provides in both schedules an identical number range for universal organizations, following the League of Nations in JZ4895-4943.

The number span for official records and publications of the United Nations is subarranged by its organs, commencing with the General Assembly Official Records, JZ5010-5490.

The corresponding (parallel) number ranges in KZ are permanently blocked off and are presented in parentheses to indicate that LC will prefer the JZ range:

KZ(5010) General Assembly Documents and publications (Core collections), see JZ5010+ .

Libraries which prefer KZ as the principle class for such documents can reverse the arrangement by ignoring the parentheses in KZ and using the block of numbers in JZ.

(1) General Assembly Official Records. These are classified as serials under JZ5010.2-5010.5, e.g.:

JZ5010.2 General Assembly Official Records. Regular Session

JZ5010.3 General Assembly Official Records. Special Session

JZ5010.5 General Assembly Official Records. Emergency Special Session

Note that General Assembly Official Records are published separately for each General Assembly session. The individual session consists of plenary meetings, annexes, committee meeting records and supplements. Official records for each session are subarranged accordingly, using consecutive UN symbols, for example:

General Assembly Official Records. Fifty-first [Regular] Session. 16th plenary meeting, corresponds to: A/51/PV.16

(2) United Nations Sales Publications. These are identified by UN sales numbers, which include as a component the sales categories (O-XXV) of such publications. The following arrangement has been devised. To create the class number, firstly, the sales category symbol is included in the call number:

JZ5101 [= Category I: General information and reference]

JZ5109 [= Category IX: Disarmament and atomic energy]

JZ5120 [= Category XX: UNICEF publications]

Secondly, added to the class is the individual UN sales number for a particular publication, for example:

.94.I.3 [= Publication date 1994. Category I. Item number 3. Jerusalem: Visions of Reconciliation. An Israeli-Palestinian Dialogue. 1994]

(3) Masthead documents. Working documents. Mimeographed documents, JZ5160. The arrangement as it appears now in JZ was designed primarily as a shelving device for the convenience of document librarians and reference services. However, libraries that want to catalog the basic series of selected bodies, for example, to create a record for the documents of the Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, application is suggested as follows: To the base class number for this type of document, add the series symbols as found on the document for the particular UN organ, body or committee, to arrange in alphabetical order. The symbol is linked to the class number by a period added to the symbol, which creates a Cutter-like number. For example:

JZ5160 [= Masthead documents...]

.A/AC.105/-- [= General Assembly. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space]

JZ5160 [= Masthead documents...]

.ACC/-- [= Administrative Committee on Coordination]

JZ5160 [= Masthead documents...]

.CAT/C/-- [= Convention against Torture. Committee against Torture];

JZ5160 [= Masthead documents...]

.CD/NTB/-- [= Conference on Disarmament. Ad hoc Committee on a Nuclear Test Ban]

(4) Other Universal and regional organizations. For these organizations falling within the range of JZ5180-5490, only summary spans of numbers have been assigned in expectation of further expansion.

D3.4 The United Nations system: Dialogue between JZ and KZ after Dumbarton Oaks

The United Nations is a universal intergovernmental organization recognized as a subject of international law with legal personality, and as such aligned with members (states) of the international legal community. Its classification numbers occupy the number range KZ(4935)-(5230), following the jurisdiction list of states. It is extended for additional legal works on the international civil service, KZ5270-5273.5, the administrative tribunal, finance, and postal services, KZ5274-5275.

In order to preserve the parallelism between JZ and KZ with regard to UN materials, and for discretional distribution of materials between the two classes, the equivalent number range has been created in JZ under “International organizations and associations.” The section commences with the political non-governmental organizations (NGOs), JZ4835-4848, followed by a number span for the IGOs. Then the UN arrangement begins with a large bibliographical and reference section extending to the Genesis of the United Nations, including the Dumbarton Oaks Conversations, JZ4935-4988.

KZ4986 opens the arrangement of the United Nations System, the organization law or constitution (see Figure 15). (Figure 15)

This development is based on KJE, the first class developed for an intergovernmental organization, the European Community (section Organization Law. Constitution of the EC), which at the time of its development was oriented in structure on the United Nations.

In this section, both schedules, JZ and KZ, are completely symmetric in numbering structure and textual presentation. De-selection of one class for particular materials is indicated by parenthesized numbers; the same numbers are active in the preferred class. The treatment for topics and collections of official records is not different in this regard.

D4. Global security. Promotion of peace and the law of peace enforcement

The elaborations on peace management, to the end of collective security, are displayed in either schedule under the same number sequence, JZ-KZ5510-6530; KZ extends the number range to KZ6785 for exclusively legal subjects as the law of war (jus belli) and humanitarian law (jus in bello).

Here, the vast difference of both disciplines in scientific approach to the same political issues, phenomena, and events requires, more than anywhere else in the twin classes, a clean comparative treatment of institutes and nomenclature, as shown in Figure 16. (Figure 16)

JZ5514-5527.5 are the classes for peaceful change through associations, institutes, etc. for peace promotion, research, and education, followed by history and theory of pacifism, JZ5544-5566, and peace and anti-war movements, JZ5574-5580.

KZ, providing for the law of peace, for example, the legal regimes for peace enforcement, takes up the dialogue with non-aggression pacts, renunciation and outlawry of war, KZ 5588-5594; JZ interlaces international tension, cold wars, and detente management, JZ5595-5603.

Both schedules continue under the matching number structure with ‘disarmament’. KZ5615-5893 provides for detailed arms control and disarmament regimes (including limitation, reduction, and prohibition of conventional, nuclear, and other weapons of mass destruction) with some humanitarian legal aspects of weaponry; nuclear weapon free zones and zones of peace; and reduction of armed forces. JZ5615-5865 follows the same line of topics under the aspect of international politics and disengagement; both conclude with the various military pact systems for self-defense, JZ/KZ5900-5967.

D4.1 Diplomacy and arbitration. The courts in pacific settlement and for

international crimes

The first section of this important subdivision is designed for the older materials in the JX collection on settlement of international disputes and conflict resolution. KZ takes the lead with universal intergovernmental conferences, mainly the Hague Peace System, and regional conferences, the Pan-American Conferences, followed by a group of celebrated treaties, KZ6015-6042.2.

The preliminary processes other than institutionalized arbitration are shared under the same numbers by both schedules: JZ, mainly on diplomatic negotiations, mediation, and good offices, JZ6045-6060; KZ, on fact finding, inquiry, conciliation, and important international commissions established by treaty, KZ6045-6095.

KZ6115-6299 completes, without parallel in JZ, arbitration (appointed tribunals, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague), and judicial settlement (World Court and its successor, the International Court of Justice). The whole number span is parenthesized in JZ.

The International Criminal Court (2002-) (ICC), KZ7250+, has its place within International criminal law and procedure, KZ7000+, now a recognized sub-discipline of Law of Nations.

D4.2 Enforced settlement. Enforcement techniques. Law of armed conflict

Subdivision KZ6350-6373 provides for an extensive treatment of the doctrine and regimes of law enforcement in the international arena. Of particular interest is the non-military coercion, e.g., intervention, including intervention in civil wars and humanitarian intervention, KZ6368-6372. The enforced peacekeeping measures short of war include UN enforcement mechanisms and techniques, KZ6374-6376. JZ6377 is for the arrangement of countries providing peacekeeping forces.

The last chapter is the law of war and neutrality, KZ6378-(6715). Subdivisions are warfare on land, including an extensive treatment of the humanitarian law or Geneva law, KZ6440-6522, naval warfare with provisions for prize law, and air warfare. This chapter is concluded by a short span for armistice and postliminy, KZ6730-6785, as shown in Figure 17. (Figure 17)

D.4.3 International criminal law. The International Criminal Court (ICC) 1998/2002-

International law is not static but develops in response to international events, pressures, and changes of polity in the international forum. We have witnessed in recent years major wars, ethnic hostilities and violent civil strife with their fall-out: widespread human rights violations and genocide. International law scholars, political scientists and international organizations have worked out over the last decades the principles and doctrines that form now the base of a distinct sub-discipline of International Law: International criminal law. The international community responded with establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) by the Rome Treaty (1998/2002) as well as the procedures governing the international investigation and prosecution of conduct viewed by the international community as international crimes.

The objective of the recent, broad expansion of KZ (KZ7000- KZ7500) was to create a subject arrangement for the ICC and its body of rules and adopted principles, common to all criminal law. The widening catalog of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide, forms the center of the substantive development. In structure, the new development draws on the general patterns of Classes K (Law in general. Jurisprudence) and KZ (Law of Nations).

The second objective was to create a single place for the subject and its topics as it is now recognized by the UN doctrine and regimes, and firmly grounded in the Rome Treaty and agreements of the subsequent Review Conference. Therefore, the original ranges in Class KZ for International criminal courts and procedure, KZ6304-6332, as well as the classes for reports, digests, and pleadings of the newly erected court, KZ219-220.2, will be closed. The corresponding numbers in the new KZ range for the ICC have been provided. Further, the original numbers in Class K for those subjects that are governed by international criminal law and under the jurisdiction of the ICC, i.e., genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, will be closed or revised as well.

This new classification, however, does not preclude developments on international criminal law, courts and procedure, and prosecution of international crimes in the regional or national law classification schedules, if it should become necessary in the future.

E. The international commons. Political science breaks the ground

The regime theory, conceived and developed since the 1960s by political scientists in the realm of International relations in North America, was a seminal achievement. It was almost immediately adopted and has been further developed by international law scientists as the conceptual framework for the formation of international legal regimes; the general theory is presented in JZ1318-1320.5 and is adopted into the legal framework under the number span KZ1321-1323.5, as shown in Figure 18. (Figure 18)

E1. International regimes. Institutes for conflict resolution

In the community of nations, without a central superior authority, treaty practice has moved in a short period of time to multilateral-multilevel regulatory agreements instituting legal regimes for every area of international law. Based on international agreements, intergovernmental organizations, institutions, and agencies are created for:

* international cooperation on complex political, economic and social issues,

* collective conflict management and resolution, and

* enforcement of international rules of conduct.

Many specialized regimes are dynamic, invasive, and from inception cross-disciplinary. A casual search in the database will deliver a large number of such trans-boundary regimes, showing the wide range across many traditional subject fields, such as public law and private law and everything in between. Terminology and definitions, found in the treaties themselves, in related source materials, or in authoritative comment, have been freely introduced in the text of the classification schedules, either in the captions or in scope notes.

On center stage are the global, multi-faceted regimes that govern the international commons and their resources beyond national jurisdiction:

* The Oceans,

* Space/Outer Space, and

* Antarctica.

E1.2 Class KZA: Law of the sea. Regime of the oceans

The Class KZA was developed for the largest of these global regimes, the international regime of the oceans, also referred to as the High seas regime, and including the High seas, the deep sea bed, and subsoil thereof. The general KZA structure for the oceans is shown in Figure 19. (Figure 19)

The initial range of numbers KZA1002-1145 covers the same subjects as throughout the major branches or subdivisions of KZ: intergovernmental conferences, treaties, and general works. KZA(1150-1223) is a broad reference to commercial maritime law residing in subclass K (Comparative and Uniform Law. Jurisprudence). The section for concepts and principles, KZA1340-1405, is mostly taken up by the two major doctrines, which legal scientists of all ages have elaborated on: mare clausum (dominion of the sea) and mare liberum (freedom of the High seas). Mare liberum (res communes) is the impact area of recent theories underlying the commons regimes which regulate access, exploration, and exploitation of the commons: the free access regimes, including the regimes for high-seas fisheries, and the common heritage of mankind regime over ocean bottom and its subsoil, with the International Seabed Authority as the implementing agency.

Boundary regimes. The next large section is for Maritime boundaries, delimitation of sea areas, including important regimes as the coastal state regimes (regime of internal waters and regime of the territorial sea, with exclusive fishery and economic zones and the continental and outer-continental shelf), and the regime of enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, KZA1540-1690.

Environmental regimes. The number sequence for Marine resources conservation and development (environmental regime of the oceans), KZA(3585)-KZA(3592.9) has been aligned with number structure and (revised) terminology in the original subclass for these materials, K3481-3592.9, as shown in Figure 20. (Figure 20)

The same technique has been used for the high-seas fisheries regimes, including the global or regional management organizations, zones and regions, and particular fish or marine fauna, KZA(3891)-KZA(3900). The last chapter is on Public order of the oceans, i.e., regulatory aspects of navigation and shipping, KZA(4130)-KZA(4205). Both text and numbers have been derived from subclass K3891-3900 and K4130-4205. At LC, subclass K is the preferred class presently for these materials.

E1.3 Class KDZ: Space law. Law of outer space, the Moon, and other celestial bodies

Subclass KZD includes several legal regimes, such as for the Moon and other celestial bodies and their resources.

The initial number sequence for sources, general works, and theory, KZD1002-1417, (shown in Figure 21), is identical with that in KZA. (Figure 21)

From there on, KZD continues under varying numbers because of different topical detail in the subject hierarchy; however, the subject dialogue follows loosely the KZA arrangement:

(1) Space boundaries, delimitation of outer space.

(2) Peaceful uses of outer space contain the doctrine of exploration and structured use of the spatial areas, and space environmental regimes, KZD1420-3608; an important resource, the geostationary orbit, is closely tied to space pollution.

(3) Public order in space and outer space, KZD4030-4326, addresses space flight, including vehicles, shuttles, launch vehicles and space stations.

(4) Space communication and artificial satellites, aligns with K4301-4308.

(5) The un-peaceful use of outer space, such as militarization and military supremacy in outer space (including disarmament and demilitarization regimes in outer space) and space warfare, KZD5614-6715.

It is no coincidence that schedules KZA and KZD should be so closely related to each other. All three commons regimes: oceans, outer space, and the Antarctic, were shaped over the same time period by the same politico/ideological processes.

E1.4 Class KWX: The Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctic Legal Regime

The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), recently better known as the Antarctic Legal Regime, is the oldest of the three commons regimes, based on the Antarctic Treaty of 1959. It is not included in KZ, but is part of the regional schedule KL-KWX (Law of Asia, Africa, Pacific areas, and Antarctica) as the last subclass, KWX.

Creation of a separate schedule for the ATS based on the model of the European Community (KJE) was a conscientious decision, although at that time questions were raised whether the ATS was properly placed in the regional classification KL-KWX or should have been included in the schedule for the law of nations. Indeed, good arguments were made for both positions. For its inclusion in the last regional schedule, KL-KWX, two factors were decisive: firstly, Antarctica's physical/geographical properties - the fact that it is a continent; secondly, analysis of the ATS structure - that it is a legal institution with jurisdictional qualities rather comparable to other intergovernmental organizations like the EC. It is created and internally organized by the Antarctic Treaty, and it operates through a hierarchical decision-making process, headed by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. The several legal regimes created for each of the areas of international cooperation outlined in the treaty were furnished with broad jurisdiction over efforts to protect the Antarctic environment and its resources through negotiated conservation and management schemes; nevertheless, they figure only on a secondary level under the policy power of the Consultative Meeting, which must assure both equal access to the commons and safeguard measures for responsibility towards the environment, shared among nations.

It should be pointed out, however, that the boundary regimes relating to the Southern Oceans and Antarctic territorial waters are not classed in the framework of the ATS, but rather in KZA1540-1690, since they form an integral part of maritime boundaries as they relate to ocean regions.

F. Form division tables

For both JZ and KZ schedules, form divisions were kept to a minimum as result of a recent study and revision of all form divisions for the entire K classification schedule. In particular, during revisions of subclass K (Comparative and uniform law), which were conducted in order to align the class with KZ in overlap areas, it was found that application of comprehensive form division tables in the major subdivisions obscures important information. Subjects such as Intergovernmental Organizations with their conferences and named treaties, the backbones of the schedules for international and regional law, are buried in the shelflist and make the schedules less serviceable as a reference tool or as a tool for collection review.

Therefore, in schedules KZ and K, according to the preference of the Law Library of Congress:

(1) all organizations and conferences important either for the development, application and function of international law or its scholarly investigation have been incorporated in the text of the schedules. Equally treated were arrangements of

(2) the major treaties, and

(3) important reference works relating to organizations, conferences, and treaties in all subject subdivisions of the schedules.

The four tables for maintenance of the old JX source collections, (JX221-1195), are KZ1 (10 numbers) and KZ2 (1 number), also JZ1 and JZ2; they replace and conservatively revise the original JX1 and JX2 tables.

KZ3 and KZ4, the small 1 number and Cutter number tables for war crime trials are the revised version of JX10 and JX11.

KZ5 and KZ6 are for subarrangements of works of publicists. They replace the original JX tables, JX7, JX8 and JX9, which were assigned to different number spans.

KZ7 and KZ8 are the 1 number and Cutter number tables for treaty subarrangements, now applied in all regional classes. KZ9 is the uniform 1 number table now applied throughout the K classification.

For JZ, besides JZ1 and JZ2, tables JZ3 (1 number) and JZ4 (Cutter number) replace the original JX4 through JX6 form division tables for works on the conduct of foreign relations and diplomacy.

G. The future

KZ concludes the development of Class K (Law) with respect to comparative and uniform private and public international law on the global and regional level (including the Intergovernmental Organizations), as well as domestic law on the jurisdiction level, while JZ (International Relations) concludes the revision of Class J, providing a new framework for the expanding discipline with its many spin-offs since the genesis of the United Nations at Dumbarton Oaks towards the end of 1945.

JX, though obsolete, continued to be published in the updated edition of Class J (the last time in 2008), in order to correlate the original classification records to those of the two new classes KZ and JZ. This is intended as a service to institutions that reclass their JX collections to KZ/JZ as well as to those who still hold on to JX.

A detailed arrangement for International criminal law, with the catalog of crimes now considered “international crimes”, and the International Criminal Court (ICC), including the law of procedure before the Court, brings the schedule in line with the results of the Kampala Review Conference (2010) to the Rome Statute, which created the ICC (1998/2002). The area for expansion of the class is KZ7000-7500. At the same time, the pertinent areas in Class K5301-5304 will be revised or closed. Ample references will be added.

Materials in all cases are expected to be reclassed according to the new classification numbers.

Although JZ and KZ are considered completed, certain areas in the new subclass JZ still await reconciliation with sections in classes D, E, and F.

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[1] The Library gratefully acknowledges the assistance and support of the Advisory Committee on LC Foreign Law Classification, not any longer in operation , and the individual contributions of some of its members, in particular Tom Reynolds (RLG Representative), Associate Director Emeritus, University of California at Berkeley School of Law Library; M. Kathleen Price (AALL Representative) Professor of Law and former Law Librarian of Congress, past Library Director of the New York University Law Library, and Law Library Director of the University of Florida at Gainesville (retired); Dr. Laurent Mayali (AALS Representative) Lloyd M. Robbins Professor of Law, Director, Robbins Religious and Civil Law Collection, University of California at Berkeley School of Law; Gail Daly, Assoc. Dean for Library & Technology, and Assoc. Professor of Law, Southern Methodist University; Jane Hammond, Director of the Cornell Law Library (retired), Cornell University; Phyllis Marion, Assoc. Dean for Library and Information Resources and Professor of Law, California Western School of Law; and the late Robert L. Oakley, Director of the Law Library, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Recognition is also due to Wiltrud Harms, Associate Specialist-United Nations Collections, University of California at Berkeley School of Law Library, for her significant contributions to the development of the UN document section in Class JZ.

[2] This Law Advisory Committee served as a forum and link to AALL and the law library community in support of LC Law Classification.

[3] Some historians call it the American century.

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