'Minnesota's Black Baseball Players,' by Steven R
"Minnesota's Black Baseball Players," by Steven R. Hoffbeck.
Researchers should acknowledge that they received information from this web site when using the data in written works.
The purpose of this paper is to track the careers of the greatest African-American baseball players to have played in Minnesota as a part of an on-going and larger effort to research and preserve information about all the African-American ballplayers who played in the state from the 1860 through the 1940s. It will show that the black ballplayers who spent time in Minnesota had connections to other players from their shared experience on other teams in other places. This research paper shows a true "Brotherhood of Black Baseball" as recounted in the book by Steven R. Hoffbeck, Swinging For The Fences: Black Baseball in Minnesota (St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2005). The book is available from the publisher or from and Barnes and (after its release date in February, 2005). If you have questions, please contact Dr. Steve Hoffbeck, see the email and regular mail listings elsewhere on this web page.
Timeline of Black Baseball in Minnesota:
Early Years 1870-1906.
* Bud Fowler. Bud Fowler was the "first black professional player," with Lynn, Massachusetts, International Association ballclub, a white team, in 1878.[i] He played P, C, 2B with the Stillwater, MN, ballclub in 1884, & with .302 batting average.[ii] 1892, Lincoln/Kearney team in Nebraska League, BA .273, led the league in stolen bases with 45.[iii] 1894, Findlay, OH, team.[iv] He organized the Page Fence Giants in Michigan, & spent time in Minnesota touring with his Page Fence Giants in 1895 [team members included William Binga, George Wilson, George Taylor].[v] Great player. Team organizer/manager. Justification for inclusion in Hall of Fame: Fowler was a pioneer and leader in team organization with the Page Fence Giants, paving the way for Rube Foster and others.
George Wilson, Pitcher. St.Cloud, 1903. The son of two former slaves, he grew up in Palmyra, MI; 1894, P, Adrian, MI, Light Guard team.[vi] 1895, through July with Page Fence Giants, P; then white Adrian, MI, team, P, record: 29-4 [he played at Adrian with Bud Fowler].[vii] With Page Fence Giants, P, 1895 [with teammates William Binga, John W. "Bud" Fowler, George Hopkins, George Taylor, & Billy Holland]; and in 1896 [with teammates William Binga, Billy Holland, George Taylor, and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson--the 1896 team won the championship of Black baseball by defeating the Cuban Giants, 9 games to 6 games [Wilson pitched a no-hitter vs. Defiance, OH, in June].[viii] Page Fence Giants in 1897 [with teammates William Binga, Billy Holland, George Taylor, and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson; and 1898, playing on the same team with Sherman Barton, William Binga, & George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson. Then in 1899, Chicago Columbia Giants, P, with teammates Sherman Barton, William Binga, George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson; and in 1900; here he again played baseball with Sherman Barton, William Binga, Billy Holland and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson.[ix] Chicago Union Giants, 1901-1902; [1904-1905 [?]]. 1902 for Waseca, MN.[x] St. Cloud, MN, 1903.[xi] 1905, Chippewa Falls, WI, and Renville, MN.[xii] Cuban winter league, 1907. Career: 1895-1905.[xiii] Sol White wrote that Wilson in his prime was equivalent to Rube Waddell.[xiv]
William "Billy" Holland. Pitcher. Throws: Left. Perhaps he started playing baseball in 1893, Chicago Union Giants.[xv] But listed with the Chicago Unions of 1894 [with teammate George Hopkins].[xvi] Page Fence Giants, 1895 [with teammates William Binga, John W. "Bud" Fowler, George Hopkins, George Taylor, and George Wilson];[xvii] and 1896 [with teammates William Binga, George Taylor, George Wilson, and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson.[xviii] Back to the Chicago Unions in 1897 [with teammates Robert Footes, George Hopkins, & Willis Jones]; and 1898 [with teammates Robert Footes, George Hopkins, William Horn, Bert Jones, & Willis Jones]; and 1899 [teammates included Robert Footes, George Hopkins, William Horn, Bert Jones, and Willis Jones].[xix] In 1900, he was CF for the Columbia Giants, and his teammates included Sherman Barton, William Binga, George Wilson, and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson.[xx] Holland came to pitch for Waseca, MN, in 1901 as a teammate of pitcher George Wilson and catcher Robert Woods.[xxi] In 1902, he again pitched for Waseca.[xxii] In 1903, he was recruited away from the Waseca team, which had played Algona several times, as a pitcher and 1B for the Algona Brownies; and his teammates included Sherman Barton, Johnny Davis, William Horn, George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson, Bert Jones, and Willis Jones.[xxiii] 1904=? The 1905 season had him on the Chicago Leland Giants roster as a pitcher [with teammates including Sherman Barton, William Binga, and George Taylor.[xxiv] In 1906 and 1907, OF and P with Brooklyn Royal Giants; in 1906 his teammates included Robert Footes; in 1907 his teammates included George ["Rat" or "Chappie] Johnson and Eugene Milliner.[xxv]
* George "Rat" [also nicknamed "Chappie"] Johnson. Born 1876 in Bellaire, Ohio [the same hometown as Sol White]. "As a boy he played ball on the 'kid' teams of the city and was early marked as a 'phenom.' He played on white teams in and around Bellaire and other neighboring towns when he was thirteen and fourteen years old and acquired quite a reputation even at this early age. He got into professional ball when eighteen years of age and has made ball playing his business ever since."[xxvi] At about age 20, in 1896, LF with Page Fence Giants, also 1897, 1b; and 1898, C.[xxvii] In 1899 (C or 1B) for Columbia Giants of Chicago,[xxviii] and 1900 for Columbia Giants, 1B; 1901 probably for Columbia Giants.[xxix] Chicago Union Giants, 1902, first part of the season,[xxx] then Algona Brownies, mid-summer, 1902; also listed with Philadelphia Giants as C in 1902.[xxxi] Algona [Iowa] Brownies, 1903;[xxxii] and the Cuban X-Giants in 1903--champs of Black baseball.[xxxiii] Philadelphia Giants, 1904, champs of Black baseball.[xxxiv] Renville, MN, team 1905;[xxxv] and Brooklyn Royal Giants, 1905.[xxxvi] 1906 he was recruited by Jess McMahon to play with Philadelphia Quaker Giants.[xxxvii] Brooklyn Royal [Giants?] in 1907.[xxxviii] St. Paul Colored Gophers, C, 1908, and he was captain of the team.[xxxix] St. Paul Colored Gophers, C, in 1909[xl]; and Long Prairie, MN, town team, C, 1909; "[Sherman] Barton of the Gophers has accompanied Johnson ever since he started playing with the Page Fence Giants and [George] Wilson, the colored pitcher, played with him up to within the past three years."[xli] Chicago Leland Giants at end of 1909 season.[xlii] In 1910, with the Chicago Giants, C, [along with Walter Ball, Bobby Marshall, Candy Jim Taylor, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Felix Wallace--all former St. Paul Colored Gophers players].[xliii] St. Louis Giants, C, in 1911, [with former Minnesota teammates Felix Wallace, Candy Jim Taylor, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, and Ben Taylor.[xliv] In 1912, again with St. Louis Giants, C, this time with former teammates Walter Ball, Felix Wallace, and Archie Pate.[xlv] Schenectady Mohawk Giants, C, 1B, along with Walter Ball in 1913; in winter 1913 with Royal Ponciana Hotel team.[xlvi] Listed as C with St. Louis Giants AND Mohawk Giants in 1914;[xlvii] OR C with Chicago American Giants AND Louisville White Sox AND Schenectady Mohawk Giants in 1914.[xlviii] 1915: ? 1916 he was "co-owner and manager of the Dayton Chappies.[xlix] In 1919, C, with Atlantic City Bacharach Giants [with teammate Steel Arm Johnny Taylor].[l] Playing manager, C, 1B, Norfolk Stars in 1921, (at Norfolk he developed players Nip Winters and Scrip Lee).[li] 1925, manager, Chappie Johnson's Stars team.[lii] 1926, Manager, Chappie Johnson's Stars.[liii] 1927, he was manager of Chappie Johnson's Stars;[liv] and continued as a manager through the 1939 season in later years at Saratoga (mentor to Dick Seay and Ted Page).[lv] Great catcher. Coach/Manager/Mentor. Justification for inclusion in the Hall of Fame rests upon the judgment of Sol White [writing in 1907] who listed George ["Rat" or Chappie"] Johnson as being of "Major League calibre:" "of the catchers at present, the veteran, Clarence Williams, is very good, owing to his many years of base ball he would be taken as a good man for young pitchers: George (Chappie) Johnson, Bob Footes; Robinson, of Leland Giants, Petway, of Philadelphia Giants."[lvi]; his work to develop teams and talent as a catcher/manager was a long-lasting contribution to black baseball.
* Walter Ball, 1893, P, for Young Cyclone team in St. Paul, MN, then pitched for a number of teams, including Occola team in the St. Paul City League through 1898.[lvii] Grand Forks [ND] team 1899, 1900; 1901, P, for Lakota, ND, and later for York, ND, in 1901.[lviii] St. Cloud ballclub, P, in 1902, P.[lix] 1903, P, for Chicago Union Giants.[lx] 1904, P, Cuban X Giants.[lxi] 1905 started with the Brooklyn Royal Giants as P; then second half of the season back with Chicago Union Giants.[lxii] 1906, P, New York Quaker Giants until the team disbanded on July 1, then he returned to Chicago with Leland Giants.[lxiii] Chicago Leland Giants, P, 1907 (though he helped organize and pitched for the first St. Paul Colored Gophers team in the early part of the season). In 1908, in the early season, he helped organize and pitched for the new Minneapolis Keystones team, with old teammates William Binga, Eugene Barton, Alex Irwin, Felix Wallace, and Andrew Campbell until June and then he went back to the Chicago Leland Giants for the remainder of the 1908 season.[lxiv] Chicago Leland Giants, P, in 1909.[lxv] He was with the Chicago Giants [along with Bobby Marshall, George "Rat" Johnson, Candy Jim Taylor, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Felix Wallace--all former St. Paul Colored Gophers players) in 1910.[lxvi] In 1911, he pitched for Chicago Leland Giants, P, [along with former teammates from Minnesota-- Sherman Barton and Bill Gatewood].[lxvii] In 1912, he moved to the St. Louis Giants, along with George "Rat" Johnson and Felix Wallace.[lxviii] In 1913, he played for the Brooklyn Royal Giants, P, RF; and the Schenectady Mohawk Giants, P, OF, alongside George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson.[lxix] In 1914, he was P with the Lincoln Giants of New York, with Bill Gatewood and Felix Wallace as teammates; and CF for Lincoln Stars of New York.[lxx] In 1915, he played P for Rube Foster's Chicago American Giants, along with Bill Gatewood and Hurley McNair.[lxxi] 1916=? 1917, P and OF for Chicago Giants [with Archie Pate as teammate].[lxxii] 1918 was a war year=?. 1919, P, Chicago Giants.[lxxiii] 1920, P, Chicago Giants, with teammate Steel Arm Johnny Taylor.[lxxiv] 1921, P, for Chicago Giants, with teammate Steel Arm Johnny Taylor.[lxxv] Great Pitcher/Coach. Sol White in 1907 listed Walter Ball as one of the nine black pitchers who were of "Major League calibre," and some of his best years were still ahead of him in the years after 1907.[lxxvi]
Bert Jones. 1896, P and OF, Atchison in Kansas State League, also 1897 and 1898.[lxxvii] 1898, P, Chicago Unions, as a teammate of Billy Holland and Robert Footes.[lxxviii] Chicago Unions, P, in 1899 and 1900.[lxxix] He joined the new Chicago Union Giants as P in 1901.[lxxx] In 1902, he was a P for the Algona Brownies, along with Robert Footes.[lxxxi] 1903, Algona Brownies, P, with George "Rat" Johnson, Billy Holland, Sherman "Bucky" Barton, and Johnny Davis.[lxxxii] I believe he played for Waseca, MN, in 1904, but need to reference this idea. 1905, Renville, MN, team, with teammates George Wilson and George "Rat" Johnson.[lxxxiii] 1906, probably Brookings, SD. In 1907, most likely Bottineau, ND. In 1908, Bryant, SD.[lxxxiv] 1909=? In 1910, he possibly was the Bert Jones listed with Watertown, SD, as CF.[lxxxv] 1911, CF, 1B, St. Paul Colored Gophers,[lxxxvi] listed as "formerly of the Algona Brownies."[lxxxvii] [Jones pitched at least two games for Colored Gophers in 1911.][lxxxviii] Possibly on 1923 Minneapolis Askin & Marine Red Sox team.[lxxxix]
"Burt Jones, the well-known Northwest colored player and former member
of the star Renville, Brookings and Bottineau clubs, is spending a few
days in the Twin Cities with friends. Regarding his plans for this
summer this tricky ball tosser had the following to say: "Yes, sir: I
am still a free man. No hurry about the old boy signing up. I have
several offers under consideration, but think that I will sign up with
the Brandt, N.D. [this should be SD, there is no Brandt in ND, author's note], town."
in "What the Independents Are Doing," Minneapolis Sunday Tribune, April
12, 1908, p. 3, Sports Section.
Billy Williams. First baseman. In 1903, he played for the Chippewa Falls, WI, team, "the undisputed champion of Wisconsin."[xc] 1907, 1B, with Chaska, MN, team.[xci]
1910, 1B, with Phil Dellar's semi-pro white team, then with the Sauk Rapids, MN, team, and he was with the Twin City All-Stars, a touring team that played in ND and SD for 10 days that summer.[xcii]
All-Black Teams. 1907-1942.
William Binga. Born February 26, 1869, in Michigan; died October 14, 1950; Father's name: Joshua Binga; Mother's name: Lucy Binga.[xciii] In 1895 [at age 26], he played three games as Catcher for Adrian, Michigan, team at the same time as George Wilson;[xciv] then Page Fence Giants, 1895,[xcv]1896.[xcvi] Columbia Giants, 3B, 1899, 1900, 1901.[xcvii] 1902, 3B for Chicago Union Giants.[xcviii] In 1903, he went East, recruited by Sol White, with Philadelphia Giants, 3B.[xcix] 1904 listed as C for Chicago Union Giants.[c] 3B for Chicago Leland Giants in 1905.[ci] 1906: unknown. 1907, RF, played again for Sol White, for champion Philadelphia Giants.[cii] He joined the new Minneapolis Keystones team in 1908, 3B, joining old teammates Walter Ball, Eugene Barton, Andrew Campbell, Alex Irwin.[ciii] He switched teams and played for the St. Paul Colored Gophers in 1909, 3B in the early season, then he switched to RF after James "Candy Jim" Taylor joined the team in June, 1909, except for a series with the Chicago Leland Giants, when James Taylor played SS or 3B; and Binga played 3B or RF [this team won the Championship of Black baseball in 1909}.[civ] In 1910, with the St. Paul Colored Gophers in the early season, at SS, then at usual 3B position;[cv] listed later in the year at 3B, with Kansas City [KS] Giants.[cvi] 1911, St. Paul Colored Gophers, RF.[cvii] In 1912, he stayed in Minnesota and played for the Twin Cities black team, Hennepin Clothing Compnay, C, 1B, alongside Bobby Marshall and Johnny Davis.[cviii] 1913, Hennepin Negro Giants, RF, batting lead-off, [this team had Bobby Marshall, Johnny Davis, and Alex Irwin on it].[cix] 1914-1920, unknown. In 1921, he played 1B and RF for Willmar, MN, team.[cx] 1926, Willmar, MN, team, manager & catcher, at age 58.[cxi] Great player (Third Baseman).
*George "Rat" [also nicknamed "Chappie"] Johnson. [same as listed in the previous category.]
*Walter Ball. Chicago Leland Giants, 1909. [same as listed in the previous category.]
[HOF] Rube Foster. In 1908, he played a game for the St. Paul Colored Gophers against the Hibbing, MN, team, winning 5 to 0, and pitching a no-hitter.[cxii]
William "Big Bill" Gatewood. Chicago Leland Giants, 1906, P.[cxiii] Chicago Leland Giants, 1907, P.[cxiv] St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1908, P.[cxv] Chicago Leland Giants, 1909, P;[cxvi] and he pitched one game for the Minneapolis Keystones near the end of the 1909 season.[cxvii] Chicago Leland Giants, P, 1911 [along with former Minnesota teammate Sherman Barton].[cxviii] Chicago American Giants, P, 1912.[cxix] Chicago American Giants, 1913, P, along with Louis ["Dicta"] Johnson, Candy Jim Taylor, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor.[cxx] Chicago American Giants, 1915, P, 1B, along with Walter Ball and Hurley McNair; and listed with St. Louis Giants, P, OF, along with Felix Wallace.[cxxi] 1916, P, St. Louis Giants [with Felix Wallace].[cxxii] In 1917, P, Indianapolis ABCs, with teammates Candy Jim Taylor and Louis "Dicta" Johnson; also St. Louis Giants, P."[cxxiii] 1918, St. Louis Giants, P, with Felix Wallace as teammate.[cxxiv] 1919, St. Louis Giants, P, with Felix Wallace as teammate.[cxxv] 1920, P, (17 W, 5 L; ERA of 3.28), Detroit Stars, with teammates Louis "Dicta" Johnson and Webster McDonald.[cxxvi] 1921, P, Detroit Stars.[cxxvii] 1922, P, St. Louis Stars.[cxxviii] 1923, P, Milwaukee Bears, with teammates Louis "Dicta" Johnson & Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman.[cxxix] 1923, P, Toledo Tigers [teammates: Louis "Dicta" Johnson and Candy Jim Taylor].[cxxx] 1924: ?. 1925, P, Memphis Red Sox.[cxxxi] 1926: ?. 1927, St. Louis Stars, P, with teammate Candy Jim Taylor; Birmingham Black Barons, p, [teammate: Satchel Paige];[cxxxii] Gatewood taught Satchel Paige the "hesitation pitch."[cxxxiii] 1928, P, Manager, St. Louis Giants.[cxxxiv]
Johnny Davis. Pitcher. He was listed with the Chicago Union Giants, 1903, P, probably near the end of the season; he played from May and onward with Algona Brownies, P.[cxxxv] 1905 Chicago Leland Giants, P.[cxxxvi] Chicago Leland Giants, P, 1906.[cxxxvii] 1907 St. Paul Colored Gophers, P, RF.[cxxxviii] 1908 St. Paul Colored Gophers, P.[cxxxix] He re-joined the St. Paul Colored Gophers on July 16, 1909, as P.[cxl] 1910, P, for St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cxli] In 1911, P, St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cxlii] In 1912, he stayed in Minnesota after the dissolution of the St. Paul Colored Gophers, playing [P] for the black Twin Cities team, the Hennepin Clothing Company team, along with Bobby Marshall, William Binga, and Alex Irwin.[cxliii] 1913, P, with Hennepin Colored Giants, along with Bobby Marshall, Alex Irwin, and William Binga.[cxliv] 1923, St. Paul Uptowns, P, Manager, with teammate Bobby Marshall [he had formerly played with an International Harvester team].[cxlv] 1925, Manager, St. Paul Uptown Sanitary team [in the Golden Valley League with white teams].[cxlvi] 1927, Manager, St. Paul Colored All-Stars [the former St. Paul Uptown Sanitary team].[cxlvii]
* James B. "Candy Jim" Taylor. Born 1884; died 1948. Third Baseman. Brother of Johnny "Steel Arm" Taylor. Anderson, SC, amateur team, 1901, C; Birmingham, Alabama, team, 3B, 1904-1908.[cxlviii] Joined the St Paul Colored Gophers, 3B, 1909, from the Birmingham, Alabama, team.[cxlix] In 1910, he started the season with the Chicago Giants, 3B, [along with Bobby Marshall, George "Rat" Johnson, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Felix Wallace--all former St. Paul Colored Gophers players];[cl] then he re-joined the St. Paul Colored Gophers in early June, 1910, 3B.[cli] In 1911 he left Minnesota for the St. Louis Giants, 3B, .211 BA; along with brother Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Ben Taylor, Felix Wallace, and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson.[clii] In 1912, he played for the West Baden, Indiana, Sprudels, 3B, .278 BA; with brothers Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, and C.I. Taylor; and with William McMurray [he also played for Rube Foster's Chicago American Giants at some time in the 1912 season also, .238 BA].[cliii] In 1913, Chicago American Giants of Rube Foster, 3B, BA .375; along with Bill Gatewood, Louis "Dicta" Johnson, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Ben Taylor; he was listed on the West All-Star Team of 1913.[cliv] 1914, change of teams to Indianapolis ABCs, 3B, .353 BA: and a teammate of Louis "Dicta" Johnson; & brothers Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Ben Taylor, & C.I. Taylor [Manager].[clv] In 1915, 3B, .333 BA, Louisville Sox, along with brother Johnny Steel Arm Taylor; AND with Chicago Black Sox, .167 BA; with brother Steel Arm Johnny Taylor; AND listed with West Baden, Indiana, Sprudels, .250 BA.[clvi] 1916, 3B, Indianapolis ABCs, .282 BA, [with brother Steel Arm Johnny Taylor] and a member of West All-Star team; led both teams in batting with .529 BA in Western championship series victory against American Giants.[clvii] 1917, 3B, 2B, Indianapolis ABCs, .241 BA, with Bill Gatewood and Louis "Dicta" Johnson as teammates; again he was a member of the West All-Star team.[clviii] 1918, Candy Jim Taylor, 3B, 2B, .194 BA, Manager, Indianapolis ABCs [with John Donaldson as teammate].[clix] 1919, Manager, Dayton Marcos, .077 BA.[clx] 1920, 3B, 2B, P, Manager, Dayton Marcos, .232 BA.[clxi] 1922, Manager, 3B, .268 BA, P, Cleveland Tate Stars.[clxii] 1923, Manager, 3B, SS, .309 BA, St. Louis Stars, on West All-Star team; and Toledo Tigers, Manager [teammates: Louis "Dicta" Johnson & Bill Gatewood].[clxiii] 1924, manager, St. Louis Stars, record: 36 W, 31 L, Utility, .347 BA.[clxiv] 1925, manager, St. Louis Stars, record: 69 W, 26 L, winners of second-half title in West; 3B, RF, P.[clxv] 1926, Manager, 3B, .329 BA, P, Cleveland Elite Giants; and Manager, 3B, P, Detroit Stars.[clxvi] 1927, Manager, record: 60 W, 35 L, 3B, OF, P, St. Louis Stars, with teammate Bill Gatewood.[clxvii] 1928, 3B, P, Manager, record: 68 W, 25 L, regular season West champions, and playoff champ, West, with St. Louis Stars.[clxviii] 1929, P, Manager, St. Louis Stars, record: 60 W, 28 L, 2nd in West; with Clarence "Spoony" Palm as C on the team.[clxix] 1930, 3B, P, Manager, Memphis Red Sox.[clxx] 1931, 3B, .222 BA, P, Manager, Indianapolis ABCs; manager, Louisville White Sox.[clxxi] 1932, 3B, Manager, record: 34W, 27 L, Indianapolis ABCs.[clxxii] 1933, P, Manager, Detroit Stars, with Clarence "Spoony" Palm and Ray Dandridge on the team; also Nashville Elite Giants, Manager, with Ray Dandridge on the team.[clxxiii] 1934, Nashville Elite Giants, 3B, Manager, record: 20 W, 28 L; 3B, Wilson's Elite Giants, winter ball.[clxxiv] 1935, Manager of Columbus/Detroit/Nashville Elite Giants; Royal Giants, winter season, Manager, with players Chet Brewer & Satchel Paige.[clxxv] 1936, Manager, Washington Elite Giants; and manager of Negro All-Star team that won the Denver Post tournament.[clxxvi] Manager of Chicago American Giants, 1937 (record: 25 W, 14 L; finished 2nd in Negro League West).[clxxvii] Manager, Chicago American Giants, 1938, record: 25 W, 20 L, finished 4th in Negro League West.[clxxviii] 1939, unclear. 1940, Manager, Birmingham Black Barons; also listed as Manager of Chicago American Giants.[clxxix] Manager, Chicago American Giants, 1941, record: 7 W, 13 L.[clxxx] 1942, Chicago American Giants, Manager, record: 2 W, 16 L.[clxxxi] 1943, Manager Homestead Grays, he managed them to the Black World Series Championship.[clxxxii] 1944, Manager [replacing Vic Harris], Washington Homestead Grays [record: 27 W, 12 L; 1st-place finish Negro League East; winner of Black World Series].[clxxxiii] 1945, Manager, Chicago American Giants [record: 39 W, 35 L, 3rd-place finish, Negro American League (West).[clxxxiv] 1946, Manager, Chicago American Giants, record: 27 W, 45 L.[clxxxv] 1947, Manager, Chicago American Giants.[clxxxvi] He died in 1948. Candy Jim succeeded in getting Ray Dandridge to play ball with the Detroit Stars where he was manager.[clxxxvii] His eligibility for the Hall of Fame rests upon his playing ability, his tenure as a manager, and his longevity--he played in the era of the establishment of black teams, played and managed in the Negro Leagues, and, before he died, he witnessed the breaking of the color line by Jackie Robinson in 1946-1947.
John A. "Steel-Arm Johnny" Taylor. Pitcher. Brother of James "Candy Jim" Taylor. He joined the St. Paul Colored Gophers on June 7, 1909, coming from a Birmingham, Alabama, team, P.[clxxxviii] In 1910, he was with the Chicago Giants, P, along with Walter Ball, George "Rat" Johnson, and Felix Wallace, all from the 1908 or 1909 St. Paul Colored Gophers or Minneapolis Keystones.[clxxxix] In 1911, he moved to the St. Louis Giants team, P, with his brothers Candy Jim Taylor and Ben Taylor, and Felix Wallace and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson.[cxc] For 1912, he moved again to the West Baden, Indiana, Sprudels, P, along with William McMurray, Candy Jim Taylor and C.I. Taylor, probably Ben Taylor, too.[cxci] In 1913, P, with Rube Foster's Chicago American Giants, along with Candy Jim Taylor, Ben Taylor, Bill Gatewood, and Louis "Dicta" Johnson; and he was listed also with the West Baden, Indiana, Sprudels, P, in 1913.[cxcii] 1914, P, Indianapolis ABCs with brothers Candy Jim Taylor, Ben Taylor, and C.I. Taylor [manager]; Louis "Dicta" Johnson.[cxciii] In 1915, P, Louisville Sox, with brother Candy Jim Taylor; AND with Chicago Black Sox, P, with brother Candy Jim Taylor.[cxciv] 1916, P, Indianapolis ABCs [with brother Candy Jim Taylor.[cxcv] 1917, P, Hilldale club.[cxcvi] 1918 & 1919, unknown. 1920, P, Chicago Giants, with teammate Walter Ball; and with Indianapolis ABCs [teammate: Louis "Dicta" Johnson].[cxcvii] 1921, P, Chicago Giants [teammate: Walter Ball]; also in winter ball, P, RF, Colored All-Stars [Teammates: Hurley McNair].[cxcviii]
Robert "Bobby" Marshall. 1907 St. Paul Colored Gophers. 1908 Minneapolis Keystones RF.[cxcix] 1909, 1B, St. Paul Colored Gophers. In 1910, he started the year with Chicago Giants, 1B, then in early June returned to St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1B.[cc] 1911, St. Paul Colored Gophers, Manager, 3B.[cci] In 1912, he stayed in Minnesota, playing for the Hennepin Clothing Company team, the Twin Cities black team, P, 1B, C, and Manager, alongside Johnny Davis, William Binga, and Alex Irwin.[ccii] 1913, he played 3B with Hennepin Negro Giants, along with Johnny Davis, Alex Irwin, and William Binga;[cciii] but in July, he began to play on the St. Cloud, MN, Pretzels, 2B, on an all-white team which featured Al "Lefty" Dretchko, P, who had been a teammate of Marshall's on the 1907 University of Minnesota baseball team.[cciv] In 1914, he played 2B with St. Cloud Pretzels [again with Al Dretchko as a teammate], until he quit in late July to join the Twin Cities Colored Gophers team.[ccv] For the 1915 season, Marshall, 1B & C, was the only black player on the Cokato, MN, semi-pro team, and in a double-header, Cokato hired Al "Lefty" Dretchko, a white, former University of Minnesota baseball teammate of Marshall's in 1907; and Marshall's former semi-pro football teammate "Rube" Ursella [a former U of M football player], joined Marshall for Cokato for an August tournament game.[ccvi] 1919, Mott, ND, and Regent, ND, teams.[ccvii] 1921, Estevan, Saskatchewan, with teammate Joe Davis; he hit .450 in 57 games.[ccviii] 1922, Askin and Marine Colored Red Sox, Captain, teammates: Joe Davis and Lee Davis.[ccix] 1923, Uptown Sanitary team, 1B, 2b, C; with teammates, Johnny Davis, Joe Davis and Lee Davis.[ccx] 1925, 1B, Potts Motor Company.[ccxi] 1926, 1B, Minneapolis Colored Red Sox.[ccxii] 1927, Johnny Baker Post team, St. Paul.[ccxiii] 1928, 3B, Johnny Baker Post team.[ccxiv] 1932, 1B, St. Paul Monarchs.[ccxv]
Sherman "Bucky" Barton. In 1898, P, Adrian [MI] Page Fence Giants, with teammates William Binga, George "Rat" Johnson, and George Wilson.[ccxvi] CF in 1899 for Chicago Columbia Giants, with teammates William Binga, George "Rat" Johnson, and George Wilson.[ccxvii] RF for Chicago Columbia Giants in 1900, with William Binga, George "Rat" Johnson, George Wilson, and William Holland as teammates.[ccxviii] In 1902, Algona Brownies, with teammates Bert Jones, Robert Woods.[ccxix] In 1903, LF, Algona Brownies, with teammates Johnny Davis, Billy Holland, George "Rat" Johnson, Bert Jones.[ccxx] In 1904, LF, for Chicago Union Giants.[ccxxi] 1905, on Chicago Leland Giants, LF with teammates William Binga, Johnny Davis, Billy Holland, George Taylor.[ccxxii] In 1906, LF, Chicago Leland Giants; and then with Philadelphia X-Giants, with teammates Bill Gatewood, Bobby Winston.[ccxxiii] He joined the new St. Paul Colored Gophers in 1907, CF, with teammates Johnny Davis, Clarence "Dude" Lytle, Walter Ball, Willis Jones.[ccxxiv] 1908, St. Paul Colored Gophers, CF.[ccxxv] 1909, St. Paul Colored Gophers, CF.[ccxxvi] 1910 with the St. Paul Colored Gophers, CF.[ccxxvii] In 1911, CF, with Chicago Giants, with former Minnesota teammates Walter Ball, Bill Gatewood, Clarence "Bobby" Winston; and with Chicago Leland Giants in the same season.[ccxxviii] His career appears to have ended with the 1911 season.
Eugene "Gene" Milliner. Outfielder. 1903 Chicago Union Giants, LF.[ccxxix] 1907, Outfielder for the Brooklyn Royal Giants, teammate of "Rat" Johnson and Billy Holland.[ccxxx] 1909, LF, St. Paul Colored Gophers;[ccxxxi] 1909 listed as CF for Kansas City Royal Giants.[ccxxxii] In 1910, he played as a late-season addition to the St. Paul Colored Gophers, LF, in September.[ccxxxiii]
Eugene Barton. Played LF for Minneapolis Keystones in 1908.[ccxxxiv] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, LF.[ccxxxv] He was undoubtedly the brother of Sherman "Bucky" Barton.
Felix Wallace. Second baseman. Born in Owensboro, KY, c. 1884.[ccxxxvi] Began his career with Paducah Nationals, Paducah, KY, in 1903; played for Paducah Nationals in 1904 and 1905.[ccxxxvii] 1906, Cuban Giants of New York City; also 1907.[ccxxxviii] Another source lists him in 1907 with Baltimore Laurels, infielder.[ccxxxix] 1908 St. Paul Colored Gophers, 2B.[ccxl] 1909, St. Paul Colored Gophers, 2B.[ccxli] In 1910, he was with the Chicago Giants, owned by Frank Leland, 2B playing alongside former teammates [from the St. Paul Colored Gophers] Walter Ball, Bobby Marshall, George "Rat" Johnson, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, and Candy Jim Taylor.[ccxlii] For 1911, he joined the St. Louis Giants, 2B, where his teammates included Candy Jim Taylor, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Ben Taylor, and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson.[ccxliii] 1912, again with St. Louis Giants, 2B, alongside Walter Ball and George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson.[ccxliv] In 1913, in the winter, he played SS, 2B, for Breaker's Hotel team, and then in the regular season, he played again with the St. Louis Giants, 1b, utility; and was listed with the 1913 West All-Star team, along with Candy Jim Taylor and Rube Foster.[ccxlv] 1914, SS, for New York Lincoln Giants, along with Walter Ball and Bill Gatewood [in a two game series against white major league players, he was the black leader with a .500 batting average.[ccxlvi] 1915, listed with St. Louis Giants, SS, along with Gill Gatewood.[ccxlvii] In 1916, Bacharach Giants, 2B; and St. Louis Giants [with Bill Gatewood] and a game against major leaguers [one hit in five at-bats]; and resort baseball in Florida with the Breakers team.[ccxlviii] 1917, Bacharach Giants, CF; New York Lincoln Giants, SS.[ccxlix] 1918, SS, New York Lincoln Giants [with John Donaldson as teammate]; St. Louis Giants [with Bill Gatewood as teammate].[ccl] 1919, 3B, with Hilldale club; also SS with St. Louis Giants [teammate Bill Gatewood].[ccli] 1920, 3B, 2B, St. Louis Giants.[cclii] 1921, St. Louis Giants, Manager, SS.[ccliii] 1922-1926: unknown. 1927, Manager, 3B, St. Louis Giants.[ccliv]
Clarence "Dude" Lytle. Pitcher. 1901, Chicago Union Giants, P.[cclv] Chicago Union Giants, 1902, P;[cclvi] but by July, he was with the Algona Brownies, 1902, P.[cclvii] 1906, Chicago Leland Giants, P.[cclviii] He joined the new St. Paul Colored Gophers in 1907, P and OF.[cclix] In 1908, P, RF, St. Paul Colored Gophers, with teammates George "Rat" Johnson.[cclx] 1909, unknown. 1910, unknown. 1911, P, mid-season replacement for St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cclxi]
Thomas Means. Pitcher. Chicago Unions, 1900, P.[cclxii] 1904 Chicago Union Giants, P.[cclxiii] St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1907, P.[cclxiv]
Nathan Knight. Pitcher. Prior to 1908, he was on the "Leading colored nines of St. Louis, MO," namely, the St. Louis Colored Giants [probably early season, 1908][cclxv] By late July, 1908, St. Paul Colored Gophers, P.
Howard Petway. Pitcher. Throws: Left. Originally from Nashville, TN.[cclxvi] Chicago Leland Giants, 1906, P.[cclxvii] St. Paul Colored Gophers, RF, 1908, May through July.[cclxviii]
William Horn. Pitcher. 1908, he was with the Chicago Leland Giants during the regular season, then with the St. Paul Colored Gophers, a late September addition, P.[cclxix]
Booker. Pitcher. Listed as being with the St. Paul Colored Gophers, probably 1908, P. Was reported to be playing for Kenyon, MN, team, in July, 1909.[cclxx]
Julius London. Pitcher. 1909, St. Paul Colored Gophers, P.[cclxxi]
Fred Roberts. 3B. St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1907, 3B.[cclxxii] 1908 with Minneapolis Keystones, 2B.[cclxxiii]
Robert "Buster" Garrison. Pitcher. 1909, St. Paul Colored Gophers, P.[cclxxiv]
Tommy "Lefty" Pangbourn. Pitcher, throws left-handed. 1910, St. Paul Colored Gophers, P.[cclxxv] Mid-season replacement, 1911, P, St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cclxxvi]
Kennedy. Shortstop. 1910, listed with St. Paul Colored Gophers in May, SS.[cclxxvii]
George Taylor. First Baseman. Page Fence Giants, 1895, 1B, played in MN in April [teammates: Billy Holland, George Hopkins, Bud Fowler].[cclxxviii] 1896, Page Fence Giants, 1B.[cclxxix] 1897, Page Fence Giants, 1B.[cclxxx] 1898, 1B, Page Fence Giants.[cclxxxi] 1903, 1B, Chicago Union Giants [teammates: Eugene Milliner, Walter Ball, Johnny Davis].[cclxxxii] 1904, 1B, Chicago Union Giants [teammates: Sherman Barton, William Binga, Tom Means].[cclxxxiii] 1905, 1B, Chicago Leland Giants.[cclxxxiv] 1906, 1B, Chicago Leland Giants.[cclxxxv] St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1907, 1B.[cclxxxvi]
Haywood Rose. First baseman. St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1B, 1908.[cclxxxvii] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, 1B.[cclxxxviii]
Jesse "Babe" Schaeffer. Catcher. St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1907, C.[cclxxxix] 1908 St. Paul Colored Gophers, RF, after injuries to other players; by July he switched to play C for Minneapolis Keystones.[ccxc] 1909, 2B, Minneapolis Keystones.[ccxci] Listed at RF for St. Paul Colored Gophers in 1910 for a short time in early season.[ccxcii] 1911, St. Paul Colored Gophers, C.[ccxciii]
Willis Jones. Outfielder. 1895, Chicago Unions, RF.[ccxciv] 1896, Chicago Unions, RF.[ccxcv] 1897, Chicago Unions, RF.[ccxcvi] 1898, Chicago Unions, RF.[ccxcvii] 1899, Chicago Unions, RF.[ccxcviii] 1900, Chicago Unions, RF.[ccxcix] 1901, Chicago Unions Giants, LF.[ccc] 1902, Chicago Union Giants, RF.[ccci] 1903, Algona Brownies, RF.[cccii] St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1907, LF.[ccciii] 1908 St. Paul Colored Gophers, LF.[ccciv] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, RF.[cccv] He is probably the "Jones" listed on St. Paul Colored Gophers roster, 1910, LF.[cccvi]
Ford. Pitcher. 1910 St. Paul Colored Gophers, P, he had been with the Phildelphia Giants previously, according to one report but was not listed in other sources [he seems to have been with the team just a short time].[cccvii]
Louis "Dicta" Johnson. Pitcher. The "Ex-University of Ill[inois]'s Star."[cccviii] Began to pitch for the St. Paul Colored Gophers in June 1910, P.[cccix] 1911, P, St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cccx] With the break-up of the St. Paul Colored Gophers after the 1911 season, he moved to Chicago where he played for Rube Foster's Chicago American Giants, 1912, P, with teammates including Bill Gatewood and Candy Jim Taylor.[cccxi] Again, in 1913, P, Chicago American Giants, with Steel Arm Johnny Taylor, Candy Jim Taylor, Bill Gatewood, Ben Taylor.[cccxii] 1914, P, Indianapolis ABCs with Candy Jim Taylor, Steel Arm Johnny Taylor; also listed with Chicago American Giants, P, along with George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson; and listed with Louisville White Sox.[cccxiii] 1915, P, Indianapolis ABCs, with a 13-6 win-loss record, 2nd in victories and 1st in winning percentage[cccxiv]. In 1916, P, with Chicago American Giants; with Indianapolis ABCs [along with Steel Arm Johnny Taylor and Candy Jim Taylor and Johnson pitched a three-hit, 1-0 shutout vs. the Chicago American Giants in the playoffs] and Bowser's ABCs, P [with Archie Pate]; Florida resort baseball with Poinciana team.[cccxv] 1917, P, Indianapolis ABCs with Candy Jim Taylor and Bill Gatewood as teammates.[cccxvi] He had to leave the Indianapolis ABCs in 1918 to serve in the military in World War I.[cccxvii] In 1919, he had a 4-1 record, P, with Detroit Stars [teammates: John Donaldson and Hurley McNair].[cccxviii] 1920, Detroit Stars, P, with Bill Gatewood and Webster McDonald; also with Indianapolis ABCs [teammate: Steel Arm Johnny Taylor].[cccxix] 1921, P, [14 W, 10 L], Indianapolis ABCs.[cccxx] 1922, P, [4 W, 6L], Indianapolis ABCs.[cccxxi] 1923, P, Milwaukee Bears, with teammates Bill Gatewood and Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman.[cccxxii] 1923, P, Toledo Tigers, with teammates Bill Gatewood & Candy Jim Taylor.[cccxxiii]
Board. Listed as 3B, 1B, for St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1910, for a short time in the beginning of the season.[cccxxiv]
Hill. Listed as RF, 1910, St. Paul Colored Gophers, probably a short-term replacement player.[cccxxv]
Wesley. OF, 3B. Listed with St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1910, LF, 3B, until late July.[cccxxvi]
Brown. LF. Listed as LF in a July 1910 series with Chicago Giants, and into August; and played some 3B in September.[cccxxvii]
Sammy Ransom. Second baseman. St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1907, 2B.[cccxxviii] 1908 St. Paul Colored Gophers, at least one game at 1B.[cccxxix]
William "Willie" McMurray. Second baseman. St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1907, latter part of the season, 2B.[cccxxx] 1908, St. Paul Colored Gophers, 3B.[cccxxxi] 1909, St. Paul Colored Gophers, LF, C.[cccxxxii] In 1910, St. Louis Stars, 1B.[cccxxxiii] 1911, ?. 1912: ?. In 1913, with the West Baden, Indiana, Sprudels, C, 1B.[cccxxxiv] 1914, RF, 3B, with West Baden, Indiana, Sprudels.[cccxxxv]
Arthur McDougal. Shortstop and 2B. Joined St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1909, SS.[cccxxxvi] 1910, listed at 3B for St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cccxxxvii] In 1911, 2B, St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cccxxxviii]
Selden. Shortstop. In 1910, SS, Chicago Giants.[cccxxxix] 1911, St. Paul Colored Gophers, SS,[cccxl] listed as "formerly with the Chicago Giants."[cccxli] 1912, unknown. In 1913, no doubt he was listed with the Indianapolis ABCs, 2B, listed as "Seldom."[cccxlii] 1914, Chicago Giants.[cccxliii]
Stoddard [or, sometimes, Stallard.] Pitcher, LF, CF. In 1911, P, LF, CF, St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cccxliv]
Frank "Bunch" Davis. Shortstop. St. Paul Colored Gophers, 1907, SS.[cccxlv] 1908 St. Paul Colored Gophers, SS.[cccxlvi] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, SS.[cccxlvii] 1910, Minneapolis Keystones, SS.[cccxlviii] In 1911, SS, Minneapolis Keystones.[cccxlix]
Andrew Campbell. Catcher. Chicago Union Giants, 1903, C.[cccl] 1906 Chicago Leland Giants, C.[cccli] Minneapolis Keystones, initial year of the ballclub, 1908, C.[ccclii] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, C.[cccliii]
George Armstrong. Listed as Catcher for 1910 St. Paul Colored Gophers.[cccliv] Mid-season replacement, C, St. Paul Colored Gophers.[ccclv]
George Bowman. Second Baseman. Listed with St. Paul Colored Gophers in 1910, 2B, until his release in late August for "loafing" and he "did not take any interest in the games."[ccclvi]
Harry Brown. Pitcher, Third Baseman. 1911, St. Paul Colored Gophers, P, 3B.[ccclvii]
Hardaman [or Hardiman]. 1911, St. Paul Colored Gophers, 2B.[ccclviii]
Alex Irwin. Shortstop. Minneapolis Keystones, initial year of the ballclub, 1908, SS.[ccclix] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, 2B.[ccclx] 1910, unknown. 1911, 2B, St. Paul Colored Gophers.[ccclxi] In 1912, he stayed in Minnesota, playing for the Twin Cities black team, Hennepin Clothing Company team, 2B, along with Bobby Marshall, William Binga, and Johnny Davis.[ccclxii]
George Hopkins. Centerfielder. 1908 Minneapolis Keystones, initial year of the ballclub, CF.[ccclxiii] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, CF.[ccclxiv]
Willie Green. Catcher. 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, C, 3B.[ccclxv] He was listed as a member of the 1910 Minneapolis Keystones at C in pre-season publicity.[ccclxvi]
Milroy McCune. Third Baseman. He came from Texas prior to playing 3B for Minneapolis Keystones, 1909.[ccclxvii] 1910, probably with the Minneapolis Keystones. In 1911, 3B, for Minneapolis Keystones. [ccclxviii] 1912, unknown. In 1913, 3B, for Chicago Giants, along with Hurly McNair and Archie Pate.[ccclxix]
Graham. Pitcher. 1908 Minneapolis Keystones, initial year of the ballclub, P.[ccclxx]
Charles Jessup. Pitcher. 1908 Minneapolis Keystones, initial year of the ballclub, P.[ccclxxi] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, P.[ccclxxii]
William Dewberry or Duberry. Pitcher. Listed as "Dewberry" and C for Chicago Union Giants, 1903.[ccclxxiii] 1908, Minneapolis Keystones, P, 2B.[ccclxxiv]
Charles "Slick" Jackson. Pitcher. Joined the Minneapolis Keystones in later August, 1908, P.[ccclxxv] 1909, Minneapolis Keystones, P.[ccclxxvi] In 1910, Minneapolis Keystones, P.[ccclxxvii] 1912, P, for Minneapolis Keystones.[ccclxxviii]
W. J. Freeman. Pitcher. 6-foot-6, 225 pounds, prior to 1908, he played for the "leading semi-professional clubs of Omaha, Kansas City and Chicago, and has also been a member of the Anaconda and Butte teams.[ccclxxix] 1908, Minneapolis Keystones, initial year of the ballclub, a July replacement, P.[ccclxxx]
Hurley McNair. Pitcher and outfielder. 1911, Minneapolis Keystones, P, OF.[ccclxxxi] In 1912, he moved to Chicago to play with Chicago Giants, OF, P.[ccclxxxii] In 1913, again with Chicago Giants, P, along with Milroy McCune and Archie Pate.[ccclxxxiii] 1914, unlisted. 1915, Chicago American Giants of Rube Foster, P, RF, along with teammates Walter Ball and Bill Gatewood.[ccclxxxiv] 1916, RF, Chicago American Giants; P with Chicago Union Giants.[ccclxxxv] 1917, All Nations, CF [with John Donaldson].[ccclxxxvi] 1918, unknown. 1919, RF, Detroit Stars [with teammates John Donaldson and Louis "Dicta" Johnson].[ccclxxxvii] 1920, LF, [first in West with 20 doubles & 8 triples, 5th in stolen bases with 10], Kansas City Monarchs, with teammates John Donaldson and Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman; in winter, LF, Los Angeles White Sox.[ccclxxxviii] 1921, Kansas City Monarchs, LF, [teammate: John Donaldson, Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman]; winter ball, Colored All-Stars, LF, P, teammate of Steel Arm Johnny Taylor.[ccclxxxix] 1922, LF, Kansas City Monarchs, West Team All-Star, [batted .420]; with teammates John Donaldson and Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman.[cccxc] 1923, CF, Kansas City Monarchs [West All-Star team selection]; with teammate John Donaldson.[cccxci] 1924, Kansas City Monarchs, (BA .346), RF, OF, P; with teammate John Donaldson.[cccxcii] 1925, LF, RF, [BA .365], Kansas City Monarchs, with teammate Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman.[cccxciii] 1926, RF, [BA .289] Kansas City Monarchs.[cccxciv] 1927, RF, OF, Kansas City Monarchs, [BA .275], teammate: Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman.[cccxcv] 1928, RF, Detroit Stars; teammate Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe.[cccxcvi] 1929, ?. 1930, LF, Gilkerson's Union Giants.[cccxcvii] 1932, OF, John Donaldson's All-Stars of Fairmont, MN, with teammates Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman, John Donaldson, & others.[cccxcviii] 1934, RF, Kansas City Monarchs, with John Donaldson.[cccxcix] An argument could be made that Hurley McNair was good enough for the Hall of Fame, but he was a high-average hitter and was not a home-run slugger.
Archie Pate. Pitcher. 1909, he joined the Minneapolis Keystones, P.[cd] In 1910, he played RF and P for Minneapolis Keystones.[cdi] 1911, he played P, C, for Minneapolis Keystones.[cdii] In 1912, he joined the St. Louis Giants, P, alongside George ["Rat" or "Chappie"] Johnson, Walter Ball, and Felix Wallace.[cdiii] In 1913, he moved to the Chicago Giants, C, along with Hurley McNair and Milroy McCune.[cdiv] 1914, RF, New York Stars.[cdv] He was listed with the Chicago American Giants in 1915, RF; and then with Chicago Union Giants.[cdvi] 1916, OF, 3B, Bowser's ABCs [with Louis "Dicta" Johnson].[cdvii] 1917, Chicago Giants, OF, [with teammate Walter Ball].[cdviii]
Jack Johnson. First baseman. Minneapolis Keystones, initial year of the ballclub, 1908, 1B.[cdix]
Phillips. Infielder. 1911 he was with the Minneapolis Keystones.[cdx]
James Willis. Catcher and Outfielder. 1911, Minneapolis Keystones, C, LF.[cdxi]
Briscoe. CF. 1911, Minneapolis Keystones, CF.[cdxii]
Woods. RF. 1911, Minneapolis Keystones, RF.[cdxiii]
Bockman. 2B. 1911, Minneapolis Keystones, 2B.[cdxiv]
Embry. 1B. 1911, Minneapolis Keystones, 1B.[cdxv]
Players who played against Minnesota teams in Minnesota:
(HOF) Smokey Joe Williams. Pitcher. In 1910, he defeated the St. Paul Colored Gophers as a pitcher for the Chicago Giants, 5-1.[cdxvi]
Webster McDonald. Pitcher. In 1920, P, Detroit Stars, with teammates Bill Gatewood and Louis "Dicta" Johnson; Norfolk All-Stars.[cdxvii] 1921, P, Madison Stars.[cdxviii] 1922, P, OF, Philadelphia Giants.[cdxix] 1923: ?. 1924, P, Philadelphia Giants.[cdxx] 1925, Chicago American Giants, P.[cdxxi] 1926, P, Chicago American Giants.[cdxxii] 1927, Chicago American Giants, P.[cdxxiii] 1928, he pitched for Little Falls, MN, with 17 W, 4 L, from May 13-Sept. 9;[cdxxiv] also listed as: P, Homestead Grays.[cdxxv] 1929, from May 12 -September 15, P, Little Falls, MN, semi-pro team (record: 19 W, 3 L, 1 Tie) with teammate Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman;[cdxxvi] also listed with: Chicago American Giants as P.[cdxxvii] 1930, he pitched from May 25- September 1 for Little Falls, MN, semi-pro team with teammate Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman at C, and Lefty Wilson (AKA Dave Brown), P;[cdxxviii] but also listed as: P, Baltimore Black Sox, on the same team with Satchel Paige; also Chicago American Giants, P, again with Satchel Paige listed on the team; also Hilldale team.[cdxxix] 1931, he pitched for Little Falls, MN, semi-pro team from May 24-August 23, with a record of 11 W, 2 L (his batterymate was Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman);[cdxxx] also listed as: P, Hilldale team; New York Black Yankees, P.[cdxxxi] 1934, Philadelphia Stars, P, Manager.[cdxxxii] 1935, Manager, Philadelphia Stars.[cdxxxiii] 1936, P, Manager, Philadelphia Stars.[cdxxxiv] 1938, P, Manager, Philadelphia Stars.[cdxxxv] 1939, Manager, P, Philadelphia Stars.[cdxxxvi] 1940, Manager, P, Philadelphia Stars.[cdxxxvii] 1941, Otto Briggs All-Stars, P.[cdxxxviii] 1942: ?.
Ted Double-Duty Radcliffe. 1942 Twin Cities Colored Gophers. P/C
Black players on white teams.
Dave Brown. Pitcher, threw left-handed. Chicago American Giants, 1918, P.[cdxxxix] In 1919, P, Chicago American Giants.[cdxl] 1920, P, Chicago American Giants (11 W, 4 L).[cdxli] 1921, (11 W, 3 L), P, Chicago American Giants; member of West All-Star Team.[cdxlii] 1922, Chicago American Giants, [16 W, 7 L], P.[cdxliii] 1923, P, New York Lincoln Giants.[cdxliv] 1924, New York Lincoln Giants, P, [22 W, 11 L].[cdxlv] 1925, P, New York Lincoln Giants.[cdxlvi] AKA Lefty Wilson. 1928, Bertha [MN] Fishermen, P, with teammate Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman, C.[cdxlvii] 1930, hired as a backup pitcher on August 1, 1930, for Little Falls, MN, semi-pro team, with teammates Webster McDonald, P, and Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman, C.[cdxlviii]
Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman. Catcher. 1920, C, RF, Kansas City Monarchs, with teammates John Donaldson and Hurley McNair.[cdxlix] 1921, C, Kansas City Monarchs, with teammates John Donaldson & Hurley McNair.[cdl] 1922, C, Kansas City Monarchs, with teammates John Donaldson & Hurley McNair.[cdli] 1923, C, Milwaukee Bears, with teammate Bill Gatewood.[cdlii] 1924, C, Cleveland Browns; & Homestead Grays, C.[cdliii] 1925, C, Kansas City Monarchs, with teammate Hurley McNair.[cdliv] 1926, C, Indianapolis ABCs.[cdlv] 1927, C, Bertha, MN, semi-pro team, with teammate John Donaldson.[cdlvi] 1928, Bertha, MN, semi-pro team, with teammate Lefty Wilson.[cdlvii] 1929, C, Little Falls, MN, semi-pro team, with teammate Webster McDonald as pitcher.[cdlviii] 1930, entire season, C, Little Falls, MN, semi-pro team with teammates Webster McDonald, P: and Lefty Wilson (AKA Dave Brown), P.[cdlix] 1931, entire season, C, Little Falls, MN, semi-pro team; with teammate Webster McDonald, P.[cdlx] 1932, C, Washington Pilots; with teammates Webster McDonald and Chet Brewer;[cdlxi] then with John Donaldson's All-Stars team of Fairmont, MN, with teammates John Donaldson and Hurley McNair.[cdlxii] 1933, C, Kansas City Monarchs, with teammate Chet Brewer.[cdlxiii]
Touring Teams/ Players.
1913. French Lick, Indiana, Black Plutos. The team played against Brainerd, Little Falls, and Superior, Wisconsin, in August, and a 4-game series against St. Cloud in August , 1913, thence to Albert Lea, MN, then Buxton, IA,.
Line-up of French Lick Black Plutos vs. St. Cloud Pretzels [with Bobby Marshall, RF on the St. Cloud team]. August 24, Sunday, 1913, game.[cdlxiv]
Cunningham, SS
Hannan, CF
[Thomas] Lynch, 2B [P or RF in other games]
Norman, 3B
[Sam] Gordon, 1B and MGR
W. Cobb [listed as Cobbs], C
[Dan] Kennard, RF
Patten, LF
McLaughlin, P [2B in the other games]
[Also [Albert] Gillard, RF, P in other games.[cdlxv]] Note: first names in brackets above are from Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64.
1914, the French Lick, Indiana, Black Plutos, played against Sauk Rapids, MN, and St. Cloud, MN, in July, 1914.
Line-up. July 26, 1914, Sunday game in St. Cloud, with Bobby Marshall playing for St. Cloud Pretzels team, at 2B.
[Elwood "Bingo"] DeMoss, 2B
[Todd] Allen, 1B
Kennard, C
Norman, J. 3B
Hannon, CF
["Quack"] Davis, LF
Heath, SS
Norman, P
McLaughlin, RF[cdlxvi]
Lynch, P[cdlxvii]
Note: first names in brackets come from Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67.
1914. All-Nations touring team in Minnesota. On July 29, a double-header in Little Falls, MN.
In the first game the Little Falls Blues lost to the great All-Nations pitcher Mendez, 7 to 5; in the second game, John Donaldson won a 4-0 game versus Little Falls.[cdlxviii]
*John Donaldson. Pitcher. In 1912, P, All Nations team, he pitched at Deerwood, MN, in early August, winning 20-0, striking out the first 12 batters he faced; and at Little Falls on August 2, 1912.[cdlxix] 1913, All Nations, P, played in MN at Good Thunder in August, 1913.[cdlxx] In 1914, P, with Des Moines, IA, All Nations, playing in MN at Barnesville, McIntosh, Little Falls, Anoka, and New Ulm.[cdlxxi] 1915, P, with Des Moines, IA, All Nations.[cdlxxii] In 1916, with Kansas City All-Nations, P; a West team All-Star; and Florida resort baseball with the Poinciana team.[cdlxxiii] 1917, P, All Nations [with Hurley McNair].[cdlxxiv] 1918, P, Indianapolis ABCs [with Candy Jim Taylor]; Brooklyn Royal Giants, P; and New York Lincoln Giants.[cdlxxv] In 1919, P, Detroit Stars, with teammates Louis "Dicta" Johnson and Hurley McNair.[cdlxxvi] 1920, Kansas City Monarchs, P, CF, with teammates Hurley McNair and Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman.[cdlxxvii] 1921, P, CF, Kansas City Monarchs [teammates: Hurley McNair and Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman].[cdlxxviii] 1922, P, OF, Kansas City Monarchs, [teammates: Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman and Hurley McNair].[cdlxxix] 1923, with All Nations team in MN versus Hibbing [played in Duluth], and Paynesville;[cdlxxx] also, OF, Kansas City Monarchs, teammate: Hurley McNair.[cdlxxxi] 1924, May 4-September 15 with Bertha, MN, semi-pro team, P;[cdlxxxii] also OF, Kansas City Monarchs, with teammate Hurley McNair.[cdlxxxiii] 1925, P, Bertha, MN, semi-pro team; and some games for Plentywood, Montana, team; one game for Lismore, MN, team; one game for Clarkfield, MN, team; and 2 games for Minneota, MN, team.[cdlxxxiv] 1926, May-October, P, Lismore [MN] team.[cdlxxxv] 1927, P, Bertha, MN, semi-pro team, May-September, with teammate Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman, C.[cdlxxxvi] 1928, P, Scobey, Montana; the bulk of the season with Melrose, MN, team, P; Arlington, MN, team, P.[cdlxxxvii] 1929, P, Colored House of David team, playing in MN in Granite Falls, Little Falls, and Marshall.[cdlxxxviii] 1930, P, St. Cloud Saints team. 1931, Colored House of David, P, then he joined the Kansas City Monarchs traveling team on July 19, 1931 and played in Crookston, MN; RF, CF, Kansas City Monarchs, in Black World Series; with teammate Chet Brewer.[cdlxxxix] 1932, P, CF, and operated his own team in Fairmont, MN, the John Donaldson's All-Stars, with teammates Hurley McNair, Sylvester "Hooks" Foreman, Chappie Gray, Robert "Piggy" Hawkins, Bill Freeman, Joe "Jellyroll" Barker, Charley Hancock, Luther "Old Soul" McDonald, "Peewee" Dwight, [Clarence] Everett at SS, S. Thompson at P; D. Thompson at 1B, Charlie Hilton (2B), James Starks, J. Moore Allen, Buzz Boldridge at 3B, Cunningham at 1B, George Jones at P.[cdxc] 1934, P, Kansas City Monarchs, with Hurley McNair and Chet Brewer.[cdxci]
[HOF] Leroy "Satchel" Paige.
Minneapolis Colored Keystones. 1921.
Ramsey, CF
Bradley, LF
Williams, 3B
Jones, 1B
Lewis, SS
Carey, 2B
Kay, RF
Jackson, C
Davis, P
Allen, P, CF, RF[cdxcii]
Sandon's Colored Tigers from Mankato, Minnesota. 1926
Ausley RF Ousley, RF
Roy Wright, C & Manager. Roy Wright, C
Charles Hilton, SS Charles Hilton, SS
Williams, CF Williams, LF
Burke, 1B Burke, CF
English, 3B English, 3B
Lewis, 2B Lewis, P
Parks, RF Parks, 2B
Jackson, P[cdxciii] W. Sandon, 1B[cdxciv]
Integrated Baseball Era. 1947-1960.
[HOF] Roy Campanella. St. Paul Saints, 1948. C
[HOF] Ray Dandridge. Minneapolis Millers. 3B. 1950-1952.
[HOF] Willie Mays. Minneapolis Millers. OF. 1951.
David Barnhill. P. Minneapolis Millers, 1949, 1950.[cdxcv]
Touring teams/players.
[HOF] Leroy "Satchel" Paige.
Major League Baseball in Minnesota, Minnesota Twins, 1961-present.
[HOF] Kirby Puckett. OF
[HOF] Dave Winfield. OF
-----------------------
[i] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 16.
[ii] "Base Ball Notes," Stillwater Messenger, August 2, 1884, p. 4; Bob Tholkes, "Bud Fowler, Black Pioneer, and the 1884 Stillwaters," Baseball Research Journal 15, January 1, 1986, p. 11, 12, 13; BA in John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 18.
[iii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 30.
[iv] Thomas E. Powers, "The Page Fence Giants Play Ball," Chronicle [Historical Society of Michigan], Spring 1983, p. 15.
[v] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 31; game in St. Paul in "Today's Game, Comiskey's Organization Will Play the Page Fence Giants," St. Paul Pioneer Press, April 23, 1895.
[vi] Thomas E. Powers, "The Page Fence Giants Play Ball," Chronicle [Historical Society of Michigan], Spring 1983, p. 18.
[vii] Thomas E. Powers, "The Page Fence Giants Play Ball," Chronicle [Historical Society of Michigan], Spring 1983, p. 14, 18; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 32.
[viii] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. xxxv; Thomas E. Powers, "The Page Fence Giants Play Ball," Chronicle [Historical Society of Michigan], Spring 1983, p. 14.
[ix] Wilson is listed as a pitcher for 1899 and 1900 with the Chicago Columbia Giants in Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[x] "Algona Beats Waseca," Upper Des Moines [Algona, IA] Republican, August 20, 1902, p. 1.
[xi] "St. Cloud Nine Wins," Minneapolis Tribune, July 13, 1903, p. 3, Wilson struck out 17 Eau Claire, WI, batters, giving up 3 hits.
[xii] "Renville Wins By Small Margin [over Chippewa Falls, WI]," St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 7, 1905, p. 3; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, September 8, 1905, p. 4; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, July 7, 1905, p. 8; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, August 4, 1905, p. 4; "Chippewa Also Goes Down," Renville Star Farmer, August 11, 1905, p. 1.
[xiii] Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 14; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 31, 32, 34, 35, 36. James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 872-873.
[xiv] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. xxxv; 64, 65.
[xv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 30.
[xvi] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 55.
[xvii] "Today's Game, Comiskey's Organization Will Play the Page Fence Giants," St. Paul Pioneer Press, April 23, 1895.
[xviii] Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 11; Clark and Lester, The Negro Leagues, p. 55.
[xix] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy; 1899 season also listed in Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 37. Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 55-56.
[xx] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 56.
[xxi] David Kemp and Roger Wilden, "The Algona Brownies, Champs of the West," Baseball Research Journal116, (January 1, 1988), p. 76.
[xxii] "Baseball Games This Week," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], May 13, 1903, p. 4; "Too Much Johnson," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], July 9, 1902, p. 1.
[xxiii] "The Algona Brownies: Most Famous Afro-American Team," Appeal [St. Paul], September 19, 1903, p. 3; David Kemp and Roger Wilden, "The Algona Brownies, Champs of the West," Baseball Research Journal116, (January 1, 1988), p. 78-79. "Brownies Are Supreme," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], September 9, 1903, p. 4; "Brownies Down the Leaguers," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], September 23, 1903, p. 4; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 57.
[xxiv] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; and John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 48. Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 58.
[xxv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 55. Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 58, 59.
[xxvi] "George Johnson, Catcher of the Long Prairie 1909 Baseball Team," Long Prairie Leader, July 16, 1909, p. 5.
[xxvii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 55.
[xxviii] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 28; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 56.
[xxix] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, 5, photocopy.
[xxx] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 41; and Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5 photocopy.
[xxxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 56.
[xxxii] "Too Much Johnson," Upper Des Moines [Algona, IA] Republican, July 9, 1902, p. 1; "Baseball Games This Week," Upper Des Moines [Algona, IA] Republican, May 13, 1903, p. 4; "Brownies Playing Ball," Upper Des Moines [Algona, IA] Republican, May 20, 1903, p. 1; "Brownies Win the Title," Upper Des Moines [Algona, IA] Republican, August 12, 1903, p. 4; "The Algona Brownies: Most Famous Afro-American Team," Appeal [St. Paul], September 19, 1903, p. 3. David Kemp and Roger Wilden, "The Algona Brownies, Champs of the West," Baseball Research Journal116, (January 1, 1988), p. 77, 78, 79. John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 43; Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5 photocopy; Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. xl.
[xxxiii] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 40; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 57.
[xxxiv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 46, 47; Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. xl, 44, 45; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 58.
[xxxv] "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, September 8, 1905, p. 4; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, July 7, 1905, p. 8; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, August 4, 1905, p. 4; "Chippewa Also Goes Down," Renville Star Farmer, August 11, 1905, p. 1.
[xxxvi] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 48, 49; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 58.
[xxxvii] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. xli, 147. Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5 photocopy; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 58.
[xxxviii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 55; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 59; according to "Independents Notes," Minneapolis Tribune, February 2, 1908, p. 3, Sports, Rat played with the Brooklyn Royal Giants in the 1907 season.
[xxxix] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Gophers And Lunds to Play at Minnehaha," Minneapolis Tribune, June 14, 1908, p. 4, Sports section; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4. Captain in "Lunds Will Face Clever Team Today in Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, May 24, 1908, p. 4, Sports.
[xl] "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.
[xli] "George Johnson, Catcher of the Long Prairie 1909 Baseball Team," Long Prairie Leader, July 16, 1909, p. 5.
[xlii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 62, 64.
[xliii] "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 74; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 61.
[xliv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82, 88; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[xlv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 88; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[xlvi] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 94; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64, 65
[xlvii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 98, 99.
[xlviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 66.
[xlix] James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 433.
[l] James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 433-434; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 73.
[li] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 80.
[lii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 89.
[liii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 92.
[liv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 94.
[lv] James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 434.
[lvi] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 118.
[lvii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.
[lviii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.
[lix] "They Had To Hurry," St. Cloud [MN] Journal-Press, June 5, 1902, p. 2; "St. Cloud Tried Out," St. Cloud [MN] Journal-Press, May 15, 1902, p. 1, boxscore; Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.
[lx] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[lxi] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.
[lxii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.
[lxiii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.
[lxiv] "Lunds to Meet Keystones Today," Minneapolis Tribune, April 19, 1908, p. 1, Sports section; move back to Chicago in "Gophers and Lunds to Play at Minnehaha," Minneapolis Tribune, June 14, 1908, p. 4, Sports; Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[lxv] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; "Gophers Win In Hot Finish," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 27, 1909, p. 7.
[lxvi] "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues, p. 61; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 74.
[lxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 62; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 82.
[lxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues, p. 63; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 88.
[lxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 64, 65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 94.
[lxx] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 65.
[lxxi] Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 67.
[lxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 70; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 117.
[lxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 74; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 129.
[lxxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues, p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 142.
[lxxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 79.
[lxxvi] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 118.
[lxxvii] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 167-168.
[lxxviii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy.
[lxxix] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[lxxx] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 56.
[lxxxi] David Kemp and Roger Wilden, "The Algona Brownies, Champs of the West," Baseball Research Journal 16, (January 1, 1988), p. 77.
[lxxxii] David Kemp and Roger Wilden, "The Algona Brownies, Champs of the West," Baseball Research Journa116, (January 1, 1988), p. 77, 78; "Baseball Games This Week," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], May 13, 1903, p. 4; "The Algona Brownies: Most Famous Afro-American Team," Appeal [St. Paul], September 19, 1903, p. 3.
[lxxxiii] "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, September 8, 1905, p. 4; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, July 7, 1905, p. 8; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, August 4, 1905, p. 4; "Chippewa Also Goes Down," Renville Star Farmer, August 11, 1905, p. 1; "Renville Wins By Small Margin," St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 7, 1905, p. 3.
[lxxxiv] "The Gophers Are Coming," Renville Star Farmer, July 17, 1908, p. 4; "Colored Gophers 4, Renville 3," Renville Star Farmer, July 24, 1908, p. 4.
[lxxxv] "Third Game Goes to the Home Team," Watertown [SD] Daily Public Opinion, May 24, 1910, p. 5, boxscore.
[lxxxvi] "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports; "Werdens Lose to Gophers," Twin City Star, April 29, 1911, p. 1.
[lxxxvii] "Pick-Ups," Minneapolis Tribune, April 16, 1911, p. 3, Sports; "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[lxxxviii] "Colored Troupe Score Victory," Red Wing [MN] Daily Republican, May 3, 1911, p. 6; "Werdens Lose the First Game to Colored Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 2, Sports.
[lxxxix] "Speedy Askin & Marine Red Sox Semi-Pro Baseball Team," Northwestern Bulletin, June 16, 1923, p. 3.
[xc] "Base Ball Boom," [St. Paul] Appeal, March 19, 1904, p. 3.
[xci] "St. Paul," [St. Paul] Appeal, August 3, 1907, p. 3.
[xcii] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score; "Billy Williams Visits City," Minneapolis Tribune, July 31, 1910, p. 3, Sports Section; "An Aggregation of Bright Stars," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 17, 1910, p. 3, Sports.
[xciii] Minnesota Department of Health, Certificate of Death, William Binga, registered number 4589, Minnesota Historical Society.
[xciv] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 167; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 55.
[xcv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 31.
[xcvi] Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 13.
[xcvii] Binga is listed as 3B for 1899 and 1900 with the Chicago Columbia Giants in Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; 1901 listing on p. 4. Listed as 3B for Columbia Giants in Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 28.
[xcviii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[xcix] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 40, 42, 146.
[c] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[ci] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cii] Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 120, 121, 123; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 55.
[ciii] "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5;
[civ] "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.; "Locals Win and Lose," Long Prairie Leader, June 29, 1909, p. 4 [boxscore]; "Gophers Win In Hot Finish," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 27, 1909, p. 7.
[cv] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3; boxscore.
[cvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61.
[cvii] "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cviii] "Hennepins Fall Before Heavy Batting of Steels," Minneapolis Tribune, June 3, 1912, p. 11.
[cix] "Pretzels Pounce on Deacon Davis," St. Cloud Daily Times, June 23, 1913, p. 4, boxscore.
[cx] "Locals and Keystones Split Twin Bill," Willmar Tribune, July 6, 1921, p. 9, boxscore; Litchfield Lost on Home Grounds," Willmar Tribune, July 13, 1921, p. 4, boxscore; "Brooten Defeated in 11 Innings," Willmar Tribune, June 29, 1921, p. 9, boxscore.
[cxi] Willmar Tribune, September 22, 1926, p. 13.
[cxii] "Gophers Take Second Game," St. Paul Dispatch, August 29, 1908, p. 8; "Gophers Win the Second," St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 29, 1908, p. 6; "Foster Pitches Hitless Contest," Minneapolis Tribune, August 29, 1908, p. 15
[cxiii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cxiv] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cxv] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.
[cxvi] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cxvii] "All-Stars Win This One," Minneapolis Tribune, September 20, 1909, p. 7.
[cxviii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 62.
[cxix] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 88; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[cxx] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92; Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999
[cxxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 103.
[cxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69.
[cxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 71, 72; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 116, 117.
[cxxiv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 125.
[cxxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 75; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 129.
[cxxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 140, 141.
[cxxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 79; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.
[cxxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 83; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 167.
[cxxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 85; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 178.
[cxxx] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 86; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 178.
[cxxxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 91; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 198.
[cxxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 95, 96; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 223.
[cxxxiii] Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 25.
[cxxxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 99.
[cxxxv] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy;; "Brownies Playing Ball," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], May 20, 1903, p. 1; "Baseball Games This Week," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], May 13, 1903, p. 4; "Algona 7, Giants 4," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], August 12, 1903, p. 4.
[cxxxvi] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cxxxvii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cxxxviii] "Have a Great Record," Fargo Forum, July 17, 1907, p. 2; "Gophers Great Work," St. Paul Dispatch, July 3, 1907, p. 12.
[cxxxix] "Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 19, 1908, p. 4, Sports.
[cxl] "Colored Gophers Shut Out," Alexandria Post News, July 29, 1909, p. 3 [boxscore]; "Gophers Return From Trip," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 17, 1909, p. 8.
[cxli] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3.
[cxlii] "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports.
[cxliii] "Hennepins Fall Before Heavy Batting of Steels," Minneapolis Tribune, June 3, 1912, p. 11; "Two Fast Players of the Hennepin Clothing Team," Minneapolis Tribune, May 26, 1912, p. 3, Sports.
[cxliv] "Pretzels Pounce on Deacon Davis," St. Cloud Daily Times, June 23, 1913, p. 4, boxscore.
[cxlv] "Uptowns Will Play Fort Snelling Nine," Northwestern Bulletin [St. Paul], May 12, 1923, p. 4; "Uptowns Lost Close Game to Bayport Nine," Northwestern Bulletin, May 26, 1923, p. 4; "Uptown Ball Club to Play So. St. Paul Club," Northwestern Bulletin, June 6, 1923, p. 1.
[cxlvi] "Uptown Ball Club To Play So. St. Paul Club," Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, June 6, 1925, p. 1.
[cxlvii] "All-Stars Open Season," St. Paul Echo, May 28, 1927, p. 1.
[cxlviii] James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 764, 765.
[cxlix] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, June 27, 1909, p. 4, Sports.
[cl] "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61.
[cli] "Two Big Games Booked," St. Paul Dispatch, June 2, 1910, p. 11.
[clii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[cliii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 88, 89; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63-64.
[cliv] Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999. Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92, 93.
[clv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 66; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 97; BA in Paul DeBono, The Indianapolis ABCs: History of a Premier Team in the Negro Leagues (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1997), p. 159, 165.
[clvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 104.
[clvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 111.
[clviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 71; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 116, 117.
[clix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 73; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 124.
[clx] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 129.
[clxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 140-141.
[clxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 82; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 167.
[clxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 85; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 177, 178.
[clxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 88; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 187.
[clxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 91; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 198.
[clxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 92, 93; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 209.
[clxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 96; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 223.
[clxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 99; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 234.
[clxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 101; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 245.
[clxx] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 103; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 261.
[clxxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 105; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 274, 275.
[clxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 108; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 294.
[clxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 112; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 301.
[clxxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 113, 114; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 307.
[clxxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 114; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 318.
[clxxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 119; James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 765.
[clxxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 119; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 338, 339.
[clxxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 122; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 351, 353.
[clxxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 127; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 376.
[clxxx] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 129; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 383, 384.
[clxxxi] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 394.
[clxxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 133; Mike Shatzkin, ed., The Ballplayers: Baseball's Ultimate Biographical Reference (New York: Arbor House, 1990), p. 1070.
[clxxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 135; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 417.
[clxxxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 137; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 422, 423.
[clxxxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 140; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 434.
[clxxxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 142; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 446; Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 59.
[clxxxvii] Donn Rogosin, Invisible Stars: Life In Baseball's Negro Leagues (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 38.
[clxxxviii] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, June 27, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 18, 1909, p. 3, Sports.
[clxxxix] "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 74.
[cxc] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[cxci] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 89; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63-64.
[cxcii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64, 65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92.
[cxciii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 66; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 97.
[cxciv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 104.
[cxcv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 111.
[cxcvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 70.
[cxcvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 142.
[cxcviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 79; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 156.
[cxcix] "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore].
[cc] "Two Big Games Booked," St. Paul Dispatch, June 2, 1910, p. 11.
[cci] "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports.
[ccii] "Hennepins Fall Before Heavy Batting of Steels," Minneapolis Tribune, June 3, 1912, p. 11; "Two Fast Players of the Hennepin Clothing Team," Minneapolis Tribune, May 26, 1912, p. 3, Sports.
[cciii] "Pretzels Pounce on Deacon Davis," St. Cloud Daily Times, June 23, 1913, p. 4, boxscore.
[cciv] "Spectacular Plays Feature in Pretzel Win Over Melrose 7-0," St. Cloud Daily Times, July 28, 1913, p. 4, boxscore; Dretchko in "Win Both Games On Trip," Minnesota Daily [University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN], May 14, 1907, p. 1.
[ccv] "Plutos Burn Their Fingers," St. Cloud, MN, Daily Times, July 27, 1914, p. 8, boxscore; "Bob Marshall Leaves Saints," St. Cloud, MN, Daily Journal-Press, July 31, 1914, p. ?.
[ccvi] "Hutchinson 2, Cokato 0," Cokato [MN] Enterprise, June 3, 1915, p. 4; Dretchko in "Cokato Wins One Games and Loses," Cokato [MN] Enterprise, June 24, 1915, p. 1; Ursella in "Cokato Loses to Waverly," Cokato [MN] Enterprise, August 12, 1915, p. 1.
[ccvii] "Bob Marshall a Football Star for 17 Years," Minneapolis Daily News, April, 1920, Bobby Marshall Scrapbook.
[ccviii] "Local News," Minneapolis Messenger, July 2, 1921, p. 2; "Bobby and Joe Making Good," Minneapolis Messenger, July 16, 1921, p. 2; "Bobby Marshall to Retire," Minneapolis Messenger, October 1, 1921, p. 2.
[ccix] "May Play In Big League," Minnesota Messenger, September 30, 1922, p. 1.
[ccx] "Local Team All Ready for Coming Baseball Season," Minnesota Messenger, March 10, 1923, p. 1; "Uptowns Lose Close Game to Bayport Nine," Northwestern Bulletin [St. Paul], May 26, 1923, p. 4; "Uptowns Lose Game to Fort Snelling Nine," Northwestern Bulletin, May 19, 1923, p. 4.
[ccxi] "Sports," Northwestern Bulletin, May 23, 1925, p. 3.
[ccxii] Hancock [MN] Record, July 5, 1926.
[ccxiii] "Baker Post Defeats All-Stars by 4-2 Score," Twin City Herald, May 7, 1927, p. 2.
[ccxiv] Little Falls Daily Transcript, May 21, 1928.
[ccxv] "St. Paul Monarchs Have Strong Team," Twin City Herald, July 23, 1932, p. 4.
[ccxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 55
[ccxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 56.
[ccxviii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[ccxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 56.
[ccxx] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 57.
[ccxxi] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 57.
[ccxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 58.
[ccxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 58; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 51, 52.
[ccxxiv] "St. Paul Colored Gophers," St. Paul Dispatch, May 18, 1907, p. 4, Sports section; "Gophers Tackle Saints Today," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 21, 1907, p. 4.
[ccxxv] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.
[ccxxvi] "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.
[ccxxvii] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score.
[ccxxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 62; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82.
[ccxxix] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 43; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 57.
[ccxxx] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 55; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 59.
[ccxxxi] "Faribault Flecks Defeat Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, May 31, 1909, p. 3 [boxscore].
[ccxxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 60.
[ccxxxiii] "From Tuesday's Daily," Mankato Free Press, September 9, 1910, p. 5, boxscore.
[ccxxxiv] "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore].
[ccxxxv] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[ccxxxvi] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 8, photocopy.
[ccxxxvii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 8, photocopy.
[ccxxxviii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 8, photocopy.
[ccxxxix] "Independents Notes," Minneapolis Tribune, February 2, 1908, p. 3, Sports, tells of Wallace playing with a Baltimore team in 1907.
[ccxl] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4; "Negro Starts Excitement," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, August 24, 1908, p. 2; Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 8, photocopy.
[ccxli] "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.
[ccxlii] "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 74.
[ccxliii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[ccxliv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[ccxlv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64-65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92, 93.
[ccxlvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 99, 100-101.
[ccxlvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 104.
[ccxlviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 68, 69; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 114, 115.
[ccxlix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 70, 71.
[ccl] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 73; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 125, 126.
[ccli] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 74, 75; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 129.
[cclii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 77; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 141.
[ccliii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 81; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.
[ccliv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 96.
[cclv] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cclvi] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cclvii] "Too Much Johnson," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], July 9, 1902, p. 1; "Win From Webster City," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], July 16, 1902, p. 1; "Take One From Ft. Dodge," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], July 23, 1902, p. 1; "Algona Wins Three," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], August 2, 1902, p. 1.
[cclviii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cclix] "St. Paul Colored Gophers," St. Paul Dispatch, May 18, 1907, p. 4, Sports section; "Final Game Ends in Tie," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 25, 1907, p. 4, Sports section.
[cclx] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Gophers And Lunds to Play at Minnehaha," Minneapolis Tribune, June 14, 1908, p. 4, Sports section; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.
[cclxi] "Werdens Lose the First Game to Colored Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 2, Sports; "Hayward and Gophers Split," Minneapolis Tribune, July 31, 1911, p. 7.
[cclxii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cclxiii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 46.
[cclxiv] Jerauld County Review [Wessington Springs, SD], July 18, 1907, p. 1; "Gophers Defeat the White Stars," Aberdeen [SD] Weekly American, July 25, 1907, p. 5; "Gophers Win Again," Minneapolis Journal, September 15, 1907, p. 3, Sports Section.
[cclxv] "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 26, 1908, p. 4, Sports; "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, August 2, 1908, p. 4, Sports.
[cclxvi] "What the Independents Are Doing," Minneapolis Tribune, April 12, 1908, p. 3, Sports.
[cclxvii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cclxviii] "News of the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 31, 1908, p. 4, Sports; "Gophers Win Second," boxscore, Long Prairie Leader, June 23, 1908, p. 3; "Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 19, 1908, p. 4, Sports.
[cclxix] "Gophers Meet Newgard's Team at Red Wing," Minneapolis Tribune, September 13, 1908, p. 4, Sports; "Red Wing Team Wins From Colored Gophers," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 14, 1908, p. 5
[cclxx] "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 18, 1909, p. 3, Sports.
[cclxxi] "Gophers Leave Field With Score Tied," Minneapolis Tribune, June 1, 1909, p. 9; "Locals Win and Lose," Long Prairie Leader, June 29, 1909, p. 4 [boxscore].
[cclxxii] "Gophers Defeat the White Stars," Aberdeen [SD] Weekly American, July 25, 1907, p. 5; "Gophers Tackle Saints Today," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 21, 1907, p. 4.
[cclxxiii] "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore].
[cclxxiv] "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Gophers Are Beaten, Locals Take First," LaCrosse Daily Chronicle, May 9, 1909, p. 3.
[cclxxv] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score; listed as Tommy Lefty Pangburn in "Colored Gophers Here Today," Minot [ND] Daily Optic, June 15, 1910, p. 3.
[cclxxvi] "Werdens Lose the First Game to Colored Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 2, Sports, boxscore.
[cclxxvii] "Aberdeen Winner From Gophers," Aberdeen [SD] Daily News, May 18, 1910, p. 7, morning edition.
[cclxxviii] "Today's Game, Comiskey's Organization Will Play the Page Fence Giants," St. Paul Pioneer Press, April 23, 1895; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 31, 32.
[cclxxix] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 33.
[cclxxx] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 34.
[cclxxxi] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 35.
[cclxxxii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 43.
[cclxxxiii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 46.
[cclxxxiv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 42.
[cclxxxv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 51.
[cclxxxvi] "Gophers Defeat the White Stars," Aberdeen [SD] Weekly American, July 25, 1907, p. 5.
[cclxxxvii] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.
[cclxxxviii] "Home Run Wins In Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7
[cclxxxix] "Gophers Defeat the White Stars," Aberdeen [SD] Weekly American, July 25, 1907, p. 5.
[ccxc] "Base Ball," Faribault [MN] Journal, July 22, 1908, p. 1; "Lund Team and Keystones to Clash for City Title Today," Minneapolis Tribune, August 2, 1908, 2, Sports; "News of Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 26, 1908, p. 4, Sports.
[ccxci] "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.
[ccxcii] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score.
[ccxciii] "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore; "Tom's Heroes Tune Colored Gents 4 to 1," Eau Claire [WI] Leader, May 4, 1911, p. 3
[ccxciv] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy.
[ccxcv] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy.
[ccxcvi] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy.
[ccxcvii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy.
[ccxcviii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy.
[ccxcix] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[ccc] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[ccci] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cccii] David Kemp and Roger Wilden, "The Algona Brownies, Champs of the West," Baseball Research Journa116, (January 1, 1988), p. 78, 79.
[ccciii] "Gophers Defeat the White Stars," Aberdeen [SD] Weekly American, July 25, 1907, p. 5.
[ccciv] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.
[cccv] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[cccvi] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score.
[cccvii] "Gophers Win Great Game," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 24, 1910, p. 6; "Locals and Gophers Break Even in Two Games, Saturday, Sunday," Watertown [SD] Daily Public Opinion, May 23, 1910, p. 4, boxscore.
[cccviii] "St. Paul Colored Gophers," Twin City Star [Minneapolis-St. Paul], July 14, 1910, p. 4.
[cccix] "Good Game Last Night," Minot Daily Reporter, June 22, 1910, p. 6, boxscore; "St. Paul Colored Gophers, World's Colored Champions," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 4; "Colored Gophers Take The First," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 25, 1910, p. 6.
[cccx] "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports.
[cccxi] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 88 [mis-idenified as "Tom Johnson"]; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[cccxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92; Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999.
[cccxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 66; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 97.
[cccxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 103.
[cccxv] Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 111, 112, 114, 115.
[cccxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 71.
[cccxvii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 123.
[cccxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 74; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 129.
[cccxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 141.
[cccxx] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 80; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.
[cccxxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 82; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 166.
[cccxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 85; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 178.
[cccxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 86; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 178.
[cccxxiv] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score; "Gophers Lose in Second Game," Aberdeen [SD] Daily News, May 19, 1910, p. 7, evening edition; "Locals and Gophers Break Even in Two Games, Saturday, Sunday," Watertown [SD] Daily Public Opinion, May 23, 1910, p. 4, boxscore.
[cccxxv] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score.
[cccxxvi] "Third Game Goes to the Home Team," Watertown [SD] Daily Public Opinion, May 24, 1910, p. 5, boxscore; "Good Game Last Night," Minot Daily Reporter, June 22, 1910, p. 6, boxscore.
[cccxxvii] " Colored Gophers Take The First," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 25, 1910, p. 6, boxscore; "Lelands Clout Gopher Hurler, St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 26, 1907, p. 7, boxscore; "From Tuesday's Daily," Mankato Free Press, September 9, 1910, p. 5, boxscore.
[cccxxviii] "Gophers Defeat the White Stars," Aberdeen [SD] Weekly American, July 25, 1907, p. 5.
[cccxxix] "Lunds Defeated By the Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, May 24, 1908, p. 2, Sports.
[cccxxx] "Gophers Tackle Saints Today," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 21, 1907, p. 4.
[cccxxxi] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.
[cccxxxii] "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Faribault Flecks Defeat Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, May 31, 1909, p. 3.
[cccxxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61.
[cccxxxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 93.
[cccxxxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 66.
[cccxxxvi] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, June 27, 1909, p. 4, Sports.
[cccxxxvii] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score.
[cccxxxviii] "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports; "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cccxxxix] "Lelands Capture Third of Series," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 27, 1910, p. 7, box score.
[cccxl] "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports; "Werdens Lose to Gophers," Twin City Star, April 29, 1911, p. 1; "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cccxli] "Pick-Ups," Minneapolis Tribune, April 16, 1911, p. 3, Sports.
[cccxlii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 74.
[cccxliii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 98.
[cccxliv] "Werdens Lose to Gophers," Twin City Star, April 29, 1911, p. 1; Stallard in "Tom's Heroes Tune Colored Gents 4 to 1," Eau Claire [WI] Leader, May 4, 1911, p. 3. Stoddard in "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.; Stallard in "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cccxlv] "Gophers Tackle Saints Today," St. Paul Pioneer Press, September 21, 1907, p. 4.
[cccxlvi] "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.
[cccxlvii] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[cccxlviii] "Keystones Off for West Baden," Minneapolis Tribune, April 16, 1911, p. 3, Sports.
[cccxlix] "Keystones Off for West Baden," Minneapolis Tribune, April 16, 1911, p. 3, Sports.
[cccl] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[cccli] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[ccclii] "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore]; "Jessup of Keystones Blanks Stillwater," Minneapolis Tribune, May 4, 1908, p. 3.
[cccliii] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[cccliv] "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score.
[ccclv] "Werdens Lose the First Game to Colored Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 2, Sports, boxscore.
[ccclvi] "Colored Gophers Here Saturday," Minot Daily Optic, June 15, 1910, p. 3; loafing in "To Virginia From Here," Hibbing [MN] Daily Tribune, August 26, 1910, p. 3.
[ccclvii] "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports; "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[ccclviii] "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore; "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore; "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[ccclix] "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore].
[ccclx] "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[ccclxi] "Giants Scalp Colored Gophers," Golden Valley Chronicle [Beach, ND], June 16, 1911, p. 12, boxscore.
[ccclxii] "Hennepins Fall Before Heavy Batting of Steels," Minneapolis Tribune, June 3, 1912, p. 11; "Two Fast Players of the Hennepin Clothing Team," Minneapolis Tribune, May 26, 1912, p. 3, Sports.
[ccclxiii] "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore]; "All-Stars Defeat Keystones, 11 to 0," Minneapolis Tribune, October 5, 1908, p. 3 [boxscore].
[ccclxiv] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[ccclxv] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[ccclxvi] "Keystones in the Field," Minneapolis Tribune, March 13, 1910, p. 3, Sports.
[ccclxvii] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[ccclxviii] "First Game from Keystones," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[ccclxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64.
[ccclxx] "Lund Lands Win From Keystones," Minneapolis Tribune, April 20, 1908, p. 5; "Keystones 8, Jasper 2," Minneapolis Tribune, June 24, 1908, p. 10.
[ccclxxi] "Jessup of Keystones Blanks Stillwater," Minneapolis Tribune, May 4, 1908, p. 3.
[ccclxxii] "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.
[ccclxxiii] Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.
[ccclxxiv] "Lund Team and Keystones to Clash for City Title Today," Minneapolis Tribune, August 2, 1908, 2, Sports. "News of the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 26, 1908, p. 4, Sports.
[ccclxxv] "Newgard's Men Never Saw Home," Red Wing [MN] Daily Republican, August 24, 1908, p. 8.
[ccclxxvi] "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, April 18, 1909, p. 4, Sports; "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports; "Home Run Wins in Thirteenth," Duluth News Tribune, August 14, 1909, p. 7.
[ccclxxvii] "Keystones In the Field," Minneapolis Tribune, March 13, 1910, p. 3, Sports.
[ccclxxviii] "Keystones Off for West Baden," Minneapolis Tribune, April 16, 1911, p. 3, Sports.
[ccclxxix] "News of the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 12, 1908, p. 4, Sports.
[ccclxxx] "Star Game: Unpleasant Features," The Argo [West Union, IA], July 15, 1908, p. 1.
[ccclxxxi] "Keystones Get One of Three Games," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1.
[ccclxxxii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 89; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[ccclxxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64.
[ccclxxxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 103.
[ccclxxxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 68-69.
[ccclxxxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69.
[ccclxxxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 74.
[ccclxxxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 141.
[ccclxxxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 79, 80; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.
[cccxc] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 82; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 165, 167, 168.
[cccxci] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 84; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 177, 178.
[cccxcii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 88; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 186.
[cccxciii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 91; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 198.
[cccxciv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 93; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 208.
[cccxcv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 96; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 223.
[cccxcvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 98; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 235.
[cccxcvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 102; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 266.
[cccxcviii] Fairmont [MN] Daily Sentinel, April 19, 1932, p. 6.
[cccxcix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 114.
[cd] "Range Team Wins From Keystones," Duluth News Tribune, August 15, 1909, p. 1, Sports [boxscore]; "Keystones 4, Waukon 2," Waukon [IA] Republican, July 21, 1909, p. 1 [boxscore].
[cdi] "Keystones In the Field," Minneapolis Tribune, March 13, 1910, p. 3, Sports.
[cdii] "Keystones Off for West Baden," Minneapolis Tribune, April 16, 1911, p. 3, Sports.
[cdiii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 88; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.
[cdiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64.
[cdv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 66.
[cdvi] Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 104.
[cdvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 68; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 111.
[cdviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 70.
[cdix] "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5 [boxscore].
[cdx] "Keystones Get One of Three Games," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1, boxscore; "First Game From Keystones," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cdxi] Identity as James Willis in "Keystones Off for West Baden," Minneapolis Tribune, April 16, 1911, p. 3, Sports; listed incorrectly as "Wilson" in "First Game from Keystones," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cdxii] "First Game from Keystones," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cdxiii] "First Game from Keystones," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cdxiv] "First Game from Keystones," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cdxv] "First Game from Keystones," Alexandria [MN] Post News, July 6, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.
[cdxvi] "Lelands Clout Gopher Hurler, St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 26, 1907, p. 7, boxscore.
[cdxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76, 77; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 141.
[cdxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 80; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.
[cdxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 83.
[cdxx] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 88; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 189.
[cdxxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 87; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 198.
[cdxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 95; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 223.
[cdxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 92; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 208.
[cdxxiv] Bruce Mellor, "Little Falls Semi-Pro Baseball Team, 1928 Season," file in Little Falls, MN, History Museum, photocopy.
[cdxxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 98; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 239.
[cdxxvi] Bruce Mellor, "Little Falls Semi-Pro Baseball Team, 1929 Season," file in Little Falls, MN, History Museum, photocopy.
[cdxxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 100; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 245.
[cdxxviii] Bruce Mellor, "Little Falls Semi-Pro Baseball Team, 1930 Season," file in Little Falls, MN, History Museum, photocopy.
[cdxxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 101, 102; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 266, 270.
[cdxxx] Bruce Mellor, "Little Falls Semi-Pro Baseball Team, 1931 Season," file in Little Falls, MN, History Museum, photocopy.
[cdxxxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 105, 106; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 286.
[cdxxxii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 115; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 306.
[cdxxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 117 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 318.
[cdxxxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 119; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 329.
[cdxxxv] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 355.
[cdxxxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 125; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 364..
[cdxxxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 128; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 379.
[cdxxxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 129.
[cdxxxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 72.
[cdxl] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 73.
[cdxli] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 75; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 140-141.
[cdxlii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 78; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 154, 155.
[cdxliii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 82; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155, 165, 166
[cdxliv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 85; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 180.
[cdxlv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 88; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 189.
[cdxlvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 91; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 204.
[cdxlvii] Long Prairie [MN] Leader, March 15, 1928, p. 5 [P. Gorton files].
[cdxlviii] Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 35.
[cdxlix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 141.
[cdl] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 80; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.
[cdli] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 82; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's NegroLeagues, p. 167.
[cdlii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 85.
[cdliii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 87; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 191.
[cdliv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 91; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 198.
[cdlv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 93; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 209.
[cdlvi] Staples World, April 28, 1927, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, September 8, 1927, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, September 29, 1927, p. 7 [P. Gorton files].
[cdlvii] Long Prairie [MN] Leader, March 15, 1928, p. 5 [P. Gorton files].
[cdlviii] Bruce Mellor, "Little Falls Semi-Pro Baseball Team, 1929 Season," file in Little Falls, MN, History Museum, photocopy.
[cdlix] Bruce Mellor, "Little Falls Semi-Pro Baseball Team, 1930 Season," file in Little Falls, MN, History Museum, photocopy.
[cdlx] Bruce Mellor, "Little Falls Semi-Pro Baseball Team, 1931 Season," file in Little Falls, MN, History Museum, photocopy.
[cdlxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 110, 111; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 286.
[cdlxii] Fairmont [MN] Daily Sentinel, April 19, 1932, p. 6.
[cdlxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 112.
[cdlxiv] "Pretzels Trim Plutos Again," St. Cloud Daily Times, August 25, 1913, p. 4; boxscore.
[cdlxv] "Pretzels Trim Black Plutos," St. Cloud Daily Times, August 18, 1913, p. 4; boxscore.
[cdlxvi] "Plutos Burn Their Fingers," St. Cloud, MN, Daily Times, July 27, 1914, p. 8, boxscore.
[cdlxvii] "Plutos Put it over Pretzels," St. Cloud Daily Times, July 20, 1914, p. 3.
[cdlxviii] "Falls Drop Two," St. Cloud Daily Journal-Press, July 31, 1914, p. ?.
[cdlxix] Little Falls [MN] Daily Transcript, August 8, 9, 1912 [Peter Gorton files].
[cdlxx] Good Thunder [MN] Herald, August 28, 1913, p. 1 [Peter Gorton files].
[cdlxxi] "Falls Drop Two," St. Cloud Daily Journal-Press, July 31, 1914, p. ?.; McIntosh [MN] Times, July 16, 1914, p. 6 [P. Gorton files]; Barnesville [MN] Record Review, July 16, 1914, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; Anoka Union, August 5, 1914, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; New Ulm Review, July 29, 1914, p. 1, Sports [P. Gorton files].
[cdlxxii] John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 104.
[cdlxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 68; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p.111, 115.
[cdlxxiv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 117.
[cdlxxv] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 72, 73; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 126.
[cdlxxvi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 74; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 129.
[cdlxxvii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 141.
[cdlxxviii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 80; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.
[cdlxxix] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 82; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 167.
[cdlxxx] Northwestern Bulletin [Minneapolis], June 23, 1923, p. 4 [P. Gorton files].
[cdlxxxi] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 84; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 177.
[cdlxxxii] Long Prairie [MN] Leader, May 15, 1924, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, September 25, 1924, p. 7 [P. Gorton files],
[cdlxxxiii] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 88.
[cdlxxxiv] Long Prairie [MN] Leader, April 30, 1925, p. 2 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, August 27, 1925, p. 5 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, June 18, 1925, p. 6 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, July 16, 1925, p. 7 [P. Gorton files]; Murray County Herald, August 20, 1925, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; Clarkfield [MN] Advocate, October 15, 1925, p. 1 [P. Gorton files].
[cdlxxxv] Murray County Herald, September, 1926, p. 1 [P. Gorton files].
[cdlxxxvi] Staples World, April 28, 1927, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, September 8, 1927, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, September 29, 1927, p. 7 [P. Gorton files].
[cdlxxxvii] Long Prairie [MN] Leader, May 24, 1928, p. 7 [P. Gorton files]; Long Prairie [MN] Leader, July 12, 1928, p. 5 [P. Gorton files]; Melrose [MN] Beacon, August 30, 1928, p. 1 [P. Gorton files].
[cdlxxxviii] Marshall [MN] News Messenger, May 31, 1929, p. 1 [P. Gorton files]; Granite Falls [MN] News, September 6, 1929, p. 1 [P. Gorton files].
[cdlxxxix] Crookston [MN] Daily Times, July 18, 1931, p. 5; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 105; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 274, 281.
[cdxc] Fairmont [MN] Daily Sentinel, April 19, 1932, p. 6.
[cdxci] Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 114.
[cdxcii] "Locals and Keystones Split Bill," Willmar Tribune, July 6, 1921, p. 9.
[cdxciii] Belle Plaine Herald, June 3, 1926, p. 1.
[cdxciv] Mankato Daily Free Press, May 28, 1926, p. 14; Mankato Daily Free Press, June 4, 1926, p. 14.
[cdxcv] "David Barnhill: Blazing Fastball Took Him to the Top," Negro League Baseball Dot Com, September 1999, negro league baseball . com, accessed on 2/28/2003.
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