Eprints.soton.ac.uk



China-to-UK student migration and pro-environmental behaviour change: a social practice perspectiveRoger Tyers*, Tristan Berchoux1, Kun Xiang1, Xu Yi Yao*Corresponding author University of SouthamptonSocial SciencesSouthamptonSO17 1DYUnited KingdomRoger Tyers* R.Tyers@soton.ac.uk ORCID ID 0000-0002-0187-0468 Tristan Berchoux Tristan.Berchoux@soton.ac.uk Kun Xiang K.Xiang@soton.ac.uk 2 Institute of Political Science Chinese Academy of Social Sciences#5 Jianguomennei Street Beijing100732ChinaXu Yiyao y_i_j_y@ AbstractSignificant life-course changes can be ‘windows of opportunity’ to disrupt practices. Using qualitative focus group data, this paper examines whether the life-course change experienced by Chinese students migrating to the UK has an effect on environmentally impactful practices. It does so by examining how such practices are understood and performed by Chinese and UK students living in their own countries, and contrasting them with those of Chinese students in the UK. Using a social practice framework, these findings suggest that practices do change, and this change can be conceptualised using a framework of competences, materials, and meanings. The findings show meanings – the cultural and social norms ascribed to pro-environmental behaviour – to be particularly susceptible to the influence of ‘communities of practice’ where immigrants and natives mix, with pro-environmental behaviour change resulting from assimilation and mimesis rather than normative engagement. KeywordsMigration, behaviour, environment, practice theory, China, BourdieuIntroductionIn environmental policy-making circles, the prevailing model of individual behaviour informed by economics and psychology, has assumed individuals to be voluntarist, deliberative agents, with capacity to achieve behavioural change ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "ISBN" : "978-0-7559-9967-5", "ISSN" : "9780755999675", "abstract" : "This report, commissioned as part of the Scottish Governments research/Behaviour-Change-Research/Behaviour-Change-Strategy, reviews a range of behaviour change initiatives that have attempted to reduce the carbon intensity of consumption practices. It aims to enhance understandings of the different combinations of mechanisms for behavioural change, and to explore the potential transferability of initiatives to other regional, specifically Scottish, contexts.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Southerton", "given" : "Dale", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "McMeekin", "given" : "Andrew", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Evans", "given" : "David", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "1-46", "title" : "International Review of Behaviour Change Initiatives", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "abstract" : "In this short and deliberately provocative paper I reflect on what seems to be a yawning gulf between the potential contribution of the social sciences and the typically restricted models and concepts of social change embedded in contemporary environmental policy in the UK, and in other countries too. As well as making a strong case for going beyond what I refer to as the dominant paradigm of 'ABC'-attitude, behaviour, and choice-I discuss the attractions of this model, the blind spots it creates, and the forms of governance it sustains. This exercise provides some insight into why so much relevant social theory remains so marginalised, and helps identify opportunities for making better use of existing intellectual resources.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "E", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Environment and Planning", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "page" : "1273-1285", "title" : "Beyond the ABC: climate change policy and theories of social change", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "42" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Southerton et al. 2011; Shove 2010)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Southerton et al. 2011; Shove 2010)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Southerton et al. 2011; Shove 2010)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Southerton et al. 2011; Shove 2010). Others have criticised such approaches as overly simplistic and deterministic, blind to structural and contextual factors which constrain individual autonomy ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hindess", "given" : "Barry", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1988" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Unwin Hyman", "publisher-place" : "Boston", "title" : "Choice, rationality, and social theory", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1023/A:1016232404279", "ISBN" : "0304-2421", "ISSN" : "03042421", "PMID" : "11308848", "abstract" : "Even as rational choice theory is increasingly used in sociology, finding its way into such diverse subdisciplines as the sociology of the family, religion, gender, crime, race, stratification and economic sociology, it remains hotly contested. It has spurred a rancorous debate that, at its worst \"degenerates into a caricatured contrast between a cold and calculating egoist engaged at the breakfast table in a cost-benefit assessment of the value of continuing his/her marriage and an oversocialized goody-two-shoes programmed in early childhood to cherish values and conform to norms that sustain the social order by serving the common good. Although details vary slightly across authors, the claim that rational choice theory can supply sociology with a unifying general theory is fundamentally undergirded by an overall agreement on its core elements. A particularly clear formulation is provided by sociologist James March, who asserts that there are essentially four parts to a theory of intentional choice.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Whitford", "given" : "Josh", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Theory and Society", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2002" ] ] }, "page" : "325-363", "title" : "Pragmatism and the untenable dualism of means and ends: Why rational choice theory does not deserve paradigmatic privilege", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "31" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Welch", "given" : "Daniel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "chapter-number" : "12", "container-title" : "Beyond Behaviour Change: Key Issues, Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions", "id" : "ITEM-3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Policy Press", "publisher-place" : "Bristol", "title" : "Social practices and behaviour change", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hindess 1988; Whitford 2002; Welch 2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hindess 1988; Whitford 2002; Welch 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hindess 1988; Whitford 2002; Welch 2016)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hindess 1988; Whitford 2002; Welch 2016). Accounting for these factors has been part of the project of theories of social practices, where the focus shifts away from the individual, and onto the ‘practices’ individuals collectively engage in. Practices –habitual ways we commute, eat, wash, cook, play sport, go on holiday etc – have been conceptualised as a combination of three elements: the meanings, competences and materials involved in their performance ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Spurling", "given" : "Nicola", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Southerton", "given" : "Dale", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Welch", "given" : "Daniel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "McMeekin", "given" : "Andrew", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Sustainable Practices Research Group", "title" : "Interventions in practice: re-framing policy approaches to consumer behaviour", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pantzar", "given" : "Mika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watson", "given" : "Matt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "208", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Spurling et al. 2013; Shove et al. 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Spurling et al. 2013; Shove et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Spurling et al. 2013; Shove et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Spurling et al. 2013; Shove et al. 2012). Here, competence refers to the ‘skill’ necessary for a given activity, materials refer to the physical ‘stuff’ required for it, and meanings refer to the socio-cultural connotations or ‘image’ attached to it (Scott et al. 2012). Thus seen, understanding how pro-environmental behaviour change can (or cannot) arise involves a holistic appraisal of these interlinked elements which constitute practices. Yet the more we understand about social practices, the more impervious to change they appear to be ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Welch", "given" : "Daniel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "chapter-number" : "12", "container-title" : "Beyond Behaviour Change: Key Issues, Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Policy Press", "publisher-place" : "Bristol", "title" : "Social practices and behaviour change", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Welch 2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Welch 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Welch 2016)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Welch 2016). This is because firstly, many practices are performed habitually and unreflexively, and secondly because the elements from which practices are constituted – particularly infrastructural provision and socio-cultural norms – are themselves often slow to change. Practices are therefore notoriously ‘sticky’. Some studies have examined how active interventions might reconstruct practices to make them more environmentally-friendly ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "editor" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Strengers", "given" : "Yolande", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Maller", "given" : "Cecily", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2015" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group", "publisher-place" : "Abingdon and New York", "title" : "Social Practices, Intervention and Sustainability. Beyond behaviour change", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.08.002", "ISBN" : "0967-070X", "ISSN" : "0967070X", "abstract" : "The automobile commute makes an important contribution to carbon emissions but has proven stubbornly resistant to modal shift policy initiatives. In this paper we use theories of social practice to develop insights into why this stubbornness might exist, and what might help accelerate transitions to bus- and cycle-commuting. By analyzing qualitative data about everyday mobility in two UK cities, we examine how the availability of the constituent elements of bus- and cycle-commuting practices is crucial for modal shift to occur, but they are often absent. We also draw attention to time-space contingencies that render recruitment to low-carbon commuting practices more or less likely, including how commuting is sequenced with other social practices and how the sites of these practices interact with the affordances, and spatial infrastructure, of bus- and cycle-commuting. These insights lead us to argue that choice and land use planning focussed policy initiatives designed to invoke modal shift need to coexist in integrated policy configurations with initiatives designed to reshape both mobility and non-mobility practices. This means addressing the structural barriers caused by the lack of availability of the elements that constitute bus- and cycle-commuting, and intervening in the timing and spatiality of a range of social practices so as to reduce the tendency for commutes to have spatial and temporal characteristics that militate against the use of bus and cycle modes.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Cass", "given" : "Noel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Faulconbridge", "given" : "James", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Transport Policy", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "page" : "1-14", "publisher" : "Elsevier", "title" : "Commuting practices: New insights into modal shift from theories of social practice", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "45" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pantzar", "given" : "Mika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watson", "given" : "Matt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "208", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Strengers & Maller 2015; Cass & Faulconbridge 2016; Shove et al. 2012)", "manualFormatting" : "(see Strengers & Maller 2015; Cass & Faulconbridge 2016; Shove et al. 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Strengers & Maller 2015; Cass & Faulconbridge 2016; Shove et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Strengers & Maller 2015; Cass & Faulconbridge 2016; Shove et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(see Strengers & Maller 2015; Cass & Faulconbridge 2016; Shove et al. 2012), whilst ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.008", "ISSN" : "15229610", "abstract" : "This study tested the habit discontinuity hypothesis, which states that behaviour change interventions are more effective when delivered in the context of life course changes. The assumption was that when habits are (temporarily) disturbed, people are more sensitive to new information and adopt a mind-set that is conducive to behaviour change. A field experiment was conducted among 800 participants, who received either an intervention promoting sustainable behaviours, or were in a no-intervention control condition. In both conditions half of the households had recently relocated, and were matched with households that had not relocated. Self-reported frequencies of twenty-five environment-related behaviours were assessed at baseline and eight weeks later. While controlling for past behaviour, habit strength, intentions, perceived control, biospheric values, personal norms, and personal involvement, the intervention was more effective among recently relocated participants. The results suggested that the duration of the 'window of opportunity' was three months after relocation.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Verplanken", "given" : "Bas", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Roy", "given" : "Deborah", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Environmental Psychology", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "page" : "127-134", "publisher" : "The Authors", "title" : "Empowering interventions to promote sustainable lifestyles: Testing the habit discontinuity hypothesis in a field experiment", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "45" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Verplanken & Roy 2016)", "manualFormatting" : "Verplanken & Roy (2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Verplanken & Roy 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Verplanken & Roy 2016)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Verplanken & Roy (2016) have looked into the potential for ‘naturally-occurring’ life-course changes – such as moving house – as windows of opportunity for less environmentally-friendly habitual practices to be broken and for ‘greener’ ones to replace them. This paper examines another significant life-course change, migrating to a new country, and its potential to disrupt elements of practice. We can expect different countries to have different infrastructural provision (recycling, public transport etc.), different levels of environmental awareness and concern, and different social and cultural norms ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hofstede", "given" : "Geert", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2001" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "Thousand Oaks", "title" : "Culture\u2019s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Schwartz", "given" : "Shalom", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and application", "editor" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kim", "given" : "U.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Triandis", "given" : "H.C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kagitcibasi", "given" : "C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Choi", "given" : "S-C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Yoon", "given" : "G.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1994" ] ] }, "page" : "85-119", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "Thousand Oaks", "title" : "Beyond Individualism-Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Inglehart", "given" : "Ronald", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "The American Political Science Review", "id" : "ITEM-3", "issue" : "4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1971" ] ] }, "page" : "991-1017", "title" : "The Silent Revolution in Europe : Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "65" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971)", "manualFormatting" : "(see Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(see Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971). These differences all have implications for how environmentally impactful practices (e.g. eating, using energy, commuting etc.) are performed in different places. But the potential for environmentally impactful practices to change when people move between countries is a much less-explored area. Metrics such as the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) illustrate variance between countries at the macro-level of environmental policy ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.13140/RG.2.2.19868.90249", "ISSN" : "12057398", "abstract" : "Environmental Performance index", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hsu", "given" : "Angel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Yale University", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "page" : "123", "title" : "Environmental Performance Index: Global Metrics for the Environment", "type" : "article-journal" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hsu 2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hsu 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hsu 2016)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hsu 2016), but little research has looked at whether and how migration between countries – particularly between high and low-ranking EPI countries – might affect migrants themselves in terms of more micro-level behaviours and dispositions, in relation to the environment. This paper seeks to contribute to this research gap. As increasing numbers of students migrate from low to high EPI countries – such as from China to the United Kingdom, the context of this paper ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Office for National Statistics", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "January", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "title" : "International student migration: What do the statistics tell us ?", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Office for National Statistics 2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Office for National Statistics 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Office for National Statistics 2016)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Office for National Statistics 2016) – this movement of people might have important consequences for the diffusion of pro-environmental behaviour. Research on this topic may also increase our conceptual understanding of how migration impacts on behaviour more generally. Some scholars have applied certain theories of practice as an analytical lens to understand behavioural changes through migration. Of particular use are strands from ‘early’ theories of practice, such as Giddens’ concept of structuration ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Giddens", "given" : "Anthony", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1984" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Polity", "publisher-place" : "Cambridge", "title" : "The Constitution of Society", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Giddens 1984) and especially Bourdieu’s concepts of field, and habitus ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bourdieu", "given" : "Pierre", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1977" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Cambridge University Press", "publisher-place" : "Cambridge", "title" : "Outline of a Theory of Practice", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bourdieu", "given" : "Pierre", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1979" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Routledge", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Bourdieu 1979)", "manualFormatting" : "(Bourdieu 1977; 1979)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Bourdieu 1979)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Bourdieu 1979)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Bourdieu 1977; 1979). Following conceptual work by ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Stones", "given" : "Rob", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2005" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "225", "publisher" : "Palgrave MacMillan", "publisher-place" : "New York", "title" : "Structuration Theory", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Stones 2005)", "manualFormatting" : "Stones (2005)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Stones 2005)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Stones 2005)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Stones (2005) and ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1057/9780230554795_6", "ISBN" : "978-0-230-55479-5", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Morawska", "given" : "Ewa", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States", "editor" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Joppke", "given" : "Christian", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Morawska", "given" : "Ewa", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "133-176", "publisher" : "Palgrave Macmillan UK", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "Immigrant Transnationalism and Assimilation: A Variety of Combinations and the Analytic Strategy it Suggests", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Morawska", "given" : "Ewa", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "293", "publisher" : "Palgrave MacMillan", "publisher-place" : "Basingstoke", "title" : "The sociology of immigration: (re)making multifaceted America", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Morawska 2014; Morawska 2009)", "manualFormatting" : "Morawska (2014; 2009)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Morawska 2014; Morawska 2009)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Morawska 2014; Morawska 2009)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Morawska (2014; 2009), other researchers have used these theories of practice to try and make sense of their empirical investigations into migrants, to tell what O’Reilly calls ‘practice stories about migration’ ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "ISBN" : "9780230221314", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "O'Reilly", "given" : "K.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "129", "publisher" : "Palgrave Macmillan", "publisher-place" : "Basingstoke", "title" : "International migration and social theory", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(O\u2019Reilly 2012)", "manualFormatting" : "(O\u2019Reilly 2012, 8)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(O\u2019Reilly 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(O\u2019Reilly 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(O’Reilly 2012, 8). Many of these stories show the habitus to be resistant to change, often despite the wishes or expectations of migrants themselves ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.2307/42857433", "ISBN" : "0038038510369", "ISSN" : "00380385", "abstract" : "A Bourdieusian concept of cultural capital is used to investigate the transformations and contestations of migrants' cultural capital. Research often treated migrants' cultural capital as reified and ethnically bounded, assuming they bring a set of cultural resources from the country of origin to the country of migration that either fit or do not fit Critiquing such 'rucksack approaches', I argue that migration results in new ways of producing and re-producing (mobilizing, enacting, validating) cultural capital that builds on, rather than simply mirrors, power relations of either the country of origin or the country of migration. Migrants create mechanisms of validation for their cultural capital, negotiating both ethnic majority and migrant institutions and networks. Migration-specific cultural capital (re-)produces intra-migrant differentiations of gender, ethnicity and class, in the process creating modes of validation alternative to national capital. The argument builds on case studies of skilled Turkish and Kurdish migrant women in Britain and Germany. CR - Copyright &#169; 2010 Sage Publications, Ltd.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Erel", "given" : "Umut", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Sociology", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "page" : "642-660", "title" : "Migrating Cultural Capital: Bourdieu in Migration Studies", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "44" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/0038038509351627", "ISBN" : "00380385 (ISSN)", "ISSN" : "0038-0385", "abstract" : "This paper explores the phenomenon of lifestyle migration from Britain to Spain to interrogate, empirically, the continued relevance of class in the era of individualising modernity (Beck 1994). Lifestyle migrants articulate an anti-materialist rhetoric and their experiences of retirement or self-employment diminish the significance of class divisions. However, as researchers who independently studied similar populations in the Eastern and Western Costa del Sol, we found these societies less \u2018classless\u2019 than espoused. Despite attempts to rewrite their own history and to mould a different life trajectory through geographical mobility, migrants were bound by the significance of class through both cultural process and the reproduction of (economic) position. Bourdieu\u2019s methodological approach and sociological concepts proved useful for understanding these processes. Employing his concepts throughout, we consider the (limited) possibilities for reinventing habitus, despite claims of an apparently egalitarian social field.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Oliver", "given" : "C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "O'Reilly", "given" : "K.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Sociology", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "page" : "49-66", "title" : "A Bourdieusian Analysis of Class and Migration Habitus and the Individualizing Process", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "44" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/1440783313481532", "ISBN" : "1440-7833, 1440-7833", "ISSN" : "1440-7833", "abstract" : "This article explores the utility of Bourdieu\u2019s notions of habitus and field in examining the experience of migrant resettlement. It draws on a speech spoken in two languages at a community organisation event to suggest that resettlement entails the transformation of the embodied capacities of migrants and the formation of a new set of bodily capacities which never quite become the dispositions of the citizen who \u2018belongs\u2019 unconditionally. It argues that, through a process of disorientation and reorientation, some migrants acquire a corporeal and social awkwardness which embodies the learning of the \u2018difference of difference\u2019. This differentiation is less about personal experi -ence than social location, and it is less about some primordial \u2018ethnicity\u2019 deriv -ing from the homeland than an \u2018ethnicised\u2019 habitus that reflects that location within Australian social fields. The article challenges Bourdieu\u2019s insistence on the complicit relation between habitus and field, arguing that we need to draw on a micro-sociological language of \u2018settings\u2019 to account for migrants\u2019 experi -ences of moving across and switching between social fields.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Noble", "given" : "Greg", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Sociology", "id" : "ITEM-3", "issue" : "2 & 3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "page" : "341-356", "title" : "'It is home but it is not home: habitus, field and the migrant'", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "49" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-4", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "ISSN 2192-2357", "ISSN" : "2192-2357", "abstract" : "This working paper provides the theoretical reflections and research objectives of the ongoing project Transforming Migration: Transnational Transfer of Multicultural Habitus. It develops the proposal of applying Bourdieu\u2019s theory of practice in study- ing intercultural skills of migrants and the mechanisms of their transfer to the space of origin of migrants. Conceptual merits and challenges of working with Bourdieu\u2019s intellectual heritage are discussed and illustrated with preliminary results from the project\u2019s first phase. The paper argues that Bourdieu\u2019s theory allows us to see the dis- positions, attitudes, worldviews and practices that people display as processes rather than individual qualities, which need to be considered within a complex system of power relations between migrants, their host societies, and their transnationally span- ning social networks.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Nowicka", "given" : "Magdalena", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2015" ] ] }, "number" : "ISSN 2192-2357", "number-of-pages" : "28", "publisher-place" : "G\u00f6ttingen", "title" : "Bourdieu\u2019s theory of practice in the study of cultural encounters and transnational transfers in migration", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Erel 2010; Oliver & O\u2019Reilly 2010; Noble 2013; Nowicka 2015)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Erel 2010; Oliver & O\u2019Reilly 2010; Noble 2013; Nowicka 2015)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Erel 2010; Oliver & O\u2019Reilly 2010; Noble 2013; Nowicka 2015)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Erel 2010; Oliver & O’Reilly 2010; Noble 2013; Nowicka 2015), although, as this paper explores, there may be a possibility for habitus to be changed unreflexively within ‘communities of practice’: arenas whose ‘members’ (in this case, migrant and native students) mix regularly, resulting in often unintentional social learning. A more recent strand of practice theory literature, primarily motivated by environmental concerns ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Spaargaren", "given" : "G", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Martens", "given" : "S", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Beckers", "given" : "T", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "User Behaviour and Technology Development: Shaping Sustainmable Relations between Consumers and Technologies", "editor" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Verbeek", "given" : "P P", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Slob", "given" : "A", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2006" ] ] }, "page" : "107-118", "publisher" : "Dordrecht", "publisher-place" : "Springer", "title" : "Sustainable technologies and everyday life", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.010", "ISSN" : "09593780", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Spaargaren", "given" : "Gert", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Global Environmental Change", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011", "8" ] ] }, "page" : "813-822", "publisher" : "Elsevier Ltd", "title" : "Theories of practices: Agency, technology, and culture", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "21" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Spurling", "given" : "Nicola", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Southerton", "given" : "Dale", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Welch", "given" : "Daniel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "McMeekin", "given" : "Andrew", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Sustainable Practices Research Group", "title" : "Interventions in practice: re-framing policy approaches to consumer behaviour", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-4", "itemData" : { "abstract" : "This article considers the potential of a revival of interest in theories of practice for the study of consumption. It presents an abridged account of the basic precepts of a theory of practice and extracts some broad principles for its application to the analysis of final consumption. The basic assumption is that consumption occurs as items are appropriated in the course of engaging in particular practices and that being a competent practitioner requires appropriation of the requisite services, possession of appropriate tools, and devotion of a suitable level of attention to the conduct of the practice. Such a view stresses the routine, collective and conventional nature of much consumption but also emphasizes that practices are internally differentiated and dynamic. Distinctive features of the account include its understanding of the way wants emanate from practices, of the processes whereby practices emerge, develop and change, of the consequences of extensive personal involvements in many practices, and of the manner of recruitment to practices. The article concludes with discussion of some theoretical, substantive and methodological implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]]]>&#xD;<![CDATA[Copyright of Journal of Consumer Culture is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Warde", "given" : "Alan", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Consumer Culture", "id" : "ITEM-4", "issue" : "2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2005" ] ] }, "page" : "131-153", "title" : "Consumption and Theories of Practice", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "5" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-5", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "E", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Consumer Policy", "id" : "ITEM-5", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2003" ] ] }, "page" : "395-418", "title" : "Converging conventions of comfort, cleanliness and convenience", "type" : "article-journal" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Spaargaren et al. 2006; Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003)", "manualFormatting" : "(e.g. Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Spaargaren et al. 2006; Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Spaargaren et al. 2006; Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(e.g. Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003), has thus far neglected to look at migration in any depth. The findings in this paper attempt to address this gap, and show us that migration may have potential as a mechanism for disrupting practices, and changing behaviour. Conceptually, the paper brings together strands from early practice theories which have been applied to migration, and later strands which have mostly focussed on the environment. Empirically, the site of our study is the growing phenomenon of students from China studying in Western countries (in this paper, specifically in the UK) to see if this migration event was a cause for a change in environmentally impactful practices. Our research question is therefore as follows: “How does migration affect the practices of students in relation to the environment?”Our findings suggest, firstly, that China-to-UK student migrants report change in a range of pro-environmental behaviours. Secondly, we argue that this change can be conceptualised by grasping differences in the competences, materials and meanings associated with particular practices after arriving in the UK. Perhaps the key change we find is differing meanings surrounding particular environmentally-impactful practices, where the prevalent social and cultural norms of the host country (the UK) seem to have ‘activated’ hitherto latent practice repertoires which were largely absent in the source country, China. By living and working in ‘communities of practice’, where they regularly mix with other western students, Chinese students report a change in certain environmentally impactful practices. This appears to be a consequence of an unreflexive adaptation of their habitus to fit their new field, a process Bourdieu described as mimesis, rather than any substantive normative engagement with pro-environmental norms. The paper is organised into four sections. Firstly, we place our research among existing literature on theories of social practice. This is followed by a description of our methodology. We then present findings from our focus group discussions, and end with a discussion of those findings, limitations, and implications for future research.Theories of Social PracticeWe observe two relevant strands in the social practice literature. The first is based on ‘early’ theories of practice by Giddens ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Giddens", "given" : "Anthony", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1984" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Polity", "publisher-place" : "Cambridge", "title" : "The Constitution of Society", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)", "manualFormatting" : "(1984)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(1984) and Bourdieu ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bourdieu", "given" : "Pierre", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1977" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Cambridge University Press", "publisher-place" : "Cambridge", "title" : "Outline of a Theory of Practice", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bourdieu", "given" : "Pierre", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1979" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Routledge", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Bourdieu 1979)", "manualFormatting" : "(1977; 1979)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Bourdieu 1979)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Bourdieu 1979)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(1977; 1979), who portrayed social life as being about the recursive performance of practices as ‘shared behavioural routines’ which are reproduced by informed and capable agents, drawing on explicit or implicit ‘rules’ and resources. This strand has been applied to migration research in various ways. Morawska makes a case for analysing migration using Giddens’ structuration theory ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Giddens", "given" : "Anthony", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1984" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Polity", "publisher-place" : "Cambridge", "title" : "The Constitution of Society", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)", "manualFormatting" : "(Giddens 1984, 2)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Giddens 1984)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Giddens 1984, 2). As structuration combines aspects of both structure and agency, it can thus account for how ‘external’ historical and spatial structures (war, famine, etc.) have a causal influence on migration, whilst migrants can also exercise degrees of agency in regard to their choice of host country and, after arrival, some degree of influence both to their host country, and their country of origin through transnational networks ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1057/9780230554795_6", "ISBN" : "978-0-230-55479-5", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Morawska", "given" : "Ewa", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States", "editor" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Joppke", "given" : "Christian", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Morawska", "given" : "Ewa", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "133-176", "publisher" : "Palgrave Macmillan UK", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "Immigrant Transnationalism and Assimilation: A Variety of Combinations and the Analytic Strategy it Suggests", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Morawska 2014)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Morawska 2014)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Morawska 2014)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Morawska 2014). Despite some critiques of the application of structuration theory to migration ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1080/1369183X.2010.489382", "ISBN" : "1369-183X", "ISSN" : "1369-183X", "abstract" : "Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Vol. 36, No. 10, December 2010, pp. 1689?1708 Some Reflections on Structure and Agency in Migration Theory Oliver Bakewell This paper explores the complex relationship between structure and agency and the way it has been incorporated into migration theory. It argues that attempts to develop a coherent and robust body of migration theory have been thwarted by a structure?agency impasse: some approaches lean too close to functionalism while others veer into structuralism. Those who search for middle ground have tended to draw on Giddens\u2019 notion of structuration as a way of articulating the balance between structure and agency in migration processes. The article shows that, while structuration is beguiling, it has failed to offer any significant advances for migration theory. This is a result of theoretical weaknesses in structuration theory rather than a failure of its application; this argument is based on a critical realist critique of the dualism inherent in structuration. It is suggested that critical realism offers a fruitful avenue for a more sophisticated analysis of structure and agency in migration processes. The article ends with a brief outline of a critical realist approach to migration theory and argues that this may offer a way around the structure?agency impasse.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bakewell", "given" : "Oliver", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "10", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "page" : "1689-1708", "title" : "Some Reflections on Structure and Agency in Migration Theory", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "36" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Bakewell 2010)", "manualFormatting" : "(see Bakewell 2010)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Bakewell 2010)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Bakewell 2010)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(see Bakewell 2010), it has been developed by scholars such as ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Stones", "given" : "Rob", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2005" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "225", "publisher" : "Palgrave MacMillan", "publisher-place" : "New York", "title" : "Structuration Theory", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Stones 2005)", "manualFormatting" : "Stones (2005)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Stones 2005)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Stones 2005)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Stones (2005) who has created a more nuanced categorisation which others, notably ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "ISBN" : "9780230221314", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "O'Reilly", "given" : "K.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "129", "publisher" : "Palgrave Macmillan", "publisher-place" : "Basingstoke", "title" : "International migration and social theory", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(O\u2019Reilly 2012)", "manualFormatting" : "O\u2019Reilly (2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(O\u2019Reilly 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(O\u2019Reilly 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }O’Reilly (2012), have employed to migration phenomena. Stones’ categorisation includes Wengers’ ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Wenger", "given" : "Etienne", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1998" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Cambridge University Press", "publisher-place" : "Cambridge", "title" : "Communities of practice : learning, meaning, and identity.", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Wenger 1998)", "manualFormatting" : "(1998)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Wenger 1998)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Wenger 1998)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(1998) notion of ‘communities of practice’, within which structure and agency are enacted by ‘members’. Relevant members of communities of practice will vary depending on the type of migrant, and may include school staff and peers (e.g. for refugee children), government staff, neighbours and transnational communities (e.g. for migrant adults), and native/migrant students and university staff (e.g. for student migrants, as in this paper). Communities of practice can be important sites for the transfer of habitus, either through the active pursuit and acquisition of cultural capital by migrants, or the unreflexive transformation of habitus through ‘mimesis’, i.e. the unconscious imitation of other actors’ actions ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bourdieu", "given" : "Pierre", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1977" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Cambridge University Press", "publisher-place" : "Cambridge", "title" : "Outline of a Theory of Practice", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Sieweke", "given" : "Jost", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Schmalenbach Business Review", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "24-42", "title" : "Imitation and Processes of Institutionalization \u2013 Insights from Bourdieu\u2019 s Theory of Practice", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "66" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Sieweke 2014)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Sieweke 2014)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1977; Sieweke 2014)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Bourdieu 1977; Sieweke 2014).We see the influence of Bourdieu more explicitly in migration research, particularly his concept of habitus. Habitus refers to the system of dispositions which govern the ways an individual thinks and acts. Habitus is both structured by one’s past and present experiences, and ‘structuring’ on one’s present and future practices ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "ISBN" : "0804717273 9780804717274 0804720118 9780804720113", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bourdieu", "given" : "Pierre", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1990" ] ] }, "language" : "English", "publisher" : "Stanford University Press", "publisher-place" : "Stanford, Calif.", "title" : "The logic of practice", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1990)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1990)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Bourdieu 1990)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Bourdieu 1990). Habitus is related to the ‘fields’ we operate in, with field referring to the metaphorical arenas in which individuals display their dispositions, and mobilise and accumulate different kinds of capital. While field(s) structure(s) habitus, habitus is the basis for individuals’ understandings of their lives, and thus the fields in which they act. Practices result from this habitus/field interplay ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "ISSN 2192-2357", "ISSN" : "2192-2357", "abstract" : "This working paper provides the theoretical reflections and research objectives of the ongoing project Transforming Migration: Transnational Transfer of Multicultural Habitus. It develops the proposal of applying Bourdieu\u2019s theory of practice in study- ing intercultural skills of migrants and the mechanisms of their transfer to the space of origin of migrants. Conceptual merits and challenges of working with Bourdieu\u2019s intellectual heritage are discussed and illustrated with preliminary results from the project\u2019s first phase. The paper argues that Bourdieu\u2019s theory allows us to see the dis- positions, attitudes, worldviews and practices that people display as processes rather than individual qualities, which need to be considered within a complex system of power relations between migrants, their host societies, and their transnationally span- ning social networks.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Nowicka", "given" : "Magdalena", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2015" ] ] }, "number" : "ISSN 2192-2357", "number-of-pages" : "28", "publisher-place" : "G\u00f6ttingen", "title" : "Bourdieu\u2019s theory of practice in the study of cultural encounters and transnational transfers in migration", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Nowicka 2015)", "manualFormatting" : "(Nowicka 2015, 13)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Nowicka 2015)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Nowicka 2015)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Nowicka 2015, 13). When fields change as in instances of migration, habitus – the way migrants ‘know’ how to speak, act – is required to change as well. For Bourdieu (1979) this can either take an orderly adjustment, or a quick and uncomfortable mismatch he terms ‘hysteresis’. Whether migrants simply ‘juggle’ the difference between the habitus of the host and source country, or if the habitus can really be transformed, is a question addressed by various researchers. Bauder ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1080/1464936052000335982", "ISSN" : "1464-9365", "abstract" : "Workplace conventions and hiring practices are barriers confronted by immigrants in the Canadian labour market. This paper considers these barriers in the context of Bourdieu's concept of habitus. The empirical research presented examines immigrants from South Asia and the former Yugoslavia in the labour market of Greater Vancouver. A statistical analysis of census data and immigrant landing records is supplemented by an analysis of interviews with community leaders, settlement and employment counsellors, and employers. Immigrants admitted to Canada for family-reunion and humanitarian reasons tend to be less familiar with Canadian labour market ?rules? than immigrants recruited for their skills and education. In response to this cultural labour market barrier, South Asian immigrants develop ethnic networks while immigrants from the former Yugoslavia mobilize other cultural resources.\\nWorkplace conventions and hiring practices are barriers confronted by immigrants in the Canadian labour market. This paper considers these barriers in the context of Bourdieu's concept of habitus. The empirical research presented examines immigrants from South Asia and the former Yugoslavia in the labour market of Greater Vancouver. A statistical analysis of census data and immigrant landing records is supplemented by an analysis of interviews with community leaders, settlement and employment counsellors, and employers. Immigrants admitted to Canada for family-reunion and humanitarian reasons tend to be less familiar with Canadian labour market ?rules? than immigrants recruited for their skills and education. In response to this cultural labour market barrier, South Asian immigrants develop ethnic networks while immigrants from the former Yugoslavia mobilize other cultural resources.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bauder", "given" : "Harald", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Social & Cultural Geography", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2005" ] ] }, "page" : "81-97", "title" : "Habitus, rules of the labour market and employment strategies of immigrants in Vancouver, Canada", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "6" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Bauder 2005)", "manualFormatting" : "(2005)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Bauder 2005)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Bauder 2005)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(2005) finds migrants usually seeking fields for which their old habitus fits, rather than undergoing transformation. ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/0038038509351627", "ISBN" : "00380385 (ISSN)", "ISSN" : "0038-0385", "abstract" : "This paper explores the phenomenon of lifestyle migration from Britain to Spain to interrogate, empirically, the continued relevance of class in the era of individualising modernity (Beck 1994). Lifestyle migrants articulate an anti-materialist rhetoric and their experiences of retirement or self-employment diminish the significance of class divisions. However, as researchers who independently studied similar populations in the Eastern and Western Costa del Sol, we found these societies less \u2018classless\u2019 than espoused. Despite attempts to rewrite their own history and to mould a different life trajectory through geographical mobility, migrants were bound by the significance of class through both cultural process and the reproduction of (economic) position. Bourdieu\u2019s methodological approach and sociological concepts proved useful for understanding these processes. Employing his concepts throughout, we consider the (limited) possibilities for reinventing habitus, despite claims of an apparently egalitarian social field.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Oliver", "given" : "C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "O'Reilly", "given" : "K.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Sociology", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "page" : "49-66", "title" : "A Bourdieusian Analysis of Class and Migration Habitus and the Individualizing Process", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "44" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Oliver & O\u2019Reilly 2010)", "manualFormatting" : "Oliver & O\u2019Reilly (2010)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Oliver & O\u2019Reilly 2010)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Oliver & O\u2019Reilly 2010)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Oliver & O’Reilly (2010) observe retiree migrants who claim to want to reinvent their old habitus yet fail to do so. ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/1440783313481532", "ISBN" : "1440-7833, 1440-7833", "ISSN" : "1440-7833", "abstract" : "This article explores the utility of Bourdieu\u2019s notions of habitus and field in examining the experience of migrant resettlement. It draws on a speech spoken in two languages at a community organisation event to suggest that resettlement entails the transformation of the embodied capacities of migrants and the formation of a new set of bodily capacities which never quite become the dispositions of the citizen who \u2018belongs\u2019 unconditionally. It argues that, through a process of disorientation and reorientation, some migrants acquire a corporeal and social awkwardness which embodies the learning of the \u2018difference of difference\u2019. This differentiation is less about personal experi -ence than social location, and it is less about some primordial \u2018ethnicity\u2019 deriv -ing from the homeland than an \u2018ethnicised\u2019 habitus that reflects that location within Australian social fields. The article challenges Bourdieu\u2019s insistence on the complicit relation between habitus and field, arguing that we need to draw on a micro-sociological language of \u2018settings\u2019 to account for migrants\u2019 experi -ences of moving across and switching between social fields.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Noble", "given" : "Greg", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Sociology", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "2 & 3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "page" : "341-356", "title" : "'It is home but it is not home: habitus, field and the migrant'", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "49" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Noble 2013)", "manualFormatting" : "Noble (2013)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Noble 2013)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Noble 2013)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Noble (2013) observes migrants who wish to adapt their habitus to their new location, but are forced to negotiate an ‘ethnicised’ habitus instead. These findings, as well as those in this paper suggest that active transformation of habitus is less likely than a passive, even unconscious process of change, imitation, and ‘learning’ akin to early-years socialisation.A second, later strand of practice theories concerns consumption and environmental impacts of practices ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Spaargaren", "given" : "G", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Martens", "given" : "S", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Beckers", "given" : "T", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "User Behaviour and Technology Development: Shaping Sustainmable Relations between Consumers and Technologies", "editor" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Verbeek", "given" : "P P", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Slob", "given" : "A", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2006" ] ] }, "page" : "107-118", "publisher" : "Dordrecht", "publisher-place" : "Springer", "title" : "Sustainable technologies and everyday life", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.010", "ISSN" : "09593780", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Spaargaren", "given" : "Gert", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Global Environmental Change", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011", "8" ] ] }, "page" : "813-822", "publisher" : "Elsevier Ltd", "title" : "Theories of practices: Agency, technology, and culture", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "21" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Spurling", "given" : "Nicola", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Southerton", "given" : "Dale", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Welch", "given" : "Daniel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "McMeekin", "given" : "Andrew", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Sustainable Practices Research Group", "title" : "Interventions in practice: re-framing policy approaches to consumer behaviour", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-4", "itemData" : { "abstract" : "This article considers the potential of a revival of interest in theories of practice for the study of consumption. It presents an abridged account of the basic precepts of a theory of practice and extracts some broad principles for its application to the analysis of final consumption. The basic assumption is that consumption occurs as items are appropriated in the course of engaging in particular practices and that being a competent practitioner requires appropriation of the requisite services, possession of appropriate tools, and devotion of a suitable level of attention to the conduct of the practice. Such a view stresses the routine, collective and conventional nature of much consumption but also emphasizes that practices are internally differentiated and dynamic. Distinctive features of the account include its understanding of the way wants emanate from practices, of the processes whereby practices emerge, develop and change, of the consequences of extensive personal involvements in many practices, and of the manner of recruitment to practices. The article concludes with discussion of some theoretical, substantive and methodological implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]]]>&#xD;<![CDATA[Copyright of Journal of Consumer Culture is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Warde", "given" : "Alan", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Consumer Culture", "id" : "ITEM-4", "issue" : "2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2005" ] ] }, "page" : "131-153", "title" : "Consumption and Theories of Practice", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "5" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-5", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "E", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Consumer Policy", "id" : "ITEM-5", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2003" ] ] }, "page" : "395-418", "title" : "Converging conventions of comfort, cleanliness and convenience", "type" : "article-journal" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Spaargaren et al. 2006; Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003)", "manualFormatting" : "(e.g. Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Spaargaren et al. 2006; Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Spaargaren et al. 2006; Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(e.g. Spaargaren 2011; Spurling et al. 2013; Warde 2005; Shove 2003). Here we see a more systematic attempt to delineate component elements of practices, and to understand when they might be disrupted. Notable in this regard is Shove et al’s ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Spurling", "given" : "Nicola", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Southerton", "given" : "Dale", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Welch", "given" : "Daniel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "McMeekin", "given" : "Andrew", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Sustainable Practices Research Group", "title" : "Interventions in practice: re-framing policy approaches to consumer behaviour", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pantzar", "given" : "Mika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watson", "given" : "Matt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "208", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Spurling et al. 2013; Shove et al. 2012)", "manualFormatting" : "(2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Spurling et al. 2013; Shove et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Spurling et al. 2013; Shove et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(2012) schema of materials, competences and meanings. Materials are things, technologies, infrastructures, and the ‘stuff’ of which objects are made; competences encompasses skill, know-how and technique; while meanings refer to the symbolic and cultural meanings, ideas and aspirations which are entwined in a particular practice (ibid., 14). Practices emerge, stabilize, change and possibly die out as links between elements are made and broken. ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "E", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Consumer Policy", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2003" ] ] }, "page" : "395-418", "title" : "Converging conventions of comfort, cleanliness and convenience", "type" : "article-journal" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Shove 2003)", "manualFormatting" : "Shove (2003)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Shove 2003)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Shove 2003)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Shove (2003) describes how disruption in the links can be because of ‘natural’ technological evolutions (e.g. the increased affordability of washing machines) which then have knock-on consequences for cultural norms (we adhere to stricter norms of cleanliness), which often have environmental impacts (we use more domestic energy and water). While practice theory has so far mostly been applied to understanding behaviour change, it is increasingly being applied in interventions in areas such as public transport use ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.08.002", "ISBN" : "0967-070X", "ISSN" : "0967070X", "abstract" : "The automobile commute makes an important contribution to carbon emissions but has proven stubbornly resistant to modal shift policy initiatives. In this paper we use theories of social practice to develop insights into why this stubbornness might exist, and what might help accelerate transitions to bus- and cycle-commuting. By analyzing qualitative data about everyday mobility in two UK cities, we examine how the availability of the constituent elements of bus- and cycle-commuting practices is crucial for modal shift to occur, but they are often absent. We also draw attention to time-space contingencies that render recruitment to low-carbon commuting practices more or less likely, including how commuting is sequenced with other social practices and how the sites of these practices interact with the affordances, and spatial infrastructure, of bus- and cycle-commuting. These insights lead us to argue that choice and land use planning focussed policy initiatives designed to invoke modal shift need to coexist in integrated policy configurations with initiatives designed to reshape both mobility and non-mobility practices. This means addressing the structural barriers caused by the lack of availability of the elements that constitute bus- and cycle-commuting, and intervening in the timing and spatiality of a range of social practices so as to reduce the tendency for commutes to have spatial and temporal characteristics that militate against the use of bus and cycle modes.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Cass", "given" : "Noel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Faulconbridge", "given" : "James", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Transport Policy", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "page" : "1-14", "publisher" : "Elsevier", "title" : "Commuting practices: New insights into modal shift from theories of social practice", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "45" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Cass & Faulconbridge 2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Cass & Faulconbridge 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Cass & Faulconbridge 2016)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Cass & Faulconbridge 2016) or reducing energy use ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/1469540510390500", "ISBN" : "1469-5405", "ISSN" : "1469-5405", "PMID" : "25246403", "abstract" : "This article applies the insights of social practice theory to the study of pro- environmental behaviour change through an ethnographic case study (nine months of participant observation and 38 semi-structured interviews) of a behaviour change initiative \u2013 Environment Champions \u2013 that occurred in a workplace. In contrast to conventional, individualistic and rationalist approaches to behaviour change, social practice theory de-centres individuals from analyses, and turns attention instead towards the social and collective organization of practices \u2013 broad cultural entities that shape individuals\u2019 perceptions, interpretations and actions within the world. By considering the planning and delivery of the Environment Champions initiative, the article suggests that practice theory provides a more holistic and grounded perspective on behaviour change processes as they occur in situ. In so doing, it offers up a wide range of mundane footholds for behavioural change, over and above individuals\u2019 attitudes or values. At the same time, it reveals the profound difficulties encountered in attempts to challenge and change practices, difficulties that extend far beyond the removal of contextual \u2018barriers\u2019 to change and instead implicate the organization of normal everyday life. The article concludes by considering the benefits and shortcomings of a practice-based approach emphasizing a need for it to develop a greater understanding of the role of social interactions and power relations in the grounded performance of practices.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hargreaves", "given" : "T.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Consumer Culture", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "page" : "79-99", "title" : "Practice-ing behaviour change: Applying social practice theory to pro-environmental behaviour change", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "11" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pantzar", "given" : "Mika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watson", "given" : "Matt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "208", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012). Other research suggests that profound life-events have potential to disrupt habituated practices, allowing new forms of environmental behaviour to take hold ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/0013916505285091", "ISBN" : "0013916505", "ISSN" : "0013-9165", "abstract" : "This article presents an experimental, theory-driven evaluation of the effectiveness of an intervention that combines a free public transportation ticket and personal schedule information on the subsequent use of public transportation in an urban area. The time point when participants received this intervention is unusual. It was delivered to them shortly after a residential relocation. It is assumed that such a situation increases people's responsiveness to the intervention. At their new living place, the intervention group shows a strong increase in public transportation use. The intervention effect on the individual choice process is modeled via Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. Besides a main effect on intention, results indicate interactions between the intervention and the change intention existing prior to the move and higher objective public transport service quality after the move.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bamberg", "given" : "S.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Environment and Behavior", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "6", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2006" ] ] }, "page" : "820-840", "title" : "Is a Residential Relocation a Good Opportunity to Change People's Travel Behavior? Results From a Theory-Driven Intervention Study", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "38" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.008", "ISSN" : "15229610", "abstract" : "This study tested the habit discontinuity hypothesis, which states that behaviour change interventions are more effective when delivered in the context of life course changes. The assumption was that when habits are (temporarily) disturbed, people are more sensitive to new information and adopt a mind-set that is conducive to behaviour change. A field experiment was conducted among 800 participants, who received either an intervention promoting sustainable behaviours, or were in a no-intervention control condition. In both conditions half of the households had recently relocated, and were matched with households that had not relocated. Self-reported frequencies of twenty-five environment-related behaviours were assessed at baseline and eight weeks later. While controlling for past behaviour, habit strength, intentions, perceived control, biospheric values, personal norms, and personal involvement, the intervention was more effective among recently relocated participants. The results suggested that the duration of the 'window of opportunity' was three months after relocation.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Verplanken", "given" : "Bas", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Roy", "given" : "Deborah", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Environmental Psychology", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "page" : "127-134", "publisher" : "The Authors", "title" : "Empowering interventions to promote sustainable lifestyles: Testing the habit discontinuity hypothesis in a field experiment", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "45" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/0013916514549619", "ISBN" : "0013-9165 1552-390X", "ISSN" : "0013-9165", "abstract" : "Workers at a pro-environmental charity in the United Kingdom were evaluated 19 months before the organization moved its headquarters to another town, and then evaluated again 1 and 4 weeks after the move. Travel habit (behavioral automaticity) weakened immediately after the move, and this was equal for those who changed travel mode during the relocation and those who did not. In those who changed mode, habit strength for the old mode did not disappear abruptly but rather decayed over the post-move period, whereas habit strength for the new mode grew concurrently. This demonstrates that even when overt behavior changes during a transition event, the underlying behavioral automaticity does not disappear immediately. Rather, there is a period during which habit for the new behavior becomes established and habit for the old behavior decays. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Walker", "given" : "I.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Thomas", "given" : "G. O.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Verplanken", "given" : "B.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Environment and Behavior", "id" : "ITEM-3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "0013916514549619-", "title" : "Old Habits Die Hard: Travel Habit Formation and Decay During an Office Relocation", "type" : "article-journal" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Bamberg 2006; Verplanken & Roy 2016; Walker et al. 2014)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Bamberg 2006; Verplanken & Roy 2016; Walker et al. 2014)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Bamberg 2006; Verplanken & Roy 2016; Walker et al. 2014)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Bamberg 2006; Verplanken & Roy 2016; Walker et al. 2014). For example, ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.008", "ISSN" : "15229610", "abstract" : "This study tested the habit discontinuity hypothesis, which states that behaviour change interventions are more effective when delivered in the context of life course changes. The assumption was that when habits are (temporarily) disturbed, people are more sensitive to new information and adopt a mind-set that is conducive to behaviour change. A field experiment was conducted among 800 participants, who received either an intervention promoting sustainable behaviours, or were in a no-intervention control condition. In both conditions half of the households had recently relocated, and were matched with households that had not relocated. Self-reported frequencies of twenty-five environment-related behaviours were assessed at baseline and eight weeks later. While controlling for past behaviour, habit strength, intentions, perceived control, biospheric values, personal norms, and personal involvement, the intervention was more effective among recently relocated participants. The results suggested that the duration of the 'window of opportunity' was three months after relocation.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Verplanken", "given" : "Bas", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Roy", "given" : "Deborah", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Environmental Psychology", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "page" : "127-134", "publisher" : "The Authors", "title" : "Empowering interventions to promote sustainable lifestyles: Testing the habit discontinuity hypothesis in a field experiment", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "45" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Verplanken & Roy 2016)", "manualFormatting" : "Verplanken & Roy (2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Verplanken & Roy 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Verplanken & Roy 2016)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Verplanken & Roy (2016) found moving house a particularly powerful life-event. Their trial found that an intervention promoting a range of pro-environmental behaviours was more effective among recently-relocated participants than those who had not moved house. In the present study, we examine whether another significant life-event, student migration, might have a similar effect on environmentally-impactful practices. The following section examines the role of cultural differences in accounting for different practices in a source and host country, and how cultural differences might be integrated into a practice approach.Cultural values and theories of practiceAs we have seen, theories of practice move away from individual motivations, towards an integrative understanding of behaviour which accounts for technical, social and cultural context. Here we argue that context can, to an extent, be delineated by country. While cultural boundaries do not always coincide with geographical ones, countries remain a primary site with which to observe cross-cultural differences ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Smith", "given" : "Peter B.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bond", "given" : "Michael Harris", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "edition" : "2nd", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1999" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "401", "publisher" : "Allyn & Bacon", "publisher-place" : "Boston", "title" : "Social psychology across borders", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/0013916505286012", "ISBN" : "0013916505286", "ISSN" : "0013-9165", "PMID" : "14719", "abstract" : "This article builds on Ajzen\u2019s theory of planned behavior and on Stern et al.\u2019s value-belief-norm theory to propose and test a model that predicts proenvironmental behavior. In addition to relationships between beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, we incorporate Inglehart\u2019s postmaterialist and Schwartz\u2019s harmony value dimensions as contextual antecedents at the national level. Structural equation modeling analyses of a 27-country sample provide almost full support for the mediation model. Postmaterialistic values, but not harmony, affect environmental concern; in turn, environmental concern, perceived threat, and perceived behavioral control affect willingness to sacrifice, which then affects a variety of proenvironmental behaviors. The findings emphasize the contribution of cultural conditions to the shaping of individuals\u2019 actions vis-\u00e0-vis environmental issues, alongside individual-level social-psychological variables.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Oreg", "given" : "Shaul", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Katz-Gerro", "given" : "Tally", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Environment and Behavior", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2006" ] ] }, "page" : "462-483", "title" : "Predicting proenvironmental behavior cross-nationally: Values, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and Value-Belief-Norm Theory", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "38" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Smith & Bond 1999; Oreg & Katz-Gerro 2006)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Smith & Bond 1999; Oreg & Katz-Gerro 2006)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Smith & Bond 1999; Oreg & Katz-Gerro 2006)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Smith & Bond 1999; Oreg & Katz-Gerro 2006). There have been various attempts to model country-based cultural differences ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hofstede", "given" : "Geert", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2001" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "Thousand Oaks", "title" : "Culture\u2019s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Schwartz", "given" : "Shalom", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and application", "editor" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kim", "given" : "U.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Triandis", "given" : "H.C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kagitcibasi", "given" : "C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Choi", "given" : "S-C.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Yoon", "given" : "G.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1994" ] ] }, "page" : "85-119", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "Thousand Oaks", "title" : "Beyond Individualism-Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values", "type" : "chapter" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Inglehart", "given" : "Ronald", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "The American Political Science Review", "id" : "ITEM-3", "issue" : "4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1971" ] ] }, "page" : "991-1017", "title" : "The Silent Revolution in Europe : Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "65" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971)", "manualFormatting" : "(see Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(see Hofstede 2001; Schwartz 1994; Inglehart 1971), of which Inglehart’s post-materialist thesis has most explicitly been linked to environmental behaviours. Post-materialism suggests that people in developing countries are more preoccupied with material values concerning physical sustenance and safety, and therefore hold weaker pro-environmental (and other ‘post-material’) values. In contrast, people in developed countries whose material security is relatively assured, may hold post-material values such as self-expression and concern for the natural environment. Inglehart ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Inglehart", "given" : "Ronald", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1977" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "482", "publisher" : "Princeton University Press", "title" : "The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Inglehart 1977)", "manualFormatting" : "(1977)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Inglehart 1977)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Inglehart 1977)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(1977) developed his own survey instrument for measuring values, and numerous studies have used such measures to find support for environmental action to be correlated with post-material values ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00127.x", "ISBN" : "1533-8525", "ISSN" : "00380253", "PMID" : "18457482", "abstract" : "Conventional wisdom has long held that widespread citizen concern\\nfor environmental quality is limited to wealthy nations. Both academics\\nand policymakers assume that residents of poor nations are too preoccupied\\nwith satisfying their ``material'' needs to support the ``postmaterialist''\\nvalue of environmental protection. This view was challenged by results\\nof Gallup's 24-nation ``Health of the Planet'' (HOP) survey conducted\\nin 1992, as the HOP found highly inconsistent and often negative\\ncorrelations between national affluence and environmental concern.\\nThe current article compares results from three waves of the ``World\\nValues Survey'' (WVS) to those of the HOP. When appropriate measures\\nof environmental concern are employed, the WVS results generally\\nreplicate those of the HOP, as in all three waves such concern correlates\\ninconsistently with national affluence. The overall results suggest\\nthat citizen concern for the environment is not dependent on national\\naffluence, nor on affluence-based postmaterialist values.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Dunlap", "given" : "Riley E.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "York", "given" : "Richard", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Sociological Quarterly", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2008" ] ] }, "page" : "529-563", "title" : "The globalization of environmental concern and the limits of the postmaterialist values explanation: Evidence from four multinational surveys", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "49" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/0013916506292014", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Gelissen", "given" : "John", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Environment And Behavior", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2007" ] ] }, "page" : "392-415", "title" : "A Multilevel Analysis of 50 Nations", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "39" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Inglehart", "given" : "Ronald", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1997" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "464", "publisher" : "Princeton University Press", "title" : "Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Dunlap & York 2008; Gelissen 2007; Inglehart 1997)", "manualFormatting" : "(see Dunlap & York 2008; Gelissen 2007; Inglehart 1997)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Dunlap & York 2008; Gelissen 2007; Inglehart 1997)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Dunlap & York 2008; Gelissen 2007; Inglehart 1997)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(see Dunlap & York 2008; Gelissen 2007; Inglehart 1997). Hofstede’s six-dimensional theory on country-based cultural differences employs a slightly different range of variables. Using data from the World Values Survey, he developed six indices, of which the most relevant here are the ‘power distance index’ (PDI) and ‘indulgence/restraint’ (IND) ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hofstede", "given" : "G.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hofstede", "given" : "G. J.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Minkov", "given" : "M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "edition" : "3rd", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "publisher" : "McGraw-Hill", "publisher-place" : "New York", "title" : "Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hofstede et al. 2010)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede et al. 2010)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede et al. 2010)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hofstede et al. 2010). Societies with a high PDI - such as China, Russia and India - tend towards centralised, top-down control, whereas low PDI implies greater equality and empowerment of citizens ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "abstract" : "There is a growing recognition among policymakers of the wide range of options that lie between doing nothing and outright bans or aggressive legislation. As this report makes clear, the public too are aware of this range of options and distinguish between them. Big national differences immediately catch the eye: the much higher acceptability of state intervention on behaviour in countries such as India and China than in wealthy North European nations \u2013 from Sweden to the UK \u2013 and the USA\u2019s wariness in particular. The high overall level of public support for action \u2013 and especially for more transparent information and various \u2018nudges\u2019 - will also surprise many. The subtler results are intriguing too, such as the distinction implicit in generally higher levels of support for interventions in behaviours that affect others (such as smoking in public places) than those which do not. Another striking result is that in some countries on particular issues, such as unhealthy food, the public appear more in favour of tough action than many policymakers have previously believed. That said, the report documents the paradox that helps to explain why so many politicians tread around behavioural interventions with caution. While a large majority of the public support many specific interventions, around half also say that they don\u2019t think governments should get involved in people\u2019s choices. Indeed, around a third of people seem both to endorse tougher action and that the state shouldn\u2019t get involved in people\u2019s specific choices around what they eat, save, or live sustainably. A common interpretation of this \u2018cognitive polyphasia\u2019 is that we want government intervention to stop the bad behaviour of other people, but not necessarily our own. The report suggests that Kahneman\u2019s distinctions between fast and slow thinking may be involved. But another interpretation is that people generally want to be able to make specific choices for themselves (as long as others are not harmed) but are broadly amenable to governments and trusted professionals making it more obvious and easier to choose the safest, healthiest or greenest option. But one thing is for sure. When it comes to our lifestyle and habits, government action rests heavily on public acceptability and permission \u2013 it is the public\u2019s behaviour after all. Indeed, in a world of behavioural economics, public opinion surveys are themselves a \u2018nudge\u2019 \u2013 a signal to both policymakers and our fellow citizens about what\u2019s acce\u2026", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Branson", "given" : "Chris", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Duffy", "given" : "Bobby", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Perry", "given" : "ChriS", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Wellings", "given" : "Dan", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Ipsos-Mori", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "1-28", "title" : "Acceptable Behaviour? Public opinion on behaviour change policy", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Branson et al. 2012)", "manualFormatting" : "(Branson et al. 2012, 17)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Branson et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Branson et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Branson et al. 2012, 17). In terms of pro-environmental action, this may translate to citizens in low-PDI societies taking greater individual responsibility for the environment, whilst in high-PDI countries, citizens may defer to the state to take responsibility on their behalf. Branson et al (2012) observed this responsibility/PDI trend in general terms, although they did not look specifically at pro-environmental action. Indulgence refers to the extent to which people try to control their desire for immediate gratification. High-IND societies – which tend to prevail in South and North America, and Western Europe - emphasise leisure-time over work-time, are more likely to be obese, are more permissive in regards to sexual mores, and people have a higher perception of being in control over their personal life. The opposite is true of high-restraint societies such as in Eastern Europe, Asia and the Muslim world ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "", "ISBN" : "9780984562701", "ISSN" : "2307-0919", "PMID" : "60393469", "abstract" : "This article describes briefly the Hofstede model of six dimensions of national cultures: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/ Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It shows the conceptual and research efforts that preceded it and led up to it, and once it had become a paradigm for comparing cultures, research efforts that followed and built on it. The article stresses that dimensions depend on the level of aggregation; it describes the six entirely different dimensions found in the Hofstede et al. (2010) research into organizational cultures. It warns against confusion with value differences at the individual level. It concludes with a look ahead in what the study of dimensions of national cultures and the position of countries on them may still bring.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hofstede", "given" : "Geert", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Online Readings in Psychology and Culture", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "page" : "1-26", "title" : "Dimensionalizing Cultures : The Hofstede Model in Context", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "2" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2011)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2011)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2011)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hofstede 2011). In terms of pro-environmental action, this may translate to more consumptive behaviours in high-indulgence societies, and less willingness to make pro-environmental ‘sacrifices’ which may impede such consumption.To date, models of cultural values systems have only been implicitly recognised in theories of practice, yet we argue that these may be relevant to, or even underpin, the constituent elements of practices – particularly competences and meanings – and thus help to expand our understanding of why practices differ between countries. As we will see, the issue of differing cultural values between China and the UK and an implicit reference to the post-materialist thesis did arise in our focus group discussions, and these factors may be useful in explaining differences between the UK and Chinese students’ difference pro-environmental behaviours.MethodologyFocus groupsThe main research question addressed in this paper is: How does migration affect the practices of students in relation to the environment?To answer this question, we first address two preliminary questions: (1) How are practices understood and performed by both Chinese and UK students, in relation to the environment? And (2) to what extent do these practices change when Chinese students move to the UK?A qualitative research strategy was chosen for two main reasons. Firstly, our research team had few pre-conceived notions of how our participants would describe their pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours in advance of data collection. Based on indicative previous findings ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.13140/RG.2.2.19868.90249", "ISSN" : "12057398", "abstract" : "Environmental Performance index", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hsu", "given" : "Angel", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Yale University", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "page" : "123", "title" : "Environmental Performance Index: Global Metrics for the Environment", "type" : "article-journal" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hsu 2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hsu 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hsu 2016)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hsu 2016) we expected to find more evidence of pro-environmental practices among UK students than their Chinese counterparts, but were unsure of how these would change following migration by Chinese students to the UK. Secondly, as social practices are often performed unreflexively, using qualitative methods might allow us as researchers to provoke responses from our participants on topics they may not have considered before. Specifically, the focus group method was chosen because, in contrast to individual interviews, focus groups allow a perception into how people jointly construct meaning ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bryman", "given" : "Alan", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "edition" : "Third Edit", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2008" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Oxford University Press", "publisher-place" : "Oxford", "title" : "Social Research Methods:", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Bryman 2008)", "manualFormatting" : "(Bryman 2008, 474)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Bryman 2008)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Bryman 2008)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Bryman 2008, 474), especially when group members have similar characteristics in common (such as age, nationality etc.). Indeed, focus groups were stratified precisely to examine how such characteristics affect attitudes and behaviours, by comparing the discussions between different, internally ‘homogenous’ groups (in our case: Chinese, UK, and Chinese-in-UK students). An additional advantage is that, in comparison with interviews, this homogeneity and sense of ‘group solidarity’ can create potential conditions for greater honesty and depth in participants’ responses ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347023", "ISBN" : "01419889", "ISSN" : "1467-9566", "PMID" : "9", "abstract" : "What are focus groups? How are they distinct from ordinary group discussions and what use are they anyway? This article introduces focus group methodology, explores ways of conducting such groups and examines what this technique of data collection can offer researchers in general and medical sociologists in particular. It concentrates on the one feature which inevitably distinguishes focus groups from one-to-one interviews or questionnaires \u2013 namely the interaction between research participants - and argues for the overt exploration and exploitation of such interaction in the research process.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kitzinger", "given" : "Jenny", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Sociology of Health & Illness", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1994" ] ] }, "page" : "103-121", "title" : "The methodology of Focus Groups: the importance of interaction between research participants", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "16" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Kitzinger 1994)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Kitzinger 1994)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Kitzinger 1994)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Kitzinger 1994). We acknowledge inherent risks with using focus group data, particularly with the accuracy of participants’ reported behaviours, and that focus group data provides only a ‘snapshot’ in comparison to more longitudinal methods, which we might advocate for future research into how enduring behaviour change actually is. SampleOur sample was collected at two sites: one university in the UK and another in China. Both universities are located in coastal port cities with small-to-medium size populations (relative to each country), and each university features consistently in the top twenty of national rankings.Seven focus groups were held with a total of 46 participants. Three of these focus groups were with Chinese students studying at the Chinese University, in July 2015. Two focus groups were with UK students enrolled at the UK university, and a further two focus groups were with Chinese international students, also enrolled at the UK University. These UK-based focus groups took place in January and February 2016. For the focus groups in China, an opportunity sampling strategy was adopted. For those in the UK, we were able to stratify students by under/postgraduate status, and course of study. Doing this meant we increased the internal homogeneity of each focus group, which may have engendered ‘richer’ discussions, and meant we were able to observe potential differences by under/postgraduate status and/or course of study. For all focus groups, an even gender split was maintained wherever possible. Table 1 shows how each focus group was comprised, and Table 2 shows the characteristics of the focus group participants.We do not claim our sample to be representative of their respective student populations. Chinese students studying abroad are themselves likely to be an elite group compared to their compatriots, as less than 2% of Chinese tertiary students study abroad ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1002/berj.3175", "ISSN" : "01411926", "abstract" : "International students constitute a substantial and growing mobile population globally. However, as yet, the experiences of returnees and the ways in which their overseas studies impact on their identity and professional and personal lives over time have been under-researched areas. In this arti- cle we employ concepts from theories of transnationalism as a framework for the analysis of the experiences of Chinese graduate returnees. The empirical basis for the article is a 20-month, two- stage, mixed-method study of 652 Chinese students who returned home for work on completion of their degrees in UK universities over the last 25+ years. Evidence suggests that their journeys of studying abroad and returning home are dynamic and interconnected transnational experiences. Such experiences are avenues for diverse social networks that reinforce a complex cosmopolitan identity and awareness. They are, also, avenues for transnational(ised) new competences, skills and worldviews, which are increasingly valued by the students themselves upon return home. Irrespec- tive of differences in their demographics and backgrounds, studying and living abroad was perceived by most returnees in our research as a profound identity transformating experience. These new con- nections, competences and identities enabled them to view and live life with a new sense of self at \u2018home\u2019 and, as a result, function in ways that continued to distinguish themselves from those around them over time. The findings have implications for higher education institutions and agencies that are concerned with enhancing the quality of university internationalisation. They also have implica- tions for a broadened empirical and conceptual understanding of transnationalism.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Gu", "given" : "Qing", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Schweisfurth", "given" : "Michele", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "British Educational Research Journal", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "6", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2015" ] ] }, "page" : "947-90", "title" : "Transnational connections, competences and identities: experiences of Chinese international students after their return \u2018home\u2019", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "41" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Gu & Schweisfurth 2015)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Gu & Schweisfurth 2015)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Gu & Schweisfurth 2015)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Gu & Schweisfurth 2015). From other research which suggests that pro-environmental concern is most strongly felt among urban residents, positively correlated with higher income, higher education, and communist party affiliation ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00934.x", "ISSN" : "00384941", "abstract" : "Objectives Despite growing efforts to assess the views of Chinese citizens toward environmental issues, a crucial question remains unanswered: Do Chinese have a coherent system of environmental attitudes and beliefs as has been found among North Americans, making it appropriate to speak of \u201cenvironmental concern\u201d or \u201cenvironmental consciousness\u201d in China? To answer this question we use the belief system perspective and examine the degree of constraint among various environmental attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors reported by Chinese citizens, and also examine the social bases of their environmental concern. Methods We use data from a 2003 nation-wide survey in China and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test a relatively comprehensive model of environmental concern. Then we construct a structural equation model (SEM) to examine the social bases of such concern. Results The CFA results suggest that Chinese citizens have a reasonably coherent sense of generalized environmental concern, and the SEM results show that the higher educated, males, government employees, residents of large cities, and those affiliated with the Chinese Communist Party are more environmentally concerned than their counterparts. Conclusion The general public in China possesses a relatively coherent environmental belief system, similar to that found among North Americans, and education is a powerful predictor of environmental concern among the Chinese.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Xiao", "given" : "Chenyang", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Dunlap", "given" : "Riley E.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hong", "given" : "Dayong", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Social Science Quarterly", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "page" : "672-690", "title" : "The nature and bases of environmental concern among Chinese Citizens", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "94" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Chiu", "given" : "Samantha Lee-ming", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "April", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Texas A&M University", "title" : "Going Green? Urban vs. Rural Residency and Pro-Environmental Attitudes in China.", "type" : "thesis" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.3200/ENV.51.4.32-45", "ISSN" : "0013-9157", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Liu", "given" : "John Chung-En", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Leiserowitz", "given" : "Anthony a.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development", "id" : "ITEM-3", "issue" : "4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "page" : "32-45", "title" : "From Red to Green?", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "51" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Xiao et al. 2013; Chiu 2009; Liu & Leiserowitz 2009)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Xiao et al. 2013; Chiu 2009; Liu & Leiserowitz 2009)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Xiao et al. 2013; Chiu 2009; Liu & Leiserowitz 2009)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Xiao et al. 2013; Chiu 2009; Liu & Leiserowitz 2009) we might also expect Chinese international students to be skewed towards being more environmentally concerned.Table 1: Focus Group arrangementsFocus Group NumberLocationNationality of participantsUnder-/post-graduateNumber of Participants (male/female)1ChinaChinaUndergraduate6 (4 male/2 female)2ChinaChinaUndergraduate6 (2 male/4 female)3ChinaChinaUndergraduate6 (4 male/2 female)4UK UKUndergraduate6(3 male/3 female)5UK UKPostgraduate6(3 male/3 female)6UK ChinaUndergraduate10 (7 male/3 female)7UK ChinaPostgraduate6(4 male/2 female)Table 2: List of Focus Group ParticipantsFocus Group NumberLocationName (pseudonym)GenderAgeNationalityCourse of StudyUnder-/post-graduate1ChinaHuanwenMale20ChinaAccountingUndergraduate1ChinaLinMale19ChinaChemical EngineeringUndergraduate1ChinaZhaoFemale19ChinaCivil EngineeringUndergraduate1ChinaHuiMale19ChinaEconomicsUndergraduate1ChinaLuoMale19ChinaPoliticsUndergraduate1ChinaYutongFemale19ChinaGraphic Art & DesignUndergraduate2ChinaLinaFemale20ChinaEducationUndergraduate2ChinaFengFemale21ChinaChinese LiteratureUndergraduate2ChinaJialiFemale20ChinaChinese LiteratureUndergraduate2ChinaDaiFemale19ChinaAccountingUndergraduate2ChinaWangMale19ChinaChemistryUndergraduateChinaFeifeiFemale19ChinaMaterial EngineeringUndergraduate2ChinaJiaxinMale20ChinaManagementUndergraduate3ChinaAidanFemale19ChinaEconomicsUndergraduate3ChinaZilinMale19ChinaManagementUndergraduate3ChinaLiuFemale20ChinaPublic AffairsUndergraduate3ChinaYawenMale19ChinaForeign LanguagesUndergraduate3ChinaShaoqinMale21ChinaEconomicsUndergraduate3ChinaZifengMale20ChinaPublic AffairsUndergraduate4UKSammyMale19UKSociology & CriminologyUndergraduate4UKJoeyMale18UKSociology & CriminologyUndergraduate4UKJimMale18UKSociology & CriminologyUndergraduate4UKSteffiFemale19UKSociologyUndergraduate4UKCatFemale19UKSociologyUndergraduate4UKNatFemale18UKSociology & CriminologyUndergraduate5UKAliceFemale29UKSocial Statistics & DemographyPostgraduate5UKFloFemale25UKSocial statisticsPostgraduate5UKBenjiMale26UKSocial StatisticsPostgraduate5UKIvanMale25UKSocial StatisticsPostgraduate5UKSandraFemale27UKSocial StatisticsPostgraduate5UKJamesMale27UKSocial StatisticsPostgraduate5UKAliceFemale29UKSocial Statistics & DemographyPostgraduate6UKZhouMale19ChinaAccounting & FinanceUndergraduate6UKGaryMale19ChinaBusiness ManagementUndergraduate6UKFangMale20ChinaAccounting & FinanceUndergraduate6UKJingFemale21ChinaBusiness ManagementUndergraduate6UKMCMale19ChinaAccounting & FinanceUndergraduate6UKRonMale19China (Hong Kong)Accounting & FinanceUndergraduate6UKDiFemale20ChinaManagementUndergraduate6UKWanMale21ChinaActuarial ScienceUndergraduate6UKJoyceFemale19China (Hong Kong)EconomicsUndergraduate6UKJackMale20China (Hong Kong)Accounting & FinanceUndergraduate7UKZhanMale25ChinaEducationPostgraduate7UKLiMale25ChinaElectrical engineeringPostgraduate7UKYiFemale24ChinaEducationPostgraduate7UKSunFemale23ChinaRisk & FinancePostgraduate7UKXiaokeFemale22ChinaBusinessPostgraduate7UKXiaotongFemale24ChinaEducationPostgraduateData Collection and analysisFocus group questions invited discussion on broad issues of environmental norms and infrastructure in each country, and specific experiences of pro-environmental behaviours. Focus groups with UK students were conducted in English. Chinese students were given the option of using English or Mandarin (most had at least some skill in using English) and chose to use their native Mandarin. While there is a recurrent debate into the advantages/disadvantages of insider/outsider status in qualitative research ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Dwyer", "given" : "Sonya Corbin", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Buckle", "given" : "Jennifer L.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "International Journal of Qualitative Methods", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "page" : "54-63", "title" : "The Space Between: On Being an Insider-Outsider in Qualitative Research", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "8" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Dwyer & Buckle 2009)", "manualFormatting" : "(see Dwyer & Buckle 2009)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Dwyer & Buckle 2009)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Dwyer & Buckle 2009)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(see Dwyer & Buckle 2009), we elected to use moderators who were ‘insiders’ in terms of nationality and native language. This reduced the need for cross-cultural explanations during focus groups. While our moderators attempted to engender an open and non-judgemental environment, we concede that ‘outsider’ moderators might elicit more frank responses. For all focus groups with Chinese students, a Chinese bilingual Mandarin/English speaker acted as moderator, while the focus groups with UK students were moderated by a British native-english speaker. Both moderators were members of our research team. Following the discussions, our Chinese bilingual moderator translated transcripts into English. As this moderator/translator was also a member of our research team (rather than an external translator) we were able to try and minimise translation errors by checking and back-translating transcripts, as per standard practice ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Brislin", "given" : "Richard W.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1970" ] ] }, "page" : "185-216", "title" : "Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "1" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Brislin 1970)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Brislin 1970)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Brislin 1970)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Brislin 1970). Thematic analysis of transcripts was conducted by the lead author, aided by NVivo computer software. At the start of the analysis, a small number of codes were generated which were informed by our theoretical framework. These included ‘materials’, ‘competences’ and ‘meanings’. Following the first round of coding, sub-codes were generated, which expanded upon the initial codes, particularly ‘competences’ and ‘meanings’. These sub-codes included ‘cultural values’, ‘responsibility’, and ‘post-materialism’.FindingsTo answer the primary research question ‘How does migration affect the practices of students in relation to the environment?’ we first posited two sub-level questions: (1) How are practices understood and performed by both Chinese and UK students, in relation to the environment? and (2) to what extent do these practices change when Chinese students move to the UK?On the first question, we restrict our data to that collected from students in their home countries, and divide our findings into two sections. In section 1.1 we identify different accounts of practices relating to the environment, in each country. In section 1.2 we identify the influence of cultural values and how these may relate to environmentally impactful practices, with particular reference to theories of cultural difference provided by Inglehart and Hofstede. Having established differences between the Chinese and UK students regarding environmentally impactful practices, we then examine how these change, using data only from those Chinese students who came to the UK. In section 2.1 we observe the effect of migration to the UK on pro-environmental practices, and in section 2.2 we note the importance of ‘meanings’ as a key element which enables change in practices, especially when those meanings are associated with norms of conformity. Different accounts of practices relating to the environment in China and the UKAmong students in both countries, there was a consensus that protecting the environment was worthwhile. An implicit recognition of the importance of the environment was, broadly, shared. The emphasis differed. British students framed environmental concern in terms of the dangers of climate change, whereas Chinese students emphasised thethreats of pollution, and air quality in particular. Given the recent, acute rise in concern about air pollution in China, this is perhaps understandable ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pew Research", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2015" ] ] }, "title" : "Corruption, Pollution, Inequality Are Top Concerns in China", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Pew Research 2015)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Pew Research 2015)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Pew Research 2015)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Pew Research 2015). Regarding their own behaviour, almost all students, regardless of nationality, displayed many misperceptions about the relative contribution of activities to environmental degradation, a tendency found elsewhere ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Whitmarsh", "given" : "Lorraine", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Neill", "given" : "Saffron J O", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Seyfang", "given" : "Gill", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Lorenzoni", "given" : "Irene", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Tyndall Working Paper 132", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "April", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "title" : "Carbon Capability : what does it mean , how prevalent is it , and how can we promote it ?", "type" : "report" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.004", "ISBN" : "0959-3780", "ISSN" : "09593780", "abstract" : "This paper reports on the barriers that members of the UK public perceive to engaging with climate change. It draws upon three mixed-method studies, with an emphasis on the qualitative data which offer an in-depth insight into how people make sense of climate change. The paper defines engagement as an individual's state, comprising three elements: cognitive, affective and behavioural. A number of common barriers emerge from the three studies, which operate broadly at 'individual' and 'social' levels. These major constraints to individual engagement with climate change have implications for achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gases in the UK. We argue that targeted and tailored information provision should be supported by wider structural change to enable citizens and communities to reduce their carbon dependency. Policy implications for effective engagement are discussed. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Lorenzoni", "given" : "Irene", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Nicholson-Cole", "given" : "Sophie", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Whitmarsh", "given" : "Lorraine", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Global Environmental Change", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "3-4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2007" ] ] }, "page" : "445-459", "title" : "Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "17" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Whitmarsh et al. 2009; Lorenzoni et al. 2007)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Whitmarsh et al. 2009; Lorenzoni et al. 2007)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Whitmarsh et al. 2009; Lorenzoni et al. 2007)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Whitmarsh et al. 2009; Lorenzoni et al. 2007). This was epitomised by the way that litter, domestic waste and turning off lights dominated discussions, despite their relatively small contributions to pollution and climate change.When asked about what kind of environmentally impactful practices participants engaged in (or refrained from) themselves, responses started to differ. Chinese students discussed activities such as recycling, turning off lights and printing less paper for their studies. UK students mentioned these activities, but also mentioned the installation of solar panels, reducing the carbon footprint of their transport choices, and reducing meat consumption. In the case of recycling in the UK, Benji and James (both male UK postgraduates) commented that this practice has now become unremarkable. They noted how relevant infrastructure, know-how, and pro-recycling norms have been in place for some time.James: “I remember being a kid, and nothing was recycled, nothing. We didn’t even have boxes, we just had a bin bag, and now I don’t know anyone that doesn’t recycle, from all types of backgrounds.”Benji: “I think something like recycling is now the norm for our generation so if I said ‘I recycled all of my milk bottles the other day’ no-one would be impressed.”James: “Yeah [even] my mum does it!” (Laughter)Chinese students highlighted the fact that while they know that their practices may be environmentally damaging, they and their peers do them anyway because of contextual factors which make such practices easy or necessary. Printing was a recurrent theme for the Chinese students who often said that many of their peers print unnecessary papers due to the fact that printing is very cheap (costing around 1 jiao per sheet - less than one pence), or because their teachers require them to do so.Zhao (female Chinese Undergraduate): “I always print pictures due to my major courses, and we have to print in big size, A1 with colour printing. It could have been controlled, but the teacher always asked us to print, print, print, so it wastes a lot. Another issue is that people like to print one-sided when they print materials to read, especially test papers. I think it makes no difference whether you print it one-sided or two-sided.”Interviewer: “Then why you think people like to print more?”Zhao: “Cause it’s really cheap, just few jiao, so they print one-sided.”Lin (male Chinese Undergraduate): “I also like to print one-sided, ‘cause it is really cheap here in the campus.”We might interpret these examples as being about material elements related to very cheap price signals, or the requirements of student’s university courses, which act to prevent more environmentally friendly printing practices. Other examples given by the students showed that there was widespread ignorance in China over how to recycle, even when the material infrastructure to do so we in place.Zifeng: (male Chinese Undergraduate) “Everyone is encouraged to sort their waste, and litter bins are also designed to sort waste. However, we don’t really know what the differences among different bins are. I still remember the first time I saw waste sorting bins in my hometown, I was hesitating and thought for a while which bin I should choose, but when I check the litters in the bins, I could see no differences. So we should do more than just saying waste sorting, waste sorting, we should actualize the slogan.”On the issue of the meanings ascribed to environmental behaviours, or what Reckwitz calls the historically-culturally specific ‘understandings of the world’ (2002, 251), Chinese students said there was far less social pressure to be ‘green’ in China, describing a society which is permissive in terms of environmentally (un)friendly behaviour.Hui (19-year old male Chinese undergraduate): “I don’t notice much pressure in China. Basically you can do everything you want in China. I suppose.” Zilin (19-year old male Chinese undergraduate): “I don’t think the public opinion today pays much attention to people’s green behaviours, no support, no criticism, just ignore.”Feng (21-year old female Chinese undergraduate) described how some of the cultural meanings attached to eating practices in China are almost purposely wasteful, a fact she became aware of when comparing such practices with foreign friends.“I have a Malaysian friend who is well-educated and from a rich family. I always want to spend more money to treat my friends, but he always want to order less so that less can be left. He said that lots of leftover means lots of waste, and it is rare in Malaysia to see such huge waste. I think this is the difference and conflict of different cultures.”The UK students did not directly express a sense of social pressure to ‘be green’, but many did say that they felt a sense of respect for their peers who did ‘make an effort’.Joey (19-year old male UK undergraduate): “I think that if you see someone who is out to protect the environment in their behaviour then you definitely respect them more, you sort of feel that they’re taking an active role and you should be doing the same.”While most of the UK students were reluctant to say that they felt explicit pressure to ‘be green’, and some expressed discomfort at the idea of being ‘conspicuously’ green, most of them implied that they understood why it was important, and that they often felt guilty for not ‘doing their bit’.These findings suggest that the way Chinese and UK students understood and performed certain environmentally impactful activities were quite different, and that using the schema provided by ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pantzar", "given" : "Mika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watson", "given" : "Matt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "208", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Shove et al. 2012)", "manualFormatting" : "Shove et al. (2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Shove et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Shove et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Shove et al. (2012) can be a useful way to unpack the differences. It became clear that while the ‘materials’ which enable pro-environmental practices might be present in both China and the UK (e.g. recycling provision), perhaps the most significant instances of divergence were around competences (how to recycle properly) and meanings (why recycling is important). As described in the following section, theories of cultural values may be useful in explaining some of these differences.1.2 Cultural values and pro-environmental ‘meanings’We argue that cultural values are likely to underpin elements of practices, and particularly competences and meanings. To make sense of how practices are performed differently in different countries, we therefore need to be aware of how cultural values differ. We observed some important differences between the Chinese and British students in terms of cultural values, particularly relating to post-materialism and government/individual responsibility. In different ways, support for the post-materialist thesis was evidenced by both UK and Chinese students. Both sets of students recognised that the UK, like other western countries, has passed through its development phase and is now better placed to focus of environmental issues than countries such as China who are predominantly focussed on development and poverty alleviation. Wang’s comments are illustrative of many of the Chinese students’.Wang (19-year old male Chinese undergraduate): “The green economy is actually a relatively new idea rather than an old and well developed concept, and therefore we should wait. The UK suffered a lot by the pollution during the industrial revolution period, but now they have changed a lot, so I still believe that this is a long-term process and the concepts should be changed from the top down.”Sandra (27-year old female UK postgraduate), the only UK participant who had lived in China for any period of time, corroborated this viewpoint from her own experience: “When I was in China, they were so preoccupied with development. I mean there was a pollution issue. But the main thing was ‘we need to develop, we need to be like the west’. They were always asking me how they compared to UK, but that was more about wealth than about being green.”Several of the UK students agreed, and also expressed a sense of guilt which the UK’s history of carbon-intensive development presents, as expressed by Sammy (19-year old male UK undergraduate):“Then there’s the issue that we got through our own industrial revolution, and we did a lot of bad stuff, polluting stuff. And yet when other countries wanna strive and have what we have and have this lifestyle, we say ‘you can’t have that because you’re using too much fuel’. It’s quite difficult really.”The issue of economic security being a pre-requisite for economic concern was also seen to apply on an individual basis, as well as at a national one. Both for Chinese and UK students, it was perceived that being ‘green’ was a luxury for the rich.Hui (19-year old male Chinese undergraduate): “Only when we have a good economic status, can we think about the quality of life.”Zifeng(20-year old male Chinese undergraduate): “Yeah. Environmental protection should be discussed when you can live better financially.”James (27-year old male UK postgraduate): “I think it’s a money issue as well, because ultimately it’s quite easy to consume meat sustainably or clothing if you can afford to do that. But for whatever reason it’s extremely cheap to buy food that’s made not locally, or clothes that are produced in Bangladesh and so on. It’s very difficult to turn around to someone and say ‘oh you should buy this organic chicken for ten pounds’ but for some people that’s impossible.”The UK and Chinese students hinted at quite different societal values when discussing issues of responsibility for environmental problems, a difference we had not expected before data collection. We observed Chinese students expressed more support for top-down solutions to environmental problems, whereas the UK students supported more individual-level responsibility. While there was a common admission that governments and individuals both have environmental responsibilities, the tone was quite different. UK students argued that government needs to enable individuals to behave in a greener manner, while Chinese students argued that the government should encourage behaviour change far more forcefully, and punish those who do not comply.Sandra (27-year old UK Postgraduate): “I think public transport is very expensive and that means that people do tend to use their cars more rather than alternatives, so I think there’s a responsibility for the government to make public transport better and also encourage more people to use it.”Lina (20-year old female Chinese Undergraduate): “From the nation’s aspect, the penalty is not tough enough. In Japan for example, garbage should be collected by categories, or one should be punished, and if one company is not good, the price for it will be too high to afford, and thus people won’t do so. However here in China, the price is not high enough, so it is hard to depend on individuals to develop sustainably, so it is more important to get national level rule and laws.”Feng (21-year old female Chinese Undergraduate): “Sustainability needs to be guaranteed by laws. Laws are strict without emotion. You have to be punished if you make mistakes, and can never be passed for an apology.”Liu (a 20-year old female undergrad): “we should think about it from country’s level. I have watched a documentary “Under the Dome”, which stated that the main pollution was caused by industrial companies. Individuals can do little to help.”This support for more draconian state action might reflect the fact that China is ruled by a more authoritarian regime than the UK, and that the state will therefore be more proactive in enforcing violations of acceptable behaviour. It might also reflect China’s high rating on the ‘Power Distance Index’ (PDI) - a measure of the extent to which members of society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hofstede", "given" : "Geert", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2001" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "Thousand Oaks", "title" : "Culture\u2019s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hofstede 2001)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hofstede 2001). British students seemed conflicted in regard to the meanings of particular practices which were often in conflict with one another. For instance, most of the UK students associated driving positively, with connotations of convenience and freedom, whilst also recognising that it is also negatively connoted with pollution and carbon emissions.Steffi (19-year old female UK undergraduate): “I’m really bad for that. In the first semester I didn’t have my car here, and then I couldn’t cope with like, walking in the rain and waiting at the bus stop. So after Christmas I brought my car here. It’s probably not good in terms of this discussion but…” (laughter) James (27-year old male UK postgraduate): “Our whole society is almost built around the idea that we’re not going to be sustainable. So every action that you take has to be almost at odds with what you’re expected to do, except for some things like recycling…”These comments might be indicative of a dissonance between the UK’s supposedly post-material values and its high measure on Hofstede’s ‘indulgence’ scale. Discussions with the UK students were marked by a sense of guilt that they knew what kind of behaviours are/are not environmentally friendly, but often failed to live up to their own standards.Overall, the discussions with Chinese and UK student in their own countries showed that while concern over the environment appeared to be fairly similar, the reported behaviours differed greatly. Chinese students reported a series of barriers to environmental behaviours which may be seen in terms of the materials, (and particularly) competences and meanings which might engender more environmentally-friendly behavioural outcomes. Students from both countries also made implicit links with theories of cultural values, namely Inglehart’s post-materialist thesis and Hofstede’s notion of distance from power. We argue that cultural values can underpin the meanings associated with practices, and thus how cultural differences might help account for the differences in pro-environmental practices in the UK than China (as reported in section 1.1), and also a greater emphasis on individual responsibility in the UK than China (as seen in section 1.2). These findings from the UK and Chinese students in their own respective countries also provide us with some kind of ‘baseline’ with which to compare and contrast the findings from those students who moved from China to the UK.2.1 The effect of migration to the UK on pro-environmental practicesLooking only at those Chinese students who had come to the UK, we observed a widespread feeling that the move had a profound effect on their newly-found ‘transnational’ identity. Part of this change was discerned in practices with an environmental impact. Students focussed mainly on their behaviours concerned waste and littering, and described how such behaviours had adapted and ‘improved’ since coming to the UK. In different examples, we observe how changes in the elements of practice – materials, competences and meanings – might help us comprehend behavioural change and the participants’ reported adaptation of their habitus.Some students, like Jing (a 21-year old female Chinese undergraduate in UK), noted that there was less provision for recycling in China, whereas in the UK waste is sorted into many different containers. Her habitus regarding recycling seems to have adapted to her new field.Jing: “About litter sorting. I am quite environmentally-friendly I think so I do litter sorting. But in my home there are not corresponding boxes for different kinds of litters, but here I do cause I see different boxes. So…”This might be interpreted as a change in the provision of services which enable the practice of recycling in the UK, but not in Jing’s home in China. While Jing considers herself environmentally-friendly, it is obvious that for such intentions to translate into behaviours, changes in infrastructure, or what Hall calls the ‘services of provision’, are crucial ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "abstract" : "Three different sets of approaches to understanding behaviour with respect to sustainable tourism mobility and consumption are identified in this paper: the utilitarian, social/psychological and the systems of provision/institutional approach. Each is based on different sets of assumptions on the factors that affect consumer sustainability behaviour. These assumptions not only affect the selection of policy tools to change behaviours but are also related to different modes of governance. Assumptions with respect to human behaviour and behavioural change and modes of intervention and governance are interrelated and mutually reinforcing and act as policy paradigms. Failure to recognise the importance of social structures in affecting behaviour has created a path dependency in which solutions to sustainable tourism mobility are only accepted within the dominant governance and behavioural paradigm. Other policy options and academic research that identify structures and institutions in systems of provision as a sustainability problem that requires non-market intervention and/or significant system change are regarded as marginal to the policy process or are ignored. It is concluded that all three different ways of approaching consumer behaviour are required if a sustainable transition to the socio-technological system of tourism mobility is to be made in a timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]]]>&#xD;<![CDATA[Copyright of Journal of Sustainable Tourism is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hall", "given" : "C Michael", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Sustainable Tourism", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "7", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "page" : "1091-1109", "title" : "Framing behavioural approaches to understanding and governing sustainable tourism consumption: beyond neoliberalism, \"nudging\" and \"green growth\"?", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "21" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hall 2013)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hall 2013)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hall 2013)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hall 2013). This was echoed by ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.021", "ISBN" : "0749-3797", "ISSN" : "07493797", "PMID" : "22608378", "abstract" : "Background: To successfully stimulate cycling, it is necessary to understand the factors that facilitate or inhibit cycling. Little is known about how changes in the neighborhood environment are related to changes in cycling behavior. Purpose: This study aimed to identify environmental determinants of the uptake of cycling after relocation. Methods: The RESIDential Environment Project (RESIDE) is a longitudinal natural experiment of people moving into new housing developments in Perth (Western Australia). Self-reported usual transport and recreational cycling behavior, as well as self-reported and objective built environmental factors were measured before and after residential relocation. Participants who did not usually cycle at baseline in 2003-2004 were included in the study. Logistic regression models were used to relate changes in built environmental determinants to the probability of taking up cycling after relocation (2005-2006). Analyses were carried out in 2010-2011. Results: At baseline, 90% (n=1289) of the participants did not cycle for transport and 86% (n=1232) did not cycle for recreation. After relocation, 5% of the noncyclists took up transport-related cycling, and 7% took up recreational cycling. After full adjustment, the uptake of transport-related cycling was determined by an increase in objective residential density (OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.04, 2.26) and self-reported better access to parks (OR=2.60, 95% CI=1.58, 4.27) and other recreation destinations (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.12, 2.22). Commencing recreational cycling mostly was determined by an increase in objective street connectivity (OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.06, 1.35). Conclusions: Changes in the built environment may support the uptake of cycling among formerly noncycling adults. \u00a9 2012 American Journal of Preventive Medicine.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Beenackers", "given" : "Mari\u00eblle A.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Foster", "given" : "Sarah", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kamphuis", "given" : "Carlijn B M", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Titze", "given" : "Sylvia", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Divitini", "given" : "Mark", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Knuiman", "given" : "Matthew", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Lenthe", "given" : "Frank J.", "non-dropping-particle" : "Van", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Giles-Corti", "given" : "Billie", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "American Journal of Preventive Medicine", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "6", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "page" : "610-615", "publisher" : "Elsevier Inc.", "title" : "Taking up cycling after residential relocation: Built environment factors", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "42" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Beenackers et al. 2012)", "manualFormatting" : "Beenackers et al. (2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Beenackers et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Beenackers et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }Beenackers et al. (2012) who found that whether a person started cycling after a relocation depended far more on the presence of bicycle infrastructure than it did on attitudes to cycling. In terms of competences, Xiaotong, a 24-year old female postgraduate said that she didn’t know about how to recycle before coming to the UK. Xiaotong: “Even though we our generation have the consciousness of environmental protection, we don’t know how to classify garbage when we first come [to the UK], don’t you find that? So consciousness is just consciousness, we should be educated how to actually do.”Xiaotong emphasises the point that merely consciousness, knowing why we ought to behave in a pro-environmental way, is inadequate without having the knowledge and skills to do so ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pantzar", "given" : "Mika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watson", "given" : "Matt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "208", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Shove et al. 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Shove et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Shove et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Shove et al. 2012). Yet this is not to ignore the importance of the psychological meanings and understandings which are also a key element of social practices. The Chinese students who were studying in the UK were highly aware of how social norms around litter, recycling or saving energy were stronger in the UK, and how that motivated them to ‘assimilate’ to their new field. Li (25-year old male Chinese postgraduate in UK) summarises a common feeling of change. “I feel I changed a lot, and in many aspects. Like I used to study in Harbin, I don’t mean all the people there, but people around me they don’t quite concern environmental issues. If they got litters in their hands, they would directly throw them. Here the whole social environment is different, and the environment influence people, so you will put litters in your pocket if you don’t find garbage box. Also saving energy, I feel there is positive influence here.” Just as previous practice-based energy-saving interventions have addressed ‘meanings’ of practices by appealing to positive cultural norms or notions of staff loyalty rather than pro-environmental concern ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/1469540510390500", "ISBN" : "1469-5405", "ISSN" : "1469-5405", "PMID" : "25246403", "abstract" : "This article applies the insights of social practice theory to the study of pro- environmental behaviour change through an ethnographic case study (nine months of participant observation and 38 semi-structured interviews) of a behaviour change initiative \u2013 Environment Champions \u2013 that occurred in a workplace. In contrast to conventional, individualistic and rationalist approaches to behaviour change, social practice theory de-centres individuals from analyses, and turns attention instead towards the social and collective organization of practices \u2013 broad cultural entities that shape individuals\u2019 perceptions, interpretations and actions within the world. By considering the planning and delivery of the Environment Champions initiative, the article suggests that practice theory provides a more holistic and grounded perspective on behaviour change processes as they occur in situ. In so doing, it offers up a wide range of mundane footholds for behavioural change, over and above individuals\u2019 attitudes or values. At the same time, it reveals the profound difficulties encountered in attempts to challenge and change practices, difficulties that extend far beyond the removal of contextual \u2018barriers\u2019 to change and instead implicate the organization of normal everyday life. The article concludes by considering the benefits and shortcomings of a practice-based approach emphasizing a need for it to develop a greater understanding of the role of social interactions and power relations in the grounded performance of practices.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hargreaves", "given" : "T.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Consumer Culture", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "page" : "79-99", "title" : "Practice-ing behaviour change: Applying social practice theory to pro-environmental behaviour change", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "11" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pantzar", "given" : "Mika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watson", "given" : "Matt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "208", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012), it seems that in the case of migration, these students are similarly driven to behave in a pro-environmental manner due to norms of conformity rather than acting on pro-environmental attitudes explicitly. 2.2 Social practices, meanings and conformityThe Chinese students in the UK did not offer reasons for their ‘new’ pro-environmental behaviour, but presented saving energy or recycling as activities which were largely learned as a result of the provision of services, newfound skills, and perhaps most importantly, out of a desire to conform with the dominant host community. One pertinent example of the influence of social norms (as opposed to environmental ones) was Di’s description of her participation in her UK University’s “Black Out”, an annual event where all University staff and students are encouraged to turn off all electrical equipment and lights for one twenty-four period. Di (20-year old Undergraduate in UK): “Can I say something about the ‘black out’ activity here? I live in halls [student residence], and there was an activity to ask people to be out at night so all lights can be turned off. So Facebook encouraged people to be out. I knew this event but I forgot about it until I noticed the event on Facebook, and I suddenly I realised it was today’s event. So I went out of my room to check if every room is black, ‘cause I was so afraid that I didn’t do so, so I just turn off the light even though I was still in my room.”Interviewer: “So you were ‘black in’”Di: “Yes. I think this is a kind of social pressure for me. Actually I didn’t know whether people were out or had just clicked ‘yes’ on Facebook but were [actually] still in their rooms.”Di discussed the ‘black out’ purely in terms of feeling social pressure to participate, without offering any reasons for why it might be a good idea. Her participation was discussed more as a function of conformism than any underlying pro-environmental attitudes. Similar notions of cultural acceptability became apparent in a discussion between postgraduates Xiaotong, Li, and Xiaoke (22-year old female Chinese postgraduate) on the topic of putting litter in bins.Xiaotong : “Yes, everyone does it and if you don’t do it then it’s weird. Li: “Yeah, actually it’s quite good doing in this way. But in China, it opposite, everyone doesn’t do that and you do that, then that’s weird.”Xiaotong: “If you yourself do so and no one else do it, then people would think you’re a psycho, and you always pretend to be different.”Xiaoke: “I think another issue is group psychology. In China if everyone just throw litters around and you put it in your pocket, it’s weird. But here everyone put it in pocket, then you won’t throw it around. It’s much like we say ‘thanks’ or ‘sorry’ more frequently here. Big social environment is important.”Most of the Chinese students implied that they recognised what kinds of behaviour they ought to do – a latent repertoire of recycling, saving energy, not littering etc. It was being in proximity to others within a community of practice which led them to draw on that repertoire and actually do what they knew they ought to. Kinzing et al boil down the meaning of a social norm to be “I wouldn’t want others to think I am the kind of person who litters” (2013, 166). Exactly who those ‘others’ are is crucial. In one practice community it may be acceptable to litter, in another it may not. Our sample of Chinese students in the UK spoke about instances of pro-environmental behaviour where the community of practice would have included British and other western students in communal moments – e.g. in shared halls of residence, on university campuses with peers – where they may have unreflexively adapted their habitus to their new field.It is, however, important to note that pro-environmental attitudes might have been cultivated during the Chinese students’ time in the UK, but were not detected in this study. This might be because they either lacked the vocabulary with which to express it in the discussions, or because such pro-environmental attitudes were ‘absorbed’ without reflection. Taken at face value, the focus group discussions do seem to corroborate previous research suggesting that norms of conformity are often far more powerful than pro-environmental norms in activating pro-environmental behaviours ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1525/bio.2013.63.3.5", "ISSN" : "00063568", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kinzig", "given" : "Ann P", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Ehrlich", "given" : "Paul R", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Alston", "given" : "Lee J", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Arrow", "given" : "Kenneth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Barrett", "given" : "Scott", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Timothy", "given" : "G", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Daily", "given" : "Gretchen C", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Levin", "given" : "Bruce", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Levin", "given" : "Simon", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Oppenheimer", "given" : "Michael", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Ostrom", "given" : "Elinor", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "BioScience", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2013" ] ] }, "page" : "164-175", "title" : "Social Norms and Global Environmental Challenges: The Complex Interaction of Behaviors, Values, and Policy", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "63" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/1469540510390500", "ISBN" : "1469-5405", "ISSN" : "1469-5405", "PMID" : "25246403", "abstract" : "This article applies the insights of social practice theory to the study of pro- environmental behaviour change through an ethnographic case study (nine months of participant observation and 38 semi-structured interviews) of a behaviour change initiative \u2013 Environment Champions \u2013 that occurred in a workplace. In contrast to conventional, individualistic and rationalist approaches to behaviour change, social practice theory de-centres individuals from analyses, and turns attention instead towards the social and collective organization of practices \u2013 broad cultural entities that shape individuals\u2019 perceptions, interpretations and actions within the world. By considering the planning and delivery of the Environment Champions initiative, the article suggests that practice theory provides a more holistic and grounded perspective on behaviour change processes as they occur in situ. In so doing, it offers up a wide range of mundane footholds for behavioural change, over and above individuals\u2019 attitudes or values. At the same time, it reveals the profound difficulties encountered in attempts to challenge and change practices, difficulties that extend far beyond the removal of contextual \u2018barriers\u2019 to change and instead implicate the organization of normal everyday life. The article concludes by considering the benefits and shortcomings of a practice-based approach emphasizing a need for it to develop a greater understanding of the role of social interactions and power relations in the grounded performance of practices.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hargreaves", "given" : "T.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Consumer Culture", "id" : "ITEM-2", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "page" : "79-99", "title" : "Practice-ing behaviour change: Applying social practice theory to pro-environmental behaviour change", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "11" }, "uris" : [ "" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-3", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Shove", "given" : "Elizabeth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pantzar", "given" : "Mika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Watson", "given" : "Matt", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-3", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "number-of-pages" : "208", "publisher" : "Sage", "publisher-place" : "London", "title" : "The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Kinzig et al. 2013; Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Kinzig et al. 2013; Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Kinzig et al. 2013; Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(Kinzig et al. 2013; Hargreaves 2011; Shove et al. 2012). Discussion We are able to arrive at some conclusions regarding our research questions. Firstly we illustrate how environmentally impactful practices are understood and performed by Chinese and UK students in their own countries. While pro-environmental attitudes were apparent among both students in China and the UK, pro-environmental behaviours were reported to be more common among UK students. The materials, and especially the competences and meanings surrounding pro-environmental practices present in the British students were often absent in the Chinese sample. This may be accounted for by long-standing differences in environmental values and notions of environmental responsibility between the two countries, for which Inglehart and Hofstede’s models of cultural values provide useful heuristics. Future research is required to expand theories of practice to try and integrate differences in cultural values between countries, which this paper identifies as relevant.Secondly, our data indicates that the Chinese students who moved to the UK did change their environmentally impactful practices, at least those which they discussed (mainly recycling and energy saving), but this was largely done unreflexively, and largely because the elements – materials, competences, and meanings – associated with these practices enabled them to do so in the UK to a far greater extent than in their native China. Of these three elements, meanings – the cultural and social norms ascribed to pro-environmental behaviour – appear crucial. Our data suggests that changes in practice were due to Chinese students adapting to a new field where the dominant habitus of their communities of practice was transmitted by their British and non-Chinese peers. This mimetic, unconscious process appears to have been more influential than any normative engagement with issues of sustainability. The findings have potential consequences for behaviour change and Bourdieusian theory. They add weight to Kinzig’s assertion that “social norms of conformity or co-operation are far more prevalent than pro-environmental norms, and so perhaps we should focus on harnessing these… and if behaviours change, cognitive dissonance-avoiding may lead to pro-environmental norms.” (2013, 170). These findings show how both ‘early’ theories of practice (which have previously been applied to migration) and ‘later’ theories of practice (which have been applied to environmental behaviour change) can be combined to provide a useful framework with which to grasp how (environmental) behaviour change might result from migration. Despite the indicative findings of this study, longitudinal research would be required to test Kinzig’s assertion and to see if migrant students’ habitus (in relation to the environment) really does adapt to their new field, and to investigate whether mimesis can be the basis for a sustained change in practices. This may lead to a reappraisal of Bourdieusian theory, particularly the assumption that habitus is resistant to change.Caution should be exerted when interpreting these qualitative results, as our samples of UK and Chinese students may not be representative of other students, or of the wider national populations, as even some of our participants themselves noted. Further longitudinal research is warranted into how Chinese students continue to think and act once they return to China after their period of study abroad, and whether these changes in behaviour are a temporal ‘blip’, or the beginning of a longer lasting behavioural and attitudinal adjustment. If we accept that all three elements of practices need to be in place to achieve behavioural change, then we might assume that the changes will not persist. This remains an empirical question. Moreover, Nowick (2015) notes the capacity for migrants to ‘transmit’ the new attitudes they have learned within a host field, along their transnational networks, and to their home communities. The scope for and power of such transmission might be greater for Chinese student migrants who, after their period of study, may go back to form future social, economic and political elites in their country. As Heusinkvelt ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Heusinkvelt", "given" : "P. (Ed)", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "1997" ] ] }, "publisher" : "ME, Intercultural Press", "publisher-place" : "Yarmouth", "title" : "Pathways to culture: Readings in teaching culture in the foreign language class", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Heusinkvelt 1997)", "manualFormatting" : "(1997)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Heusinkvelt 1997)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Heusinkvelt 1997)" }, "properties" : { }, "schema" : "" }(1997) notes, the greatest shock for migrant groups is often when they return home and realise how much their norms and behaviours have changed during their sojourn. With around 60,000 Chinese students coming to UK universities every year, and many more studying in other Western universities, this group might have a pivotal role to play in a future which is greener for China and the wider world.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the ESRC funding for the lead author’s PhD fellowship (grant reference number ES/J500161/1). We are grateful to Milena Buchs and Pauline Leonard for comments on this article, and to Glenn Miller, Amos Channon and Derek McGhee for practical assistance before and during data collection. We are also very grateful to our research participants without whom this research would not have been possible. All remaining weaknesses remain our own responsibility.Author biographiesRoger Tyers is a postdoctoral research fellow in Sociology at the University of Southampton, UK. His research interests concern behaviour change and public policy, primarily around energy, environment and transport policy. R.Tyers@soton.ac.uk ORCID ID 0000-0002-0187-0468 Tristan Berchoux is a postdoctoral research assistant within Geography and Environment at the University of Southampton. Tristan works on the links between landscapes and livelihoods, with a particular focus on spatial planning for sustainable development.Tristan.Berchoux@soton.ac.ukKun Xiang is a doctor in Education at the University of Southampton. His main research interest is mathematics education, and he also studies education-relevant social research.K.Xiang@soton.ac.ukXu Yi Yao?is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Institute of Political Science, at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) in Beijing. Her research interests concern Chinese political development, primarily around system construction, the government reform?environment and grassroots governance.y_i_j_y@ReferencesADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bakewell, O., 2010. Some Reflections on Structure and Agency in Migration Theory. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), pp.1689–1708.Bamberg, S., 2006. Is a Residential Relocation a Good Opportunity to Change People’s Travel Behavior? Results From a Theory-Driven Intervention Study. Environment and Behavior, 38(6), pp.820–840.Bauder, H., 2005. Habitus, rules of the labour market and employment strategies of immigrants in Vancouver, Canada. Social & Cultural Geography, 6(1), pp.81–97.Beenackers, M.A. et al., 2012. Taking up cycling after residential relocation: Built environment factors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(6), pp.610–615. Available at: , P., 1979. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, London: Routledge.Bourdieu, P., 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bourdieu, P., 1990. The logic of practice, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Branson, C. et al., 2012. Acceptable Behaviour? Public opinion on behaviour change policy,Brislin, R.W., 1970. Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), pp.185–216. Available at: , A., 2008. Social Research Methods: Third Edit., Oxford: Oxford University Press.Cass, N. & Faulconbridge, J., 2016. Commuting practices: New insights into modal shift from theories of social practice. Transport Policy, 45, pp.1–14. Available at: , S.L., 2009. Going Green? Urban vs. Rural Residency and Pro-Environmental Attitudes in China. Texas A&M University. Available at: Thesis Approved.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Dunlap, R.E. & York, R., 2008. The globalization of environmental concern and the limits of the postmaterialist values explanation: Evidence from four multinational surveys. Sociological Quarterly, 49(3), pp.529–563.Dwyer, S.C. & Buckle, J.L., 2009. The Space Between: On Being an Insider-Outsider in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), pp.54–63.Erel, U., 2010. Migrating Cultural Capital: Bourdieu in Migration Studies. Sociology, 44(4), pp.642–660. Available at: , J., 2007. A Multilevel Analysis of 50 Nations. Environment And Behavior, 39(3), pp.392–415.Giddens, A., 1984. The Constitution of Society, Cambridge: Polity.Gu, Q. & Schweisfurth, M., 2015. Transnational connections, competences and identities: experiences of Chinese international students after their return “home.” British Educational Research Journal, 41(6), pp.947–90. Available at: , C.M., 2013. Framing behavioural approaches to understanding and governing sustainable tourism consumption: beyond neoliberalism, “nudging” and “green growth”? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(7), pp.1091–1109.Hargreaves, T., 2011. Practice-ing behaviour change: Applying social practice theory to pro-environmental behaviour change. Journal of Consumer Culture, 11(1), pp.79–99.Heusinkvelt, P. (Ed), 1997. Pathways to culture: Readings in teaching culture in the foreign language class, Yarmouth: ME, Intercultural Press.Hindess, B., 1988. Choice, rationality, and social theory, Boston: Unwin Hyman.Hofstede, G., 2001. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, Thousand Oaks: Sage.Hofstede, G., 2011. Dimensionalizing Cultures?: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), pp.1–26.Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J. & Minkov, M., 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.Hsu, A., 2016. Environmental Performance Index: Global Metrics for the Environment. Yale University, p.123. Available at: epi.yale.edu.Inglehart, R., 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press.Inglehart, R., 1977. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics, Princeton University Press.Inglehart, R., 1971. The Silent Revolution in Europe?: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies. The American Political Science Review, 65(4), pp.991–1017.Kinzig, A.P. et al., 2013. Social Norms and Global Environmental Challenges: The Complex Interaction of Behaviors, Values, and Policy. BioScience, 63(3), pp.164–175. Available at: , J., 1994. The methodology of Focus Groups: the importance of interaction between research participants. Sociology of Health & Illness, 16(1), pp.103–121. Available at: , J.C.-E. & Leiserowitz, A. a., 2009. From Red to Green? Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 51(4), pp.32–45. Available at: , I., Nicholson-Cole, S. & Whitmarsh, L., 2007. Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications. Global Environmental Change, 17(3–4), pp.445–459.Morawska, E., 2014. Immigrant Transnationalism and Assimilation: A Variety of Combinations and the Analytic Strategy it Suggests. In C. Joppke & E. Morawska, eds. Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 133–176. Available at: , E., 2009. The sociology of immigration: (re)making multifaceted America, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.Noble, G., 2013. “It is home but it is not home: habitus, field and the migrant.” Journal of Sociology, 49(2 & 3), pp.341–356.Nowicka, M., 2015. Bourdieu’s theory of practice in the study of cultural encounters and transnational transfers in migration, G?ttingen. Available at: mmg.mpg.de/workingpapers.O’Reilly, K., 2012. International migration and social theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: for National Statistics, 2016. International student migration: What do the statistics tell us??, Available at: , C. & O’Reilly, K., 2010. A Bourdieusian Analysis of Class and Migration Habitus and the Individualizing Process. Sociology, 44(1), pp.49–66. Available at: , S. & Katz-Gerro, T., 2006. Predicting proenvironmental behavior cross-nationally: Values, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and Value-Belief-Norm Theory. Environment and Behavior, 38(4), pp.462–483.Pew Research, 2015. Corruption, Pollution, Inequality Are Top Concerns in China,Schwartz, S., 1994. Beyond Individualism-Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values. In U. Kim et al., eds. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and application. Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 85–119.Shove, E., 2010. Beyond the ABC: climate change policy and theories of social change. Environment and Planning, 42, pp.1273–1285.Shove, E., 2003. Converging conventions of comfort, cleanliness and convenience. Journal of Consumer Policy, pp.395–418.Shove, E., Pantzar, M. & Watson, M., 2012. The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes, London: Sage.Sieweke, J., 2014. Imitation and Processes of Institutionalization – Insights from Bourdieu’ s Theory of Practice. Schmalenbach Business Review, 66(1), pp.24–42.Smith, P.B. & Bond, M.H., 1999. Social psychology across borders 2nd ed., Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Southerton, D., McMeekin, A. & Evans, D., 2011. International Review of Behaviour Change Initiatives, Available at: , G., 2011. Theories of practices: Agency, technology, and culture. Global Environmental Change, 21(3), pp.813–822. Available at: [Accessed July 15, 2014].Spaargaren, G., Martens, S. & Beckers, T., 2006. Sustainable technologies and everyday life. In P. P. Verbeek & A. Slob, eds. User Behaviour and Technology Development: Shaping Sustainmable Relations between Consumers and Technologies. Springer: Dordrecht, pp. 107–118.Spurling, N. et al., 2013. Interventions in practice: re-framing policy approaches to consumer behaviour, Sustainable Practices Research Group. Available at: , R., 2005. Structuration Theory, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.Strengers, Y. & Maller, C. eds., 2015. Social Practices, Intervention and Sustainability. Beyond behaviour change, Abingdon and New York: Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group.Verplanken, B. & Roy, D., 2016. Empowering interventions to promote sustainable lifestyles: Testing the habit discontinuity hypothesis in a field experiment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, pp.127–134. Available at: , I., Thomas, G.O. & Verplanken, B., 2014. Old Habits Die Hard: Travel Habit Formation and Decay During an Office Relocation. Environment and Behavior, p.0013916514549619-. Available at: , A., 2005. Consumption and Theories of Practice. Journal of Consumer Culture, 5(2), pp.131–153.Welch, D., 2016. Social practices and behaviour change. In Beyond Behaviour Change: Key Issues, Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions. Bristol: Policy Press.Wenger, E., 1998. Communities of practice?: learning, meaning, and identity., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Whitford, J., 2002. Pragmatism and the untenable dualism of means and ends: Why rational choice theory does not deserve paradigmatic privilege. Theory and Society, 31(3), pp.325–363.Whitmarsh, L. et al., 2009. Carbon Capability?: what does it mean , how prevalent is it , and how can we promote it??,Xiao, C., Dunlap, R.E. & Hong, D., 2013. The nature and bases of environmental concern among Chinese Citizens. Social Science Quarterly, 94(3), pp.672–690. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download