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Comparing the results of different techniques to determine water harnessAnnie KrichtenChem 111 Sect 103TA: Bill Charette4/2/12Group Members: Colin Lesnick, Erica Konston,Matthew LeberfingerIntroduction: Water hardness is a measure of water’s chemical and biological composition (1). Most commonly, it is an indicator of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (1). These ions come from the dissolution of minerals into the water supply, and with higher ion concentration, water is termed hard as opposed to soft (1). Different techniques can be used to determine water hardness such as EDTA titration, the use of a cation exchange resin, and measurements made during Atomic Absorption (AA) Spectrophotometry (1). In addition, the level of the ions present in the water can be measured several ways: using grains per gallon, milligrams per liter, or parts per million (2). Knowing the level of water harness is important because it is considered when rating the water’s potential interactions with our health as well as its taste, odor, color, and corrosive ability (2). As mentioned before, EDTA and AA may be used to measure the level of ions present in the water and thus the water hardness. EDTA uses simple titration techniques and color indicators to show when all of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions have completely reacted with the EDTA solution of known concentration (3). When the solution turns blue in color, the concentration of the Ca2+ ions may be calculated using the equation (M1 x V1) = (M2 x V2), where the 1 values correspond to EDTA values determined by the progress through the titration, and the 2 values correspond to the Calcium ion numbers (1). While EDTA titrations measure the presence of all divalent cations, AA can measure for one, which can be converted into a value close (but just below) that gained at the end of the calculations from the EDTA titrations. For AA, the calculations to find the unknown metal concentration in the sample can be done by applying the Beer-Lambert law (4). This is because the amount of absorbance by the sample of a monochromatic light that corresponds to the element being analyzed is proportional to the concentration of the metal ions in the sample (1). The two separate methods, the EDTA titrations and the AA, may be used because the EDTA can show how much of the other divalent cations are present in the water supply besides the one being tested for in AA. While these methods test for water hardness, water softening is also a concept to be understood. Water softening is performed when water is too hard, and can be done by removing some of the calcium and magnesium (5). Water softeners trade those minerals for something else, usually sodium (6). In our experiments with water hardness water will be tested from different rivers across Pennsylvania and Maryland. The four rivers to be sampled are as followed: the Delaware River near Washington Crossing, PA; the Allegheny River; the Susquehanna River; and the South River, MD. Considering farming levels and runoff as well as the pH of the different water supplies as an indicator of basic salts (Magnesium and Calcium Carbonate), I hypothesize that water hardness will be highest to lowest as follows: the Allegheny River, the Delaware River, the Susquehanna River, the South River (7). Procedure: In our experiments, we performed a total dissolved solids test to evaporate off the water in our samples and compare residues left behind from salts in the water samples. The more residue left behind, the more nonvolatile salts made up the certain volume of the water sample (8). The amount of residue was compared in distilled water, our own water samples, and in a calcium solution. Practice titrations were also performed before EDTA titrations with our own water samples. If water was too soft, steps were taken to perform a different titration. Samples were also diluted if needed. In a 1x12 well tray, solutions were scaled according to volume of EDTA used, measured in the number of drops included in the wells. On the first well to have the solution turned blue, the molarity and volume of the EDTA solution could be used to calculate the molarity of the known volume of water sample used. The same titration was also performed after our water samples were softened using baking soda. Our samples were also analyzed for the concentrations of calcium and magnesium using AA data and calibration graphs. In addition, pH and concentration were tested after the divalent cations were removed by ion exchange resins. Procedures followed Chemtrek guidelines (1). Results: Data below is pooled from a team of four students (9-12). In the first test, the amount of residue left behind after the evaporation of one drop of water is observed. Table 1: Total Dissolved Solids TestSample, ReferencedH2OCalcium solutionSpecific sampleDelaware River, PA (9)noneLess defined lining than Del. R sampleMore solid lining than Ca soln sampleResults indicate that there is a more defined residue mark left behind from the Delaware River water than there is from the drop of 1 x 10-3 M Ca2+. Next, water hardness was calculated for the four water samples involved by various methods including AA and EDTA. The EDTA method was used for the original water samples and for the same samples after they were softened by baking soda and resin beads. Table 3: EDTA titration and AA calculations of water hardnessSample, ReferenceAA absorbance valuesEDTA # of dropsDiluted for AA?Diluted for EDTA?Hadness values (grains/gal)CaMgunsoftenedBaking soda softenedResin softenedEDTA unsoft.EDTA Baking soda softenedEDTA Resin softenedAADelaware River, PA (9)0.19840.121344< 1nono4.74.7< 1.24.595Allegheny River, PA (10)0.20580.0937354nono3.55.84.74.3South River, MD (11)0.44380.6668761Ca: ?Mg: ? Ca: ?Mg: ?8.27.01.216.9Sesquehanna River, PA (12)0.20110.0724494nono4.710.54.73.9Sample calculations are below of how hardness values can be calculated from the data gathered: the absorbance levels for Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the wells in which the titrated solution turned blue in color. Sample Calculations: EDTA hardness (9).(M1 x V1) = (M2 x V2), where M = Molarity, V = Volume, the 1 values correspond to EDTA values determined by the progress through the titration, and the 2 values correspond to the Calcium ion numbers(2x10-4M)(4 drops) = (M2)(1 drop)(M2) = 0.008M 0.008M x 100,000 = 80ppm80ppm x (1 grain/gal/17.1ppm) = 4.7 grains/gal (CaCO3)Sample Calculations: AA hardness (9).Fig. 1, 2)Figure 1: Calibration Curve (Ca)*The Beer-Lambert Law states that the amount of absorbance by the sample of a monochromatic light that corresponds to the element being analyzed is proportional to the concentration of the metal ions in the sample (1).Figure2: Calibration Curve (Mg)Once calculations are made, data gathered in Table 3 can be visually expressed in Figure 3.Figure 3: A Comparison of Techniques and Water Hardness Values in Four Samples *The AA water hardness value from the South River is cut off to better see the other dataDiscussion: From Figure 3, it can be noted that by EDTA testing, there is sometimes an increase in water hardness from the unsoftened water to the water softened with baking soda, though it is not so for all water samples. In addition, the water hardness does decrease or stay about the same in all samples from the original sample to the water softened by resin. In all samples, hardness is lower from water softened by baking soda to water softened by resin. In the softening process, the baking soda exchanged the Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations with sodium and the resin made the exchange with protons (13). Perhaps the protons had more of an impact because they would lower the pH of the sample and because there is more of a difference between the two ions mainly tested for and H+, than between the two ions and Na+. While the AA hardness values should be lower than EDTA hardness levels, since AA only accounts for two of all of the divalent actions, it is not always so. This could be due to human errors or misunderstanding of what to do with the dilution factors. Analyzing in a different manner (across the four samples), the Allegheny River seems to have the softest water followed by the Delaware River. The South River then has the hardest water followed by the Susquehanna River. While these results do not match my predictions exactly, they do provide insight into the varying levels of water hardness in rivers in Pennsylvania and into Maryland. Results compared to standard values also suggest that the most accurate method of finding water hardness is likely EDTA (14). This is likely because EDTA tests for the presence of all divalent cations and because hardness values calculated from the EDTA data are more consistent and precise (9-12). While the determination of which well the color changed in can lead to slight sources of error because picking the wrong well or having different drop sizes would affect the molarity of the water sample, I trust the EDTA’s resultant water hardness values more than those from the AA tests. AA only looks at two cations, there can be issues with machine calibration, and there are many more points where human error can accumulate in the mathematical calculations of the hardness values. Conclusions: In sum, different than my hypothesis, the Allegheny River seems to have the softest water followed by the Delaware River, and the South River has the hardest water followed by the Susquehanna River. The EDTA results and water hardness values seem to be more trustworthy, and trends can be noted between EDTA tests such that hardness values lower from water softened by baking soda to water softened by resin. More variation occurred in other aspects of the EDTA data such that there is sometimes an increase in water hardness from the unsoftened water to the water softened with baking soda, though it is not so for all water samples. In addition, the water hardness decreases or stays about the same in all samples from the original sample to the water softened by resin. In most of the data, the AA hardness values were lower than or very close to the EDTA hardness values. Works Cited1. Thompson, Stephen. "The Chemistry of Natural Waters." PSU Chemtrek. 18th ed. Plymouth, MI: Hayden-McNeil, 2012. 10-2-0-22. Print.2. "Explanation of Water Hardness." Fairfax Water. 5 Jan. 2011. Web. 1 Apr. 2012.3. Flaschka, H. A. EDTA Titrations; an Introduction to Theory and Practice. New York: Pergamon, 1964. Print.4. Tissue, Brian M. "Atomic-Absorption Spectroscopy (AA)." Atomic-Absorption Spectroscopy. 21 Aug. 1996. Web. 31 Mar. 2012.5. Gabrielli, C. "Electrochemical Water Softening: Principle and Application." Desalination 201.1-3 (2006): 150-63. ScienceDirect. Web. 31 Mar. 2012.6. Klenck, Thomas. "How It Works: Water Softener." Popular Mechanics. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2012.7. ": Providing River Gage Data for Rivers, Streams and Tributaries." Web. 1 Apr. 2012.8. Mallock, A. "Hardness." Nature 117 (1926): 117. Print.9. Krichten, Annie. “Experiment 10 – Water.” Lab Notebook: 27-30. 13 Mar. 2012.10. Lesnick, Colin. Lab Notebook: 36-41. 13 Mar. 2012.11. Konston, Erica. Lab Notebook: 38-41. 13 Mar. 2012.12. Leberfinger, Matthew. Lab Notebook: 27-28. 13 Mar. 2012.13. Blanning, Harry K., and Albert D. Rich. Boiler Feed and Boiler Water Softening. 3rd ed. Chicago, Nickerson & Collins, 1942. Print.14. Williams, Samuel R. Hardness and Hardness Measurements. American Society for Metals, 1942. Print.*May also see:Brown, Theodore L., Eugene H. LeMay, Bruce E. Bursten, and Catherine J. Murphy. Chemistry: The Central Science. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2009. Print. ................
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