APES Review Packet 4



APES Review Packet 4

THE REST OF THE BOOK!!!!

Take notes on the following topics:

Unit 10: Air Pollution/Climate Change/Ozone Loss

Chapters 20 and 21

• Outdoor/indoor air pollution

• Air Quality Standards

• Clean Air Act

• Greenhouse Effect

• Implications of Climate Change

• Ozone Depletion

• Effects of Air Quality on Human Health

Unit 11: Water Resources and Water Pollution

Chapter 15 and 22

• Properties of water

• Water shortages and solutions

• Desalinization

• Water pollutants (point/nonpoint sources)

• Wastewater treatment

• Effects of Water Quality on Human Health

Unit 12: Food Resources/Pest Management

Chapters 14 and 23

• World Food Resources

• Nutrition

• Soil Conservation

• Irrigation

• Meat Production

• Harvesting Fish and shellfish

• Genetically Modified foods

• Pesticides/Pest Control

• Alternatives to Pest Management

Unit 13: Solid/Hazardous Waste/Sustainable Cities

Chapters 24 and 25

• Municipal Solid Waste

• Hazardous Waste

• Disposal/Laws

NOTES:

Air Pollution Formulas:

 

[pic]:

Impurities such as pyrite or iron pyrite are found in coal, when we burn coal it interacts with atmospheric oxygen to form iron oxide and sulfur dioxide (a primary air pollutant).

 

[pic]:

The primary air pollutant, sulfur dioxide, is oxidized, once in the atmosphere, to sulfur trioxide.

 

[pic]:

Sulfur trioxide dissolves it atmospheric water droplets to form sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is a major component of acid rain. Sulfuric acid is considered a secondary air pollutant

 

[pic]:

The generalized representation of sulfur oxides, whether it be sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide. The Sulfur oxides are considered primary air pollutants.

 

[pic]:

Molecules of nitrogen and atmospheric oxygen combine AT VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES to form nitric oxide, a colorless gas. The high temperatures of natural processes like lightening or those of the combustion chambers of an engine are effective in causing this conversion. Nitric oxide is a primary air pollutant

 

[pic]:

Once in the atmosphere, nitric acid reacts with additional oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide, a red-brown toxic gas that causes irritation to the eyes and respiratory system

 

[pic]:

Further reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water can produce nitric acid, another component of acid rain

 

Photochemical Smog

[pic]: Nitrogen oxide is an essential ingredient of photochemical smog that is produced during the high temperatures associated with combustion of vehicle’s engines.

 

 

[pic]: Initial reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sunlight

 

[pic]: The oxygen atom generated from the initial reaction reacts with atmospheric, diatomic oxygen, to form ozone. This is not the good, protective ozone of the stratosphere, this is the polluting ozone of the lithosphere, which traps heat and contributes to thermal inversion.

 

[pic]This simplified equation represents the key ingredients and products of photochemical smog. Hydrocarbons (including VOC’s), carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides from vehicle exhausts are irradiated by sunlight in the presence of oxygen gas. The resulting reactions produce a potentially dangerous mixture that include other nitrogen oxides, ozone, and irritating organic compounds, as well as carbon dioxide and water vapor.

 

Air Pollution Control and Prevention

 

[pic]: Formula that represents the process of “scrubbing” products of industrial combustion processes. Sulfur dioxide gas is removes by using an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, also called limewater. The sulfur dioxide reacts with the limewater to form solid calcium sulfite. Scrubbers that utilize this “wet” scrubbing method can remove up to 95% of sulfur oxides.

 

[pic]

Another process for scrubbing that utilizes magnesium hydroxide instead of limewater. The sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water and reacts with the magnesium hydroxide to form a salt. The magnesium sulfite that is formed can be isolated and heated to regenerate sulfur dioxide. The recovered sulfur dioxide can be collected and used as a raw material in other commercial processes.

 

Acid Rain

 

[pic]: The pH of rainwater is normally slightly acidic, at about 5.6, due mainly to reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid.

 

[pic]

Other natural events can contribute to the acidity of precipitation. Volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and lightning produce sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. These gases can react with atmospheric water in much the same way that carbon dioxide does to produce sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and nitrous acid.

 

Ozone Formation and Destruction

[pic]

As sunlight penetrates into the stratosphere, high-energy UV photons react with oxygen gas molecules, splitting them into individual oxygen atoms. These highly reactive oxygen atoms are examples of free radicals; they quickly enter into chemical reactions that allow them to attain stable arrangements of electrons. In the stratosphere free radicals can combine with oxygen molecules to form ozone. A third molecule, typically nitrogen gas or atmospheric oxygen (represented by M in the equation), carries away excess energy from the reaction but remains unchanged.

 

[pic]

Each ozone molecule formed in the stratosphere can absorb a UV photon with a wavelength of less than 320nm. This energy absorption prevents potentially harmful UV rays from reaching the earth’s surface. The energy also causes the ozone to decomposed, producing an oxygen molecule and an oxygen free radical. These products can then carry on the cycle by replacing ozone in the protective stratospheric layer.

 

[pic]

CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) are highly stable molecules in the troposphere, however, high-energy UV photons in the stratosphere split chlorine radicals from CFC’s by breaking their C-Cl bond. The freed chlorine radicals are very reactive and can participate in a series of reaction that destroy ozone by converting it to diatomic oxygen. Every chlorine radical that participates in the first reaction can later be regenerated. Thus each chlorine radical acts as a catalyst participating in not just one, but also an average of 100,000 ozone –destroying reactions. In doing so, it speeds up ozone destruction but remains unchanged.

The Common Air Pollutants (Criteria Air Pollutants)

Ozone (ground-level ozone is the principal component of smog)

• Source - chemical reaction of pollutants; VOCs and NOx

• Health Effects - breathing problems, reduced lung function, asthma, irritates eyes, stuffy nose, reduced resistance to colds and other infections, may speed up aging of lung tissue

• Environmental Effects - ozone can damage plants and trees; smog can cause reduced visibility

• Property Damage - Damages rubber, fabrics, etc.

VOCs* (volatile organic compounds); smog-formers

• Source - VOCs are released from burning fuel (gasoline, oil, wood coal, natural gas, etc.), solvents, paints glues and other products used at work or at home. Cars are an important source of VOCs. VOCs include chemicals such as benzene, toluene, methylene chloride and methyl chloroform

• Health Effects - In addition to ozone (smog) effects, many VOCs can cause serious health problems such as cancer and other effects

• Environmental Effects - In addition to ozone (smog) effects, some VOCs such as formaldehyde and ethylene may harm plants

* All VOCs contain carbon (C), the basic chemical element found in living beings. Carbon-containing chemicals are called organic. Volatile chemicals escape into the air easily. Many VOCs, such as the chemicals listed in the table, are also hazardous air pollutants, which can cause very serious illnesses. EPA does not list VOCs as criteria air pollutants, but they are included in this list of pollutants because efforts to control smog target VOCs for reduction.

Nitrogen Dioxide (One of the NOx); smog-forming chemical

• Source - burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil etc. Cars are an important source of NO2.

• Health Effects - lung damage, illnesses of breathing passages and lungs (respiratory system)

• Environmental Effects - nitrogen dioxide is an ingredient of acid rain (acid aerosols), which can damage trees and lakes. Acid aerosols can reduce visibility.

• Property Damage - acid aerosols can eat away stone used on buildings, statues, monuments, etc.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• Source - burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil etc.

• Health Effects - reduces ability of blood to bring oxygen to body cells and tissues; cells and tissues need oxygen to work. Carbon monoxide may be particularly hazardous to people who have heart or circulatory (blood vessel) problems and people who have damaged lungs or breathing passages

Particulate Matter (PM-10); (dust, smoke, soot)

• Source - burning of wood, diesel and other fuels; industrial plants; agriculture (plowing, burning off fields); unpaved roads

• Health Effects - nose and throat irritation, lung damage, bronchitis, early death

• Environmental Effects - particulates are the main source of haze that reduces visibility

• Property Damage - ashes, soots, smokes and dusts can dirty and discolor structures and other property, including clothes and furniture

Sulfur Dioxide

• Source - burning of coal and oil, especially high-sulfur coal from the Eastern United States; industrial processes (paper, metals)

• Health Effects - breathing problems, may cause permanent damage to lungs

• Environmental Effects - SO2 is an ingredient in acid rain (acid aerosols), which can damage trees and lakes. Acid aerosols can also reduce visibility.

• Property Damage - acid aerosols can eat away stone used in buildings, statues, monuments, etc.

Lead

• Source - leaded gasoline (being phased out), paint (houses, cars), smelters (metal refineries); manufacture of lead storage batteries

• Health Effects - brain and other nervous system damage; children are at special risk. Some lead-containing chemicals cause cancer in animals. Lead causes digestive and other health problems.

• Environmental Effects - Lead can harm wildlife.

Multiple Choice:

Environmental Geography: For the next 6 questions, match the description to the project or location.

A.        Aswan High Dam

B.         Glen Canyon Dam

C.         James Bay

D.        Three Gorges Dam

E.         Aral Sea

F.          Ogallala Aquifer

1.        Hydroelectric power project located in Canada.

2.        Water diversion resulting in one of the most intense salinization problems worldwide.

3.        The best example of a hydroelectric project that could result in conflict over water resources on the African continent.

4.        Largest hydroelectric project in the world. Say goodbye to the Yangtze dolphin. (Is the dam to blame?)

5.        Increased use of efficient irrigation techniques in the Great Plains of the United States would conserve this water.

6.    Results in a saltier Mediterranean Sea.

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7.    Which of the following chemicals is most likely to lead to cultural eutrophication in locations where nitrogen-fixing bacteria are present?

a.        Trisodium Phosphate, a chemical used to clean walls prior to painting

b.        Ammonium Nitrate, a component of high-nitrogen fertilizers.

c.        Bleach, which is used to keep your whites white and clean mildew from icky places.

d.        Potassium Nitrate (or saltpeter), used in nitrogen fertilizers.

8.    For what does the acronym BOD stand?

a. .       Biology Ordered Dissection

b.        Bully Organized Discussions

c.        Bad Old Diptheria

d.        Biological Oxygen Demand

9.    Which of the following locations in a stream would you expect to have the highest dissolved oxygen content (Hint: Consider temperature as well as other abiotic factors)?

a.        A location just downstream of a poorly functioning wastewater treatment plant

b.        A location just downstream of a waterfall in the source zone.

c.        A location in the floodplain with lots of decomposing detritus and few fish.

d.        A location in the floodplain with slow flowing waters and a small number of algae.

e.        A location just downstream of a rocky stretch in the transition zone.

10. .   Which of the following is NOT a benefit of dam construction?

a.        Flood control downstream

b.        Increased sedimentation upstream

c.        Increased recreational opportunities for noisy jet-skiers

d.        Water storage for sustained use

e.        Hydroelectric power generation

11. .   Where would you expect to find the highest BOD?

a.        Just downstream of a wastewater treatment plant.

b.        About 5 or 6 miles downstream from a wastewater treatment plant

c.        Just upstream of a water treatment plant

d.        In the mountains where lots of algae is growing in the water.

For the next 2 questions, use the diagram of the lake below to respond:

 

 

 

 

12.    The coolest waters are found here.

13.    If cultural eutrophication leads to hypoxia in a lake, the hypoxia would first be found in this layer of a lake

14.   Pollution from a wastewater treatment plant effluent pipe is best described as

a.       Point-source pollution

b.       Non-point source pollution

c.       Ozone

d.       Carbon dioxide

e.       Secondary pollution

 

15.   Which of the following is NOT a primary pollutant?

a.       Carbon monoxide

b.       Nitric oxide

c.       Ozone

d.       Sulfur dioxide

e.       Carbon dioxide

16. .   True (T) or False (F): The natural pH of rain is approximately 8.

17.    True (T) or False (F): Acid deposition has a higher pH than natural rain.

18.    True (T) or False (F): Acid deposition has a higher concentration of protons than natural rain.

19.    True (T) or False (F): You can develop cancer from exposure to air pollutants.

For the next 6 questions, match the chemical equation to its description. Answers can be used more than once or not at all.

A. CH4 + 2O2 ( CO2 + 2H2O

B. 2CH4 + 3O2 ( 2CO + 4H2O

C. N2 + O2 ( 2NO

D. 2 NO + O2 ( 2 NO2

E. NO2 ( NO + O

F. O + O2 ( O3

G. S + O2 ( SO2

H. 2SO2 + O2 ( 2SO3

I. SO3 + H2O ( H2SO4

J. 3NO2 + H2O ( 2HNO3 + NO

20.   This reaction represents the formation of sulfuric acid deposition.

21.   This reaction cannot occur without the presence of UV light.

22.   This reaction represents incomplete combustion.

23.  This reaction represents the formation of a pollutant from the two main components of the atmosphere.

24.   This reaction produces the brownish haze that is responsible for “brown-air” smog.

25.  This combustion reaction produces two compounds. Both of these compounds are reactants in photosynthesis.

For the next 9 questions: match the descriptions with each pollutant. Answers can be used more than once or not at all.

A.     Photochemical Smog

B.      Industrial Smog

C.      Carbon Monoxide

D.     Asbestos

E.      Nitrogen Dioxide

F.       Radon

G.      Sulfur Dioxide

H.     Particulate Matter

I.        Ozone

J.        Lead

26.   This pollutant mimics calcium and can lead to hearing problems and neurological damage.

27.    Used as a pipe insulation in older homes.

28.   Burning coal produces this mixture of many different suspended solids.

29.    Radioactive gas.

30.    If you don’t provide enough fresh air to a wood burning stove, you will probably produce this pollutant.

31.    Implementing cleaner combustion technologies for coal would reduce acid deposition produced by this pollutant.

32.    (NH4)2SO4 and soot give this smog its color.

33.    Exposure to this can result in asbestosis.

34.    This hemoglobin-binding pollutant is the reason you shouldn’t bring a charcoal grill inside to warm yourself up during a power failure.

35.    Which of [pic]the following is NOT a consequence of meat production? [pic]

a. a.       Foul odors

b. b.       Contamination of drinking water wells

c. c.       Most efficient use of solar energy to create food

d. d.       Contamination of surface waters from animal waste lagoons.

36.   Economic threshold is the point at which .

a. a.       pesticides cause environmental damage

b. b.       the EPA requires specific enforcement penalties, involving fines for pesticide abuse

c. c.       the cost of the entire crop exceeds the cost of the pesticide

d. d.       economic costs of crop damage equal the cost of utilizing a pesticide

 

[pic]

37.    The graph above could best be used as evidence to support which of the following agricultural development plans?

a.       Polyculture in developing nations toincrease crop yield

b.       Monoculture in developed nations to decrease food security

c.       Polyculture in developed nations to reduce risk of plant disease

d.       Monoculture in developing nations to decrease the problems created by insect pests

38.    What is the “Green Revolution?”

a.       The development of more environmentally friendly methods of crop production

b.       The development of bacterial pesticides to reduce pesticide poisoning in farm workers

c.       The development of high-input/high-yield monoculture

d. The reduction in disturbed habitat during cropland development

Reduce, Recycle, and Reuse Matching: For the next 4 questions, match the R to its description.

A.     Reduce

B.     Reuse

C.     Recycle

D.     All three

39. This method of waste handling or prevention best preserves economic growth.

40.    Using less packaging is an example of this.

41.   This is the most environmentally friendly method of waste handling or prevention.

42.    This method of waste handling or prevention results in pollution during reprocessing.

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Landfill Matching: For the next 5 questions, match the part of the sanitary landfill to the description provided

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

43.    This is the leachate collection system.

44.    In this location, gases produced by the decomposition of waste are released.

45.    Fluid that has percolated through the waste is collected here and pumped to the surface for treatment.

46.    This liner is most likely composed of plastics or a geosynthetic material.

47.    This aquitard-like component is meant to reduce the amount of leachate produced by the waste

Short Answer:

1.      For kicks, you decide to monitor the pH of rain in your yard for a long time span (5 or 10 years). In one particular year you note rain with a pH of 4.0 falling in three separate rainstorms over a two week span. Several months later, a maple tree sapling in your front yard develops dead spots on its leaves. About a year later, the tree dies. Using your knowledge from environmental science, make TWO hypotheses for why the tree died.

2.       Explain the difference between non-point and point source pollution. Which is more difficult to control? Explain briefly.

Free Response:

1.

|Water withdrawals by category in North Carolina, 1985-2000 |

|(U.S. Geological Survey, Raleigh, 2003; values in million gallons per day) (September 30, 2003) |

|Water-use Category |1985 |1990 |1995 |2000 |

|Public supply |595.4 |804.8 |769.2 |944.6 |

|Domestic self-supplied |169.1 |103.0 |171.5 |188.8 |

|Industrial (including commercial and mining) |556.0 |503.0 |413.7 |338.0 |

|Livestock-aquaculture |34.4 |200.7 |296.6 |132.1 |

|Irrigation (including golf course) |132.4 |113.7 |238.6 |287.2 |

|Thermoelectric power (freshwater) |6,399.2 |5,611.1 |5,863.7 |7,854.2 |

|Thermoelectric power (saline water) |866.4 |1,599.0 |1,553.3 |1,617.6 |

|Totals |8,752.9 |8,935.3 |9,306.6 |11,362.5 |

|  |  |  |  |  |

Table modified from:

 

 

Use the data table provided above to answer the questions below.

 

a.       EXPLAIN one potential change that may have caused in the decrease in withdrawals for public supply between 1990 and 1995. (4 pts)

 

b.     If each person accounts for the use of approximately 20 gallons of water per day, calculate an estimate of North Carolina’s population in 2000. SHOW ALL WORK (4 points) (Hint: Remember that rounding is a good idea)

 

c.       According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the North Carolina population in 2000 was 8,049,313 people. Does this agree with your answer? Explain why the numbers are similar or different. (2 pts)

 

d.       List TWO ABIOTIC factors that could result in water shortages in North Carolina in the future. (4 pts)

 

e.       Propose a solution to future water shortages that North Carolina might face. Give ONE specific reason why your solution would help prevent water shortages. (6 pts)

2. The Apes River flows from its source at Stressed-Out Mountain to the shores of the Seas of Contentment. A graph of that stream’s gradient in shown below.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a)    Rank the labeled portions of the curve (A, B, C, and D) from where you would find the greatest dissolved oxygen (DO) to where you would find the least. In one to two complete sentences explain why you ranked the labeled portions in the way that you did. (6 pts)

 

(b)    Explain ONE BIOTIC and ONE ABIOTIC factor that could increase the level of DO in the stream. (4 pts)

 

(c)    Tell which lettered segment of the curve (A, B, C, or D) is most likely to have the greatest amount of biodiversity. In one or two complete sentences explain why you chose that segment of the curve. (4 pts)

 

(d)    The Urban Expansion™ Development group has constructed a small wastewater treatment plant on the Apes River. They have a good environmental record and pledge to keep the BOD of their wastewater outflow at less than 1.0 mg/L/day. The wastewater treatment plant processes, on average, 10 million liters of wastewater per day. The raw, untreated wastewater requires 15 mg/L of DO for all organic material to be broken down. The plant is 95% efficient at removing organic, oxygen-consuming material from the wastewater. Assuming that the plant releases 10 million liters of wastewater to the Apes River each day, tell whether it is meeting it’s 1.0 mg/L/day BOD goal. Prove your solution. (3 pts)

 

(e)    Sketch a graph showing the DO level of the stream from the point of the wastewater treatment plant outflow to the point downstream where all the waste was decomposed. Write below that graph the generalized chemical equation representing how waste is decomposed. (3 pts)

 

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|A |

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|B |

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|C |

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***Answers can be used more than once or not at all

|B |

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|C |

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|D |

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|E (dotted) |

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|F |

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|G (solid) |

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|A |

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