8-6



8-6.1 Recall that waves transmit energy but not matter.

What is a wave? A wave is a repeating disturbance or vibration that transfers or moves energy from place to place.

What causes a wave to occur? Vibration (Waves are created when a source of energy (force) causes a vibration. )

• A vibration is a repeated back-and-forth or up-and-down motion.

How do waves carry energy? Waves carry energy through empty space or through a medium without transporting matter.

What is a medium? A medium is a material through which waves can travel. It can be a solid, liquid, or gas.

| |Medium |State of Matter |

|Seismic Wave |Earth’s Crust |Solid |

|Ocean Wave |Water |Liquid |

|Sound Wave |Air |Gas |

8-6.2 Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

What are the 2 types of Waves? Mechanical and Electromagnetic Waves

What are the differences between mechanical and electromagnetic waves?

| |Mechanical Waves |Electromagnetic Waves |

|What does the wave |Medium |No not require a medium but travels through Empty Space or a Vacuum|

|travel through? | | |

|Type of Waves |Transverse and Compressional or Longitudinal Waves |Transverse Waves |

|Examples |Seismic Waves, Ocean Waves, and Sound waves |Real Men in Virginia Understands X-girlfriends |

| | |Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves, Visible light (Roy G Biv) |

| | |Ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma Rays |

|Parts of the Wave |In Transverse Waves: Crest, Trough, Amplitude, Rest position, and| |

| |Wavelength | |

| |In Compressional/Longitudinal Waves: Compression and Rarefaction | |

|Illustration of waves | |[pic] |

| |[pic] | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

| | | |

| |Each line represents ENERGY | |

What are the 2 types of Mechanical Waves? Transverse and Compressional/Longitudinal Wave

What are the Differences between the Mechanical Waves?

| |Transverse Waves |Compressional/Longitudinal Waves |

|Type of Wave |Mechanical |Mechanical |

|The Direction the |Mechanical waves in which the particles of matter in the medium |Mechanical waves in which the particles of matter in the medium vibrate |

|Waves Travel |vibrate by moving back and forth and perpendicular (at right angles) |by pushing together and moving apart parallel to the direction in which |

| |to the direction the wave travels |the wave travels |

|Parts of the Wave |Crest, Trough, Amplitude, Rest position, and Wavelength |Compression and Rarefaction |

|Illustration of |[pic] |[pic] |

|Wave | | |

|Main parts of the |Crest: The highest part of a wave |Compression (Compress): The part of the wave that close together |

|Wave |Trough: The lowest part of a wave |Rarefaction: The part of the wave that are far apart |

8-6.3. Summarize factors that influence the basic properties of waves (including frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and speed).

Basic properties of waves

| |Definitions |Important Facts & Illustration |

|Frequency |Frequency is a measure of how many waves pass a point |High Frequency =Shorter Wavelengths |

| |in a certain amount of time. |Low Frequency = Longer Wavelengths |

| | |[pic] |

|Amplitude (Height of the Wave) |Amplitude is a measure of the distance between a line |Sounds with greater amplitude will be louder; Higher the wave the |

| |through the middle of a wave and a crest or trough. |higher the amplitude. |

| | |High Amplitude =High Pitch, High Frequency, & Shorter Wavelength |

| | | |

| | |Low Amplitude = Low Pitch, Low Frequency, & Longer Wavelength |

| | | |

| | |[pic] |

| | | |

|Wavelength |Wavelength is a measure of the distance from the crest|High Frequency =Shorter Wavelengths/Closer |

| |on one wave to the crest on the very next wave. |Low Frequency = Longer Wavelengths/Far Apart |

| | | |

| | |[pic] |

Speed of the Waves

• Speed is a measure of the distance a wave travels in an amount of time.

• The speed of a wave is determined by the type of wave and the nature of the medium.

| |Speed |Other Important Facts |

|Mechanical Wave |The Speed Changes because mechanical waves travel |Waves have different speeds in different media (mediums) |

| |through different mediums. | |

|Electromagnetic Wave |All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed| |

| |because all electromagnetic waves travel through | |

| |empty space. | |

8-6.4 Summarize the behaviors of waves (including refraction, reflection, transmission, and absorption).

Behavior of Waves

|Behavior of Wave |Key Word(s) |Definition |Examples & Illustration |

|Refraction |Bending of a Wave|Refraction is the bending of waves caused by a change|Prisms, convex lens, Magnifying glass, and glasses |

| | |in their speed as they pass from one medium to |[pic] |

| | |another. As waves pass at an angle from one medium | |

| | |to another, they may speed up or slow down. |[pic] |

|Reflection |Bouncing back of |Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave when it |Plane Mirrors, Echoes, and Ocean waves hitting a cliff, and |

| |a wave |meets a surface or boundary that does not absorb the |reflection from a lake |

| | |entire wave’s energy. | |

|Transmission |Waves pass |Transmission of waves occurs when waves pass through |Sound waves are transmitted through solids, liquids, and gases. |

| |through |a given point or medium |[pic] |

| | |[pic] | |

|3 Types of | | | |

|Transmissions | | | |

|1. Transparent |All Light waves |Transparent materials allow all or most of the light |Clear objects such as Glass |

| |pass through |waves that strikes them to pass through |[pic] |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|2. Translucent |Some Light waves |Translucent materials transmit some light, but cause |[pic] |

| |pass through |it to be scattered so no clear image is seen. | |

| | | | |

|3. Opaque |No Light pass |Opaque materials allow no light waves to be |[pic] |

| |through |transmitted through them. | |

| | | | |

|Absorption |Absorbs, Takes in|Absorption of certain frequencies of light occurs |[pic] |

| | |when the energy is not transferred through, or | |

| | |reflected by, the given medium. | |

5. Explain hearing in terms of the relationship between sound waves and the ear.

The Path Sound Waves Travel Through the EAR

[pic]

3 MAIN PARTS TO THE EAR: OUTER, MIDDLE, AND INNER EAR

• The outer ear serves to collect and channel sound to the middle ear.

• The middle ear serves to transform the energy of a sound wave into the internal vibrations of the bone structure of the middle ear and ultimately transform these vibrations into a compressional wave in the inner ear.

• The inner ear serves to transform the energy of a compressional wave within the inner ear fluid into nerve impulses that can be transmitted to the brain.

|The Order Sound Waves Travel Through the Ear |Function |

|OUTER EAR (RECIEVER) |COLLECTS THE SOUND: The outer ear also channels sound waves that reach the ear through the ear|

| |canal to the eardrum of the middle ear. The outer ear is called the pinna and is made of |

| |ridged cartilage covered by skin. |

|EAR CANAL |Because of the length of the ear canal, it is capable of amplifying sounds with frequencies |

|EAR DRUM |Amplifies the sound |

|3 SMALL BONES (ANVIL, HAMMER, AND STIRUP) IN THE |Increases the pitch of the sound wave |

|MIDDLE EAR | |

|TINY HAIRS IN THE INNER EAR |Interprets sound and transfers an electrical impulse to the brain |

|NERVES AT THE END OF THE TINY HAIRS |Interprets sound and transfers an electrical impulse to the brain |

|Auditory Nerve and Cochlea | |

|BRAIN |Translate or Interpret the nerve impulses as hearing |

8-6.6 Explain sight in terms of the relationship between the eye and the light waves emitted or reflected by an object.

The Path Light Travels Through the Eye

[pic]

|The Path Light Travels Through the Eye |Functions |

|CORNEA |Responsible for refracting and bending the light rays |

|IRIS |The Color of the Eye that contains the Pupil |

|CONVEX LENS |Responsible for refracting and focusing |

|RETINA |Responsible for producing nerve impulses |

|NERVE IMPULSES |Impulses received from the Retina |

|OPTIC NERVE |Responsible for transmitting the signals to the brain |

|BRAIN |Translate or interpret the nerve impulses as sight |

8-6.7 Explain how the absorption and reflection of light waves by various materials result in the human perception of color.

REFLECTION VS. ABSORPTION OF LIGT

• Most materials absorb light of some frequencies and reflect the rest.

| |IMPORTANT INFORMATION |IMPORTANT INFORMATION |

|REFLECTION |IF A MATERIAL REFLECTS LIGHT OR A COLOR THEN YOU WILL |IF ALL COLORS ARE REFLECTED, THEN THE MATERIAL WILL |

| |BE ABLE TO SEE IT |APPEAR WHITE |

|ABSORBTION |IF A MATERIAL ABSORBS LIGHT OR A COLOR, YOU WILL NOT |IF ALL THE COLORS ARE ABSORBED, THEN THE MATERIAL WILL|

| |BE ABLE TO SEE IT |APPEAR BLACK |

• The color that we see depends on (1) the color of light that is shined on the object and (2) the color of light that is reflected by the object.

• For example, if an object reflects red wavelengths and absorbs all others, the object will appear red in color.

|TOOLS USED TO DEMONSTATE WAVES |SPECTROSCOPE, COLOR FILTERS, TUNNING FORK, SLINKY, PLANE MIRROR, PRISM, PENCIL IN A TRANSPARENT|

| |CUP |

8-6.8 Compare the wavelength and energy of waves in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation).

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (FORM OF TRANSVERSE WAVES)

• Electromagnetic waves have a wide range of wavelengths.

• The entire range of wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum.

[pic]

Electromagnetic Spectrum from Low Frequency (longer wavelengths) to High Frequency (shorter wavelengths)

Examples of Electromagnetic Waves (Electromagnetic Spectrum) |Radio Wave |Microwaves |Infrared Waves |Visible Light (Roy G Biv) |Ultraviolet Rays |X-Rays |Gamma Rays | |Acronym |Real |Men |In |Virginia |Understands |X |Girlfriends | |Facts |Has the longest wavelength,

Lowest frequency, and lesser energy |Wavelengths are shorter than radio waves |All objects emit infrared radiation, and hotter objects emit more infrared radiation than cooler objects.

Heat energy is transmitted by infrared radiation.

|Visible light is the range of electromagnetic waves that can be detected by the human eye.

The entire range of visible light is called the visible light spectrum. (ROY G BIV)

RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, INDIGO, AND VIOLET (Note that red will have the longest wavelength /less energy and violet will have shorter wavelengths/greater energy out of the colors) |Ultraviolet radiation is the range of electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than violet on the visible spectrum, thereby having shorter wavelengths and more energy than violet wavelengths. Because of the high energy of ultraviolet radiation, too much exposure is damaging to the eyes and skin.

Attracts insects, used to kill microbes, used to sterilize products

|Carries a lot of energy, are given off by stars, and are also used in airport security |Has the shorter wavelengths, Higher frequencies, and greater energy

Given off by starts and some radioactive substances

Kill Cancer cells | |Examples |Carry signals for televisions and cellular phones and bring music to the radio |Made by various types of transmitters (Transmitters are in mobile phones, antennas, and microwave ovens |Stars, Sun, lamps, flames, and you (body heat) |Any type of light or colors |Special lights from the Sun beds for tanning and Light from the Sun |X-Rays machines |Tracers

Radiotherapy

(Radiation Treament) | |

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