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[Pages:13]CuMlatguazriene

page

The food we eat

114

ART and the artists

115

Marathon mania

116

Air, land and sea

117

That's Literature

118

Clothes then and now 119

Looking at the sky

120

City life

121

Hi-tech solutions

122

answers

123

World mAP

124

113

Culture 1 The Food

Food Trivia True or false?

1 The sandwich got its name from a type of bread. 2 A chef at a restaurant invented crisps.

3 The ancient Mayans and Aztecs put a lot of sugar in their chocolate.

Answers, page 123

4 01

Read the facts below and check your answers.

1 In the 18th century, a British aristocrat, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, loved playing cards. Sometimes, he played for many hours and he didn't want to stop for meals. One day, he asked to have his meal between two pieces of bread. That way, it was possible to play cards with one hand and eat with the other. Montagu's friends thought it was a great idea and they started asking for "the same as Sandwich". In time, everyone called this modern meal a sandwich.

we eat

2 In 1853, George Crum was a chef at Moon's Lake House, a restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York. One of the guests at the restaurant sent his chips back to the kitchen many times because they were very thick. The chef, George Crum, was angry, so he decided to irritate the guest. He cut paper-thin chips, fried them and added a lot of salt. Surprisingly, the guest loved these new crispy chips and soon "Saratoga Chips" became a popular item on the menu.

3

Chocolate was very important to the ancient Mayans and Aztecs. They used the cacao seeds as money and they made a chocolate drink as a health elixir. The drink was very different from drinking chocolate today. It was cold and it wasn't at all sweet. The Mayans and Aztecs didn't have sugar, so they put other spices in the drinking chocolate ? including chilli peppers.

114

Did you know?

When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they changed the diet of the world forever. The Europeans brought foods like apples, broccoli, carrots and olives to the Americas. They took foods like cocoa, tomatoes, potatoes and chilli peppers back to Europe.

Art and the ArtCiusltutres2

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4 02

Vincent van Gogh ? Leonardo da Vinci ? Michelangelo ? Salvador Dal? ? Pablo Picasso

1. This artist was interested in many different things, including science and anatomy. He wrote 13,000 pages of notes about these things. Most of the notes are in mirror writing.

2. The future career of this artist was obvious from a very young age. He drew pictures before he walked and his first word was the Spanish word for pencil.

3. There are 300 people in this artist's painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Every face looks different.

4. This eccentric artist's older brother died. Nine months later, the artist was born and his parents gave

him the same name. The artist believed he was a reincarnation of his brother.

b

5. Today, a painting by this artist is worth millions of dollars, but in his lifetime, he only sold one painting. a

Art Movements

B

Can you match the art movements to

the artists and their

paintings?

1. Cubism 2. Surrealism 3. Realism 4. Impressionism

Answers, page 123

Sunrise, Monet

c

The Beautiful Irish Girl, Courbet

d

The Persistence of Memory, Dal?

Three Musicians, 1921

Spot the Photograph

a

b

c

Paul Cadden is a hyperrealist artist from Scotland. Hyperrealists can draw pictures with amazing detail so they look exactly like photographs. Two of these pictures are paintings by Cadden. One is a photograph. Can you guess which one is the photograph?

Answer, page 123 115

Culture 3 Marathon

Running a marathon is never easy, but some

4

03 marathons are harder than others. Can you match the names and places of these extreme marathons to the descriptions below?

Mania

1. Marathon des Sables, Sahara Desert, Morocco 2. The Great Wall Marathon, Tianjin, China 3. The Big Five Marathon, Limpopo Province,

South Africa

Answers, page 123

A

This marathon takes place every June in the Entabeni Game Reserve.The

marathon gets its name from the big wild

animals at the reserve: lions, leopards,

buffalos, rhinos and elephants. The race isn't

easy. Runners must run through mountains,

valleys and forests. During the race, game

reserve workers are there to protect the

runners from the wild animals. For additional

security, there's a helicopter, too.

B

This is one of the most beautiful marathons in the world, but it's also very difficult.There are 5,164

stairs to climb during the race. Runners can't stop to

enjoy the beautiful scenery because they've only got eight

hours to complete the marathon. That sounds like a lot

of time, but it takes about 50% longer

to finish this marathon than it takes to

finish an average marathon.

C This ultramarathon is a six-day,

251 km event.That's nearly six ordinary marathons, but the distance isn't the only difficulty. Participants must run up and down sand dunes in daytime temperatures of between 35 and 55?C, and they do this while carrying all their food and equipment on their backs! People call this the hardest foot race on Earth. It's easy to understand why.

4 04

116

Why is it called Marathon?

According to legend, in 490 BC, there was a battle between the Persians and the Greeks in a town called Marathon. After the battle, a Greek messenger, Pheidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens (approximately 40 km) to announce the Greek victory. When he arrived, he shouted, "We won!" Then he fell to the ground and died. At the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, the organisers decided to have a race from the area of the ancient battle to Athens. They called it Marathon to commemorate the legend. In 1924, the distance of 42.195 km became the official length of a marathon.

Air, Land

and Sea

Culture 4

Match A to B to make sentences about different types of transport.

A 1. Sailing ships 2. Steamships 3. Airships 4. Jet aeroplanes

B a. get their power from gas. b. get their power from the wind. c. get their power from air, gas and paraffin. d. get their power from very hot water.

Answers, page 123

4 05

Read the facts and check your answers to the exercise above.

1

In 1818, sailing

ships began

monthly

passenger

services

between

England and the US. It took

between 23 and 90 days

to sail across the Atlantic

Ocean. The number of

days depended on the

wind.

In 1838, the SS Great Western was the first steamship to take passengers between England and the US. Its steam engine worked on hot water and it was much 2 larger and faster than a

sailing ship. It crossed the

Atlantic in about 15 days.

3

In 1928, passengers began flying across the Atlantic in airships, or zeppelins. The top part of the airships looked like an enormous, long balloon. The "balloon" was full of gas. Under the "balloon" was an area with bedrooms, a dining room and an observation room. Flights across the Atlantic on the airship took between 80 and 100 hours.

4 In 1939, Pan American Airlines flew

the first passenger aeroplanes between New York and Europe. The aeroplanes were flying boats. They had sleeping areas, a kitchen, a dining room and a bar. It took under 24 hours to cross the Atlantic on a flying boat.

5

In 1958, BOAC (British

Overseas Airways Corporation)

began the first-ever jet aeroplane

passenger service across the

Atlantic. The mixture of air, gas

and paraffin in jet engines gave jet

aeroplanes a lot of power. Travel

time across the Atlantic by jet

aeroplane was suddenly as short

as six hours.

One Man and a Boat

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117

Culture 5 That's Literature

James Bond

4 Where did the popular authors below get some of their ideas 06 for characters or plots? Match the authors to the facts.

Mark Twain ? Arthur Conan Doyle ? Suzanne Collins ? Ian Fleming

1.This American author based Huckleberry Finn, one of his most famous characters, on Tom Blankenship, a boy from his own town when he was a child.

2.Working for British Naval Intelligence during World War II gave this author knowledge about espionage and spies. He used this knowledge for the plots of some of his novels, and to create the character of James Bond.

3.This Scottish author was also a doctor. His character, Sherlock Holmes, had many of the characteristics of one of the author's teachers at Edinburgh University, Dr Joseph Bell.

4.This contemporary American author of the popular Hunger Games books got the idea for the stories and for the main character Katniss while she was watching reality programmes and the news on TV one night. Other influences were Greek mythology and the gladiator games of Ancient Rome.

Answers, page 123

Mark Twain Arthur C Doyle Suzanne Collins

Huckleberry Finn

Ian Fleming

Hunger Games

Sherlock Holmes

4 07

Weird But True Literary Facts

? The Gates of Paradise (1960), a 40,000-word novel by Polish author Jerzy Andrzejewski, contains only two sentences. The second sentence has got five words in it.

? A book by Dr V Sreenathachary, a professor of English at India's Palamuru University, has got a 1,086-word-long title. The title begins with the words, Handy Crystals. The book is about the English language.

? The Dinosaur (1959), a short story by Augusto Monterroso, a famous Guatemalan author, is only seven words long in its original Spanish version. There is also a seven-word translation of the story in English: Upon awakening (= when he woke up), the dinosaur was still there.

? Ernest Vincent Wright wrote an entire English novel, Gadsby (1939), without using any words with the letter e. Georges Perec did the same thing in his French novel, La Disparition (1968). This is a very difficult thing to do, as the letter e is the most common letter in both English and French.

118

Clothes Then and Now Culture 6

True

1

The word

or macaroni was

2

Marie Antoinette was the Queen of

false an insult in the France in the 18th century. 18th century.

?

3

Women

4 Christian

never wore

Dior was an

trousers in the Italian fashion

19th century. designer.

Answers, page 123

4 Read the facts and check your answers to the quiz above.

08

Shocking Fashion

In the mid-1700s, young and rich British men brought home fashion ideas from their visits to other countries in Europe and combined them in strange ways. Popular items were colourful coats and leggings, and shoes with big decorations. The men also wore artificial hair with very high elaborate styles, and small hats. People laughed at these men. They called them Macaronis ? like the Italian pasta.

In 1851, an American woman, Amelia Bloomer, started wearing a style of clothing called a Turkish dress. The Turkish dress had long trousers under a short skirt. Amelia wrote about it in a magazine and soon, women everywhere were wearing the dress ? now called the Bloomer dress. But many people, churches and organisations were angry about women wearing "men's" clothing. Women's trousers only became acceptable in the 1930s.

In 1783, French women wore enormous dresses. So people were shocked to see an official painting of the Queen, Marie Antoinette, in a simple white dress. The dress was similar to a chemise ? the item of clothing usually under the enormous dresses!

In 1947, shortly after World War II, clothes were very simple and they didn't have a lot of material in them. Some countries even had rules about the quantity of material in clothes. When French designer, Christian Dior had his first fashion show after the war, many people were shocked. They criticised him for making extravagant clothes with too much material.

Did you know?

People are using modern technology in everything ? including fashion. A company in San Francisco, Continuum, is using 3D printers to print and produce clothes. People can use the design tools on Continuum's website to create dresses, shoes and more. The company will then print the designs, sew them together and send them to you!

119

Culture 7 Looking at the Sky

4 There are many smartphone apps for learning about space 09 exploration and the solar system. Here are some of our favourites.

Which apps sound interesting to you? Why?

NASA App

This app has got maps, videos, photographs and information about past, present and future space exploration missions. It also tells you when and where it is possible to see the International Space Station in the sky above you. In addition, you can use NASA App to listen to Third Rock, NASA's radio station, or to watch NASA TV.

Solar Walk

Take a virtual journey to another planet with Solar Walk 3D. This app has got beautiful 3D graphics of the planets, moons, stars, asteroids and comets. It's also got facts about planets and stars, and videos about space and natural events on Earth.

Moon Atlas

We can only see one side of the moon from Earth ? but with Moon Atlas, you can see the "dark side" of the moon too! This 3D app provides a globe of the moon. You can move the globe by touching your phone screen. You can also learn about mountains, craters and other landscape features on the moon.

Starmap

Use Starmap to find out what you're seeing when you look at the sky at night. Starmap uses GPS information to find your location and then creates a model of the sky around you. It shows all the stars and planets with their names, and gives facts and information about them. It's like having a planetarium in your hand.

Space Quotes

" Do you agree with these quotes about space? Everyone is a moon, and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody. Mark Twain I'm sure the universe is full of intelligent life. It's just been too intelligent to come here. Sir Arthur C Clarke I don't think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. Stephen Hawking

120

Fact File: Venus

Complete the sentences with the numbers below to find out some interesting facts about the planet Venus.

243 ? 470 ? 1702 ? 224.7 ? 1550

1.One day on Venus is __ Earth days ? nearly as long as an Earth year. But a year on Venus is shorter than a day ? only __ Earth days. That's because Venus turns slowly but moves quickly around the sun.

2.People knew about Venus nearly four thousand years ago. The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa is a record of astronomical observations of Venus. People believe the observations are from a period between __ and __ BC.

3. Venus is very, very hot ? about __ ?C! That's about ten times hotter than the hottest places on Earth.

Answers, page 123

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