Predicting ABC’s



Name: _____________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ___________

Holocaust Notes: A Historical Introduction to Elie Wiesel’s Night

Pre-War

1 Jews were living in every country in Europe before the Nazis came into power in ___________.

2 Approximately ___________________________ Jews

3 Poland and _____________________________________ had the largest populations of Jews.

4 Jews could be found in all walks of life: farmers, factory workers, business people, doctors, teachers, and craftsmen.

Anti-Semitism

1 Jews have faced prejudice and discrimination for over _____________ years.

2 Jews were scapegoats for many problems. For example, people blamed Jews for the “Black Death” that killed thousands in Europe during the Middle Ages.

3 In the ____________________ Empire in the late 1800s, the government incited attacks on Jewish neighborhoods. Mobs murdered Jews and looted their homes and stores.

4 Hitler idolized Austrian mayor, Karl Lueger, who used anti-Semitism as a way to get votes in his political campaign.

5 Political leaders who used anti-Semitism as a tool portrayed Jews as a ________________ instead of a ______________________.

6 Nazi teachers began to apply the “principles” of ___________________ science by measuring skull size, ___________ ___________ , and recording students’ eye color and hair to determine whether students belonged to the “Aryan race.”

Weimar Republic

1 After _______________ lost World War I, a new government formed and became the Weimar Republic.

2 Many Germans were upset not only that they had lost the war but also that they had to _____________ (make reparations) to all of the countries that they had “damaged” in the war.

3 The total bill that the Germans had to “pay” was equivalent to nearly ___________________.

4 Extremists blamed ___________ for Germany’s defeat in WWI and blamed the German Foreign Minister (a Jew) for his role in reaching a settlement with the Allies.

5 The German mark became worth less than the paper it was printed on—hyperinflation occurred.

6 Nearly __________________ Germans were unemployed.

Totalitarian State

1 Totalitarianism is the _______________ control of a country in the government’s hands

2 It suppresses individuals’ rights.

3 In a totalitarian state, _________________ and fear dominate.

4 The government maintains total control over the culture.

5 During this time in Germany, the Nazis passed laws that restricted the rights of Jews: ____________________ Laws.

6 The Nuremberg Laws stripped the Jews of their German ______________________. They were prohibited from marrying people of “German or related blood.”

7 Jews, like all other Germans, were required to carry __________________ cards, but their cards were now stamped with a red “J.” This allowed police to easily identify them.

8 The Nazis used __________________ to promote their anti-Semitic ideas.

Persecution

1 The Nazi plan for dealing with the “Jewish Question” evolved in three steps:

2 _____________________: Get them out of Europe

3 ___________________: Put them all together in one place—ghettos

4 “Final Solution”: _______________________

5 Nazis targeted other _____________________ and groups in addition to the Jews:

6 Gypsies (_____________ and Roma)

7 _____________________

8 __________________________ ___________________________

9 Handicapped ________________

10 ____________________

11 Kristallnacht was the “_______________ of Broken Glass” on November 9-10, 1938

12 Germans attacked synogogues and Jewish homes and businesses

U.S. and World Response

1 The ________________ Conference took place in the summer of 1938 in Evian, France.

2 Thirty-two countries met to _____________________ what to do about the Jewish ________________ who were trying to leave Germany and Austria.

3 Despite voicing feelings of sympathy most countries made ________________ for not accepting more refugees.

4 The SS St. Louis, carrying refugees with Cuban visas, were denied admittance both in Cuba and in Florida After being turned back to Europe, most of the passengers perished in the Holocaust.

Final Solution

1 The Nazis aimed to control the Jewish population by forcing them to live in areas that were designated for Jews only, called ____________________.

2 Ghettos were established across all of occupied Europe, especially in areas where there was already a large population of Jews.

3 Many ghettos were closed by _______________________ or walls and were guarded by SS or local police.

4 Jews sometimes had to use bridges to go over _________________ streets that ran through the ghetto.

5 Life in the ghettos was hard: food was rationed; several families often shared a small space; _____________ spread rapidly; heating, ventilation, and sanitation were _______________.

6 Einsatzgruppen were ________________ killing squads made up of Nazi (SS) units and police. They _________ Jews in mass shooting actions throughout eastern Poland and the western Soviet Union.

7 On January 20, 1942, 15 high-ranking Nazi _________________ met at the ______________ Conference to learn about how the “Jewish Question” would be solved.

8 The Final Solution was outlined by Reinhard ________________ who detailed the plan to establish ________ camps with gas chambers.

9 Death camps were the means the Nazis used to achieve the “Final Solution.”

10 There were __________ death camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Chelmno, _______________, Maidanek, and Belzec.

After the gassings, prisoners removed the victims' hair, gold teeth and _____________ from the Jews before the bodies were ______________ in the crematoria or buried in mass graves.

11 There were many _______________________ and _______________ camps where many people died from exposure, lack of food, extreme work conditions, torture, and executions.

Rescue

1 Less than ___________ of the non-Jewish European population helped any Jew in some form of rescue.

2 __________________ and _________________ were the most successful national resistance movements against the Nazi’s attempt to deport their Jews.

3 In Denmark, ____________ of the 8,000 Jews were saved by ferrying them to neutral Sweden.

4 The War Refugee Board was established by the U.S. Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau, Jr., and it worked with Jewish organizations, diplomats from neutral countries and European ________________ groups to rescue Jews from Nazi-occupied territories.

Aftermath

1 Soviet soldiers were the first to ____________________ camp prisoners on July 23, 1944, at Majdanek in Poland.

2 British, Canadian, American, and French troops also freed camp prisoners.

3 _____________________________ people died during the Holocaust

4 Some prisoners were ________________________ to the point of being skeletal.

5 Many camps had dead bodies lying in piles “like ________________.”

6 Many prisoners died even after liberation.

7 Many of the camp prisoners had nowhere to go, so they became “displaced persons” (DPs).

8 These survivors stayed in ________ __________________ in Germany, which were organized and run by the Allies.

9 Initially, the conditions were often very poor in the DP camps.

10 The Nuremberg ________________ brought some of those responsible for the ________________ of the war to _______________.

11 There were 22 major Nazi ___________________ tried by the Allies in the International Military Tribunal.

12 ____________ prominent Nazis were sentenced to death.

13 Most claimed that they were only ________________ __________, which was judged to be an invalid defense.

14 Why study the Holocaust?

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