A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the ...

[Pages:46]HASSAN II UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LETTERS

Department of English MOHAMMADIA

Option: Linguistics

A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Requirement of Degree of Licence ES-Letters of English.

Submitted by: Mr. RACHID AEGOUDHOUM

Supervised by: Dr. SAIDA MESSAOURI

Academic Year 2005/2006

General Introduction

4

Part One: Language and Psycholinguistics.

6

I- Language.

7

1-1- What is language?

7

1-2- Language properties.

8

II- Psycholinguistics.

9

2-1- Definition.

9

2-2- The relation between language and the Brain.

10

2-3- The primary processes investigated in Psycholinguistics. 10

a) Experimental psycholinguistics.

11

b) Developmental psycholinguistics.

11

Part Two: Language Difficulties.

14

I- Language Disorder.

15

1-1- What is language disorder?

15

1-2- The Causes of language disorder.

15

1-3- The Characteristics of language disorder.

16

II- Definition and classification of aphasia.

17

2-1- Definition of aphasia.

17

2-2- Causes of aphasia.

18

2-3- Treatment of aphasia.

18

2-4- Varieties and special features of aphasia.

19

a)-Broca's Aphasia

19

b)-Anomic Aphasia

20

c)-Wernicke's Aphasia

20

d)-Global Aphasia

21

e)-Conduction Aphasia

21

III- Wernicke's Aphasia.

22

3-1- Background of Carl wernicke.

22

3-2- Characteristics of wernicke's aphasia.

23

3-3- Neologism and wernicke's aphasia.

24

3-4- Aphasic jargon and meaning.

25

3-5- Hand gestures and lexical processes in jargon aphasia. 27

Part Three: Data Description and Analysis.

30

1- Data Collection.

31

2- Background of the data.

31

3- Research Methodology.

32

4- Data Analysis.

32

4-1- Semantic Analysis.

32

4-2- The patients' repetition of some words and phrases.

36

4-3- The patients' description of some pictures.

37

4-4- Syntactic Analysis.

38

General Conclusion

40

List of Symbols Used in the Transcription.

Consonants:

[b]

voiced bilabial stop

[m]

voiced bialabial nasal stop

[n]

voiced alveolar nasal stop

[t]

voiceless alveolar stop

[d]

voiced alveolar stop

[s]

voiceless alveolar fricative

[z]

voiceless palatoalveolar fricative

[ ]

voiceless palato-alveolar fricative

[]

voiced palato-alveolar fricative

[l]

voiceless alveolar lateral liquid

[r]

voiced alveolar trill

[R]

voiced uvular fricative

[k]

voiceless velar stop

[g]

voiced velar stop

[x]

voiceless velar fricative

[ ]

voiceless glottal stop

[]

voiceless pharyngeal fricative

[]

voiced pharyngeal fricative

1

[w]

voiced labio-velar glide

[j]

voiced palatal glide

vowels:

short vowels

/ i /

High front unrounded

/ u /

High back rounded

/ a /

Low back unrounded

/ /

Short centered unrounded (shwa)

/ ? /

Low front unrounded

/ o /

Mid high back rounded

long vowels

/ i: /

High front unrounded

/ a: /

Low back unrounded

/ u: /

High back rounded

2

List of Abbreviation used in the Monograph.

LTM Long Term Memory.

STM Short Term Memory.

LAD Language Acquisition Device

ASHA American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

SFMs Speech-Focussed Movements.

TIA

A Transient Ischemic Attack

KC

A patient who suffered from brain stroke.

Eg

For example.

H

Gestures counted in pauses.

S

Gestures counted in speech.

3

The objective of this linguistic research is to give an idea about some neurologistic syndromes such as Aphasia and particularly about Wernicke's aphasia in which both comprehension and production tend to be equally affected.

With regard to production, Wernicke's aphasics speak fluently without any problem in articulation. Their speech contains long and grammatically well formed utterances; yet these utterances are meaningless. It is owing to the frequent use of jargon including neologism and paraphasia that disrupts the combination of words. "Paraphasia refers to the production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during the effort to speak" (Goodglass & Kaplan, 1983, p. 8). There are three types of paraphasias: Literal or phonemic paraphasia, verbal or semantic paraphasia and neologistic paraphasia.

The first happens especially in repetition where the patient may substitute a word for another; he may say /pun/ instead of /spun/. Wernicke's aphasics' substitutions may also involve mistaking one word for a semantically related word, such as arm for leg. Wernicke's patients will also use completely made up words that no sense can be made of; a patient may say "bort" instead of "fork". These made up words are referred to as `Neologisms'. Paraphasias and neologisms lead to jargon, which is referred to as "unintelligible speech", "word salad" or simply speech that has no meaning. While speaking, aphasic patients use a kind of speech which is spontaneously accompanied by body gestures in order to make themselves understood. These gestures are, therefore related to the process of speech production.

On the other hand, Wernicke's aphasia affects the comprehension of language. Patients with Wernicke's aphasia have difficulties understanding the speech of others which cause

4

them produce inappropriate speech. They are, however, unaware that most of their speech is meaningless.

In order to discuss all these facts in details, this monograph is divided into three parts. In the first part, I talk about language and to what extent it is related to the brain. Whereas in the second part, I mention how an acquired language can be destroyed due to brain damage; thus, causing a language disorder. This part is devoted to study aphasia, its causes and its different types, and particularly I shed light on wernicke's aphasia. In the third and last part which is methodological, I describe the way I collected the data and try to make all the theoretical ideas more concrete showing to what extent wernicke's aphasics use neologisms and paraphasias.

5

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download