Africa, Part I - ToolboxPRO



Africa, Part I, II, & III

I. THE ANCIENT WORLD

A) Bantu Migrations and Demography

1) As population grew in ancient times, the search for new land to settle

caused migrations.

2) Bantu peoples (500 BC – 1500 AD)

a. Lived in West Africa, until the Sahara region began to dry out

b. Skilled farmers & herders migrated south and east to find fertile land

3) Movement spread knowledge of farming & ironworking, and language across

Africa

II. AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS DURING GLOBAL INTERACTIONS (1200-1650)

A) Varied Geography

1) One-fifth of land surface on Earth with varied climates & terrains

2) Mostly savanna (grassy plains), hot weather, occasional drought

a. Usually enough rain and good soil for farming ( most populated regions

3) Large parts of desert, or dry barren land

a. Sahara (North Africa) largest in the world; extremely hot days, little

vegetation

4) Small areas of rain forests along equator and Mediterranean climate (farm land) on

the North & South coasts

5) Few natural harbors, interior is high plateau = rivers with rapids, waterfalls (

difficult travel

6) Most Africans managed trade – gold, salt, iron, copper, minerals supplied trade

networks

B) Traditional Society & Culture

1) Shared power among the community; consensus for decision making

2) Family was the basic unit of society, but varied

a. Hunter, gathers lived in nuclear family that worked together

b. Others had several generations living together or near by

c. Clans were formed based on common ancestry ( community values

increased

3) Varied religious beliefs – forces of nature were divine spirits, polytheistic, presence

of Ancestors’ spirits

a. Some believed in a supreme being who created & ruled the universe

C) Rise & Fall of Kingdoms

1) Salt trade was vital, towns formed trade networks, rulers competed to control trade

( trading Kingdoms form

2) Ghana (800) – kingdom created by many farming villages

a. Gold trade income maintained a large army that controlled, expanded

kingdom

b. Muslims merchants settled & brought religion, ideas

c. Muslim officials in govt brought military tech & govt ideas, and culture

(writing, architecture)

d. Women had high status, active in economic life

3) Mali – Mansa Musa, the most powerful ruler

a. Extended Mali empire & dominated West Africa

b. Kept a large army that kept order & protected the empire; warriors were elite,

most were farmers

c. Efficient govt, had governors to run local areas

d. Converted to Islam, using the Quran as a system of justice

e. Made Timbuktu a center of Muslim learning

f. Empire decline in the 1400s after struggles for leadership

4) Songhai – depended on a strong army to control trade

a. Emperor Sonni Ali made it the largest state ever in West Africa, controlling

Timbuktu

b. Bureaucracy = efficient govt, expanded trade to Europe & Asia

c. Late 1500s broken by Northern invaders

5) Axum – kingdom in West Africa, grew by trade

a. Located on the Red Sea improved trade with India & the Mediterranean

b. Descendants from Arabian immigrants = merging cultures, Christian &

Jewish influences

c. Weakened by civil war and harbor restrictions

D) Africa’s Role in Global Trade – States in both the east & west

engaged in trade

1) Hausa, 1300s – built city-states in present-day Nigeria

a. Cotton weavers, leatherworkers used caravans to transport across the

Sahara

2) Benin -- rain forests on the Guinea coast; ivory, pepper, slaves traded with

Northern savanna & Portuguese

3) East African City-States – 600, Arab & Persian merchants est. trading cities

a. 1000, Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala had booming trade with India (included

slaves from the interior)

b. Trade = mixed cultures in East Africa; Swahili – blended language of

Arabic & Bantu words

E) Contributions

1) Arts: ivory, wood, bronze; closely tied with religion (statues, masks);

strengthened community (identity)

2) Literary Traditions: both oral & written; mostly Arabic writing, oral histories

3) Education: Elders taught boys & girls about community roles

a. Timbuktu and Mali were centers of learning, manuscripts were sold,

universities built

Commerce – est. trade routes, introduced crops, animals from other lands

III. THE FIRST GLOBAL AGE (1450-1770)

A) Explorations, Encounters, and Imperialism

1) 1415, Henry the Navigator (Portugal), explored West Africa

2) 1498, Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed across the

Indian Ocean to India

a. Returned with Asian spices, est. an all water trade route to the east

B) Imperialism In Africa – domination by one country of political/economic life of another

1) 1400s, Portuguese explore, build forts in East & West Africa; could not break into

the interior

2) mid-1600s, Dutch settled South Africa at Cape Town

a. acted as a service station for Dutch sailors

b. Dutch farmers were called Boers

C) Triangular Trade & Slavery (1500s)

1) most valuable African trade good, profitable

2) trade among continents formed a triangle

a. Middle Passage – trip from Africa to the Americas

3) effects: 11 million Africans shipped out; traditional political structure of Africa fell,

societies disappeared

Africa, Part I, II, & III

I. THE ANCIENT WORLD

A) Bantu Migrations and Demography

1) ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) Bantu peoples (500 BC – 1500 AD)

a. Lived in West Africa, until the Sahara region began to dry out

b. Skilled farmers & herders migrated south and east to find fertile land

3) ____________________________________________________________________________________

II. AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS DURING GLOBAL INTERACTIONS (1200-1650)

A) Varied Geography

1) One-fifth of land surface on Earth with _____________________________________________________

2) Mostly savanna ______________________________________________________________________

a. Usually enough rain and good soil for farming ( ______________________________________

3) Large parts of desert, ____________________________

a. Sahara (North Africa) largest in the world; extremely hot days, little vegetation

4) Small areas of rain forests along equator and Mediterranean climate (farm land) on the North & South coasts

5) ______________________________________________ = rivers with rapids, waterfalls ( difficult travel

6) Most Africans managed trade – _____________________________________________________________

B) Traditional Society & Culture

1) Shared power among the community; consensus for decision making

2) Family was the basic unit of society, but varied

a. Hunter, gathers lived in nuclear family that worked together

b. Others had several generations living together or near by

c. Clans were formed based on common ancestry ( community values increased

3) Varied religious beliefs – forces of nature were divine spirits, polytheistic, presence of Ancestors’ spirits

a. Some believed in a supreme being who created & ruled the universe

C) Rise & Fall of Kingdoms

1) Salt trade was vital, towns formed trade networks, rulers competed to control trade ( trading Kingdoms form

2) Ghana (800) – __________________________________________________________________________

a. Gold trade income maintained a large army that controlled, expanded kingdom

b. Muslims merchants settled & brought religion, ideas

c. Muslim officials in govt brought military tech & govt ideas, and culture (writing, architecture)

d. Women had high status, active in economic life

3) Mali – _________________________________________________________________________________

a. ________________________________________________________________________________

b. Kept a large army that kept order & protected the empire; warriors were elite, most were farmers

c. Efficient govt, had governors to run local areas

d. _______________________________________________________________________________

e. Made Timbuktu a center of Muslim learning

f. Empire decline in the 1400s after struggles for leadership

4) Songhai – ____________________________________________________________________________

a. Emperor Sonni Ali made it the largest state ever in West Africa, controlling Timbuktu

b. Bureaucracy = efficient govt, expanded trade to Europe & Asia

c. Late 1500s broken by Northern invaders

5) Axum – _______________________________________________________________________________

a. Located on the Red Sea improved trade with India & the Mediterranean

b. Descendants from Arabian immigrants = merging cultures, Christian & Jewish influences

c. Weakened by civil war and harbor restrictions

D) Africa’s Role in Global Trade – ____________________________________________________________________

1) Hausa, 1300s – built city-states in present-day Nigeria

a. Cotton weavers, leatherworkers used caravans to transport across the Sahara

2) Benin -- rain forests on the Guinea coast; ivory, pepper, slaves traded with Northern savanna & Portuguese

3) East African City-States – 600, Arab & Persian merchants est. trading cities

a. 1000, Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala had booming trade with India (included slaves from the interior)

b. Trade = mixed cultures in East Africa; Swahili – _________________________________________

E) Contributions

1) Arts: ivory, wood, bronze; closely tied with

religion (statues, masks); strengthened

community (identity)

2) Literary Traditions: both oral & written; mostly

Arabic writing, oral histories

3) Education: Elders taught boys & girls about

community roles

a. Timbuktu and Mali:

____________________________________

____________________________________

4) Commerce – est. trade routes, introduced crops, animals from other lands

III. THE FIRST GLOBAL AGE (1450-1770)

A) Explorations, Encounters, and Imperialism

1) 1415, Henry the Navigator (Portugal), explored West Africa

2) 1498, Vasco de Gama ____________________________________________________________________

a. Returned with Asian spices, est. an all water trade route to the east

B) Imperialism In Africa – domination by one country of political/economic life of another

1) 1400s, Portuguese explore, build forts in East & West Africa; could not break into the interior

2) mid-1600s, Dutch settled South Africa at Cape Town

a. acted as a service station for Dutch sailors

b. ________________________________________________________________________________

C) Triangular Trade & Slavery (1500s)

1) most valuable African trade good, profitable

2) trade among continents formed a triangle

a. Middle Passage – _________________________________________________________________

3) effects: 11 million Africans shipped out; traditional political structure of Africa fell, societies disappeared

Name _________________________________ Global Lab

Date ____________ Africa, Part I – III Activity Sheet

Part I. Short Answer.

1. What influence did Islam have on the kingdoms of West Africa?

2. Describe one positive and one negative effect of global trade on Africa.

a) Positive:

b) Negative:

3. Who was Mansa Musa? (Describe WHY he was important.)

4. How was the first European contact established in Africa?

Part II. Multiple Choice.

_____ 5. African kingdoms such as Ghana, Songhai, and Axum flourished mainly because they

1) controlled important trade routes

2) developed self-sufficient economies

3) became religious centers considered sacred by Africans

4) received support from European colonial governments

_____ 6. Mansa Musa’s journey to Mecca in the 1300s is evidence that

1) the Crusades had a great influence on western Africa

2) most African leaders were educated in the Middle East

3) European culture was superior to the cultures of western Africa

4) Islam had a major influence on the Mali empire

_____ 7. One major effect of the European slave trade on Africa was that the slave trade

1) strengthened the traditional African economic systems

2) led to a rapid decrease in tribal warfare

3) hastened the decline of African kingdoms

4) increased the number of trade routes across the Sahara

_____ 8. Which civilization best completes the heading of the partial outline below

(1) Benin (3) Mali

(2) Kush (4) Egyptian

_____ 9. Which description best characterizes the city of Timbuktu?

1) port on the water route to East Asia

2) major urban and industrial center on the Silk Road

3) commercial and cultural center of West Africa

4) inland city of the Hanseatic League

_____ 10. Based on the map, which conclusion can be best drawn about this region?

1) The Sahara Desert acted as a barrier to trade.

2) Rivers served as the primary trade routes for the entire region.

3) The economy of the region was influenced by extensive trade connections.

4) Goods from the Gulf of Guinea were exchanged directly with English cities.

Part III. Document Based Question.

DOCUMENT I

11. Does this document express a positive view of diversity? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

DOCUMENT 2

12. What negative effect did the Atlantic trade have on Africans? How did the Atlantic trade benefit Europeans?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

-----------------------

I. _______________________________

A. Spread of Islam

B. Gold & Salt Trade

C. Growth of Timbuktu

D. Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa

To make our dream of a united, democratic, non-racial, non-sexist South Africa real is an immense challenge. Yet we look forward to the future with confidence and hope because we know that the people of South Africa – every racial group, every faith, every ethnic and language community in our country – are possessed of many talents, skills, and an infinite resourcefulness.

-- Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa, 1994

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download