Hispanics in Maryland: Health Data and resources

[Pages:24]BLACKS OR AFRICAN AMERICANS IN MARYLAND: HEALTH DATA AND RESOURCES

December 2013

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

Martin O'Malley, Governor

Anthony G. Brown, Lt. Governor

Joshua M. Sharfstein, Secretary

Blacks or African Americans in Maryland: Health Data and Resources

MARYLAND BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN HEALTH DATA HIGHLIGHTS

The 2010 population estimates showed that the Black or African American population accounted for 29.4% percent of the total population in Maryland. The Maryland Black or African American population increased from 1,477,411 persons in 2000 to 1,700,298 persons in 2010.

In 2010, Blacks or African Americans in Maryland were younger than the Non-Hispanic White Maryland population, and there were more Black or African American females than males (53.3% females, 46.7% males).

Ten percent (10%) of Blacks or African Americans in Maryland were not born in the United States, 5.6 percent of Blacks or African Americans were not U.S. citizens at the time of survey, and 2.4 percent of Blacks or African Americans in Maryland spoke English less than "very well" at the time of survey during the years 2006-2010.

The age-adjusted all-cause mortality rate disparity between Blacks or African Americans and Whites decreased 56.8% from 2001 to 2012. The disparity between the Black or African American and White cancer mortality rate decreased 60.9% during 2001- 2012, and the disparity between the Black or African American and White diabetes mortality rate decreased 46.7%. Despite this progress, disparities still remain between Black or African American and White mortality rates.

The five leading causes of death for Blacks or African Americans in Maryland during 2000-2012 were heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and chronic lung disease.

Black or African American male life expectancy increased by 9.3 years between 1995 and 2012. The disparity in life expectancy between Black or African American and White men decreased by 5 years (53%). Black or African American female life expectancy increased by 6.2 years. The disparity in life expectancy between Black or African American and White women decreased by 3.7 years (64%).

Non-Hispanic (NH) Blacks or African Americans in Maryland were nearly two times (1.9) more likely than NH Whites to not be able to afford to see a doctor, and were 2.1 times more likely than NH Whites to be without health insurance during 2006-2010.

NH Blacks or African Americans were 1.5 times more likely to be obese than their NH White counterparts, and NH Blacks or African Americans were 11% less likely than NH Whites to participate in leisure time physical activities during 2006-2010.

The HIV incidence rate for NH Blacks or African Americans was 9.8 times higher than for NH Whites and the AIDS incidence rate was 13.6 times higher for NH Blacks or African Americans than for NH Whites in Maryland. The HIV mortality rate disparity between Blacks or African Americans and Whites has decreased 66.3% from 2001 to 2012.

Tuberculosis incidence was 8.9 times higher for NH Blacks or African Americans than for NH Whites in Maryland during 2007-2011.

Among adults of all ages, NH Whites were about twice as likely as NH Blacks or African Americans to report having ever seen a provider for a mental health problem during 2001 and 2002, even though the same or more NH Blacks or African Americans reported experiencing persistent poor mental health than NH Whites at all ages during 2001 and 2002 (data not shown) and 2006 ? 2010 (data shown).

Please note that some data sources report race without regard to Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and some report Hispanic or Latino ethnicity without regard to race. Other data sources report results in categories of Non-Hispanic race and Hispanic. Thus, in this document where "White" or "Black or African American" appear not specified as Non-Hispanic, those data include both Hispanics or Latinos and persons not Hispanic or Latino. Where a race appears preceded by "Non-Hispanic" or "NH", those data refer

only to the persons of that race who are not Hispanic or Latino.

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

Page 1

Blacks or African Americans in Maryland: Health Data and Resources

MARYLAND BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN TERMINOLOGY

Black or African American Terminology Used in this Report

In this report, the terms "Black" or "African American" are used interchangeably to describe all people who have origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. US Census Bureau determinations of the Black or African American population ii in Maryland includes people who designated "Black, African American, or Negro" on the Bureau's race question, and respondents who selected "Some Other Race" AND wrote-in a Sub-Saharan African ancestry (e.g. Nigerian or Ethiopian) or a West Indian, Non-Hispanic ancestry (e.g. Jamaican or Haitian). During the data analysis process, the Bureau added respondents who wrote in a Sub-Saharan African ancestry or West Indian, Non-Hispanic ancestry to the Black or African American population totals. The health data used in this report do not differentiate Blacks or African Americans by ethnicity or nationality.

The Maryland Black or African American population is a diverse group in terms of language, ethnicity, and nationality. We estimate that about 90% of the Maryland Black or African American population are U.S. citizens.

OMB Directive 15. Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting

Directive 15 from the Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) provides race and ethnicity standards for use in Federal statistics and administrative reporting. The six racial and ethnic categories required for minimal Federal statistics reporting under the 1997 revision are as follows:

Black or African American. A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. Terms such as "Haitian" or "Negro" can be used in addition to "Black or African American".

American Indian or Alaskan Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.

Asian. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Hispanic. A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. The term "Spanish origin" can be used in addition to "Hispanic or Latino".

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.

White. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.

Note: Per the OMB Directive 15, "the categories in this classification are social-political constructs and should not be interpreted as being scientific or anthropological in nature. They are not to be used as determinants of eligibility for participation in any Federal program. The standards have been developed to provide a common language for uniformity and comparability in the collection and use of data on race and ethnicity by Federal agencies".

Maryland's Efforts to Expand Data Collection of Racial and Ethnic Subgroups

While Federal data sets used by Maryland are already mandated to use OMB Directive 15 in race/ethnicity reporting, the Maryland Health Disparities Collaborative Research and Evaluation Workgroup recommends that Maryland adopt OMB Directive 15 in all race, ethnicity, and language data in an August 2012 report to the DHMH Secretary. The Workgroup also recommends that Maryland should work to add further subcategories of primary racial and Hispanic ethnic groups to the OMB Directive 15 data collection standard for data collected in Maryland.

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

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Blacks or African Americans in Maryland: Health Data and Resources

MARYLAND BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION

Maryland is one of the states where the size of the combined racial and ethnic minority population is beginning to approach the Non-Hispanic White population. An estimated 45.3% of Maryland's population identified as a racial or ethnic minority in 2010. The 2010 Census showed that the Black or African American population was 29.4% of the total population in Maryland (Table 1). According to U.S. Census, the Maryland Black or African American population was counted as 1,189,899 persons, 1,477,411persons, and 1,700,298 persons for the years 1990, 2000, and 2010, respectively (Figure 1).

Table 1. Maryland Population, 2010 U.S. Census by RACE AND ETHNICITY (29.4% Black or African American population)

All Ethnicity

Non-Hispanic

Hispanic

White

3,359,284 58.2%

3,157,958 54.7% 201,326 3.5%

Non-White

Black or African Am. AAssiaiann

Hawaiian/ Pac Isle American Indian

Some Other Race Two or More Races

MD Total

2,414,268

1,700,298 318,853 3,157 20,420 206,832 164,708

5,773,552

41.8%

29.4% 5.5% 0.1% 0.4% 3.6% 2.9%

100.0%

2,144,962

1,674,229 316,694 2,412 13,815 11,972 125,840

5,302,920

37.2% 91.8%

269,306

26,069 2,159 745 6,605

194,860 38,868 470,632

4.7% 8.2%

Source: 2010 Census Demographic Profiles, Department of Planning, Projections and Data Analysis/State Data Center, May 2011

Population over Time

Figure 1. POPULATION of Blacks or African Americans in Maryland 1990-2010

Figure 1 presents the Black or African American population in Maryland across three decades. The Black or African American population was 1,189,899 in 1990, was 1,477,411 in 2000, and was 1,700,298 in 2010. Over the past three decades, the Black or African American population in Maryland has grown approximately 43% according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau.

Source: U.S. Census 1990, 2000, and 2010

Ancestry

The American Community Survey (ACS) is an annual survey conducted by the US Census Bureau that is longer and more comprehensive that the US Census, with a smaller number of participants than the Census. The ACS collects information on ancestry to identify the ethnic origins of respondents and to fulfill Federal reporting requirements under the Civil Rights Act. Ancestry or ethnic origin is asked as an open-ended question where respondents can write-in as many ancestries as they identify with, and data are analyzed using the first, second, and total reported ancestries from participants. Ancestry is particularly useful to highlight in this report because it reveals the diverse ethnic origins and countries of origin of Maryland Blacks or African Americans. The reader should be aware that not all respondents provided the same depth of detail in their response.

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

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Blacks or African Americans in Maryland: Health Data and Resources

Diversity within the Maryland Black or African American Population

Table 2. Maryland Black or African American Population, by REPORTED SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN ANCESTRY, ACS 2006-2010

Ancestry Group

Population

Percent

Percent Foreign- Percent Foreign-Born,

Native-Born

Born, Naturalized Not a US Citizen

Total Sub-Saharan

166,883

45.0%

20.9%

34.2%

African*

African**

90,411

58.6%

15.3%

26.1%

Nigerian

24,687

35.4%

32.5%

32.1%

Ethiopian

16,574

24.6%

31.3%

44.2%

Ghanaian

7,373

28.9%

35.9%

35.2%

Cameroonian

5,994

22.0%

12.7%

65.3%

Liberian

4,007

24.3%

21.6%

54.1%

Sierra Leon

2,915

27.4%

30.5%

42.1%

Kenyan

2,458

22.3%

17.6%

60.1%

Grenadian

1,203

30.5%

48.0%

21.5%

South African

1,076

59.5%

24.8%

34.7%

Cape Verdean

1,022

77.9%

15.0%

7.1%

Congolese

915

20.1%

16.1%

63.8%

Table 2 presents the Sub-Saharan African Ancestry of the Maryland Black or African American population, as reported

on the American Community Survey (ACS) during 2006-2010. It is likely that the numbers underestimate the true prevalence

of the Sub-Saharan Ancestry groups in the Maryland Black or African American population. Of the reported Black or

African American Sub-Saharan African ancestry in Maryland (166,883 persons), nearly half (45.0%) were born in the U.S.

Twenty-one percent (20.9%) of Sub-Saharan Africans were Foreign-born naturalized U.S. citizens at the time of survey, and

34.2% of Sub-Saharan Africans were Foreign-born non-U.S. citizens at the time of survey. The top three ancestry groups

reported were "African" (90,411 persons), "Nigerian" (24,687 persons), and "Ethiopian" (16,574 persons).

Table 3. Maryland Black or African American Population, by REPORTED WEST INDIAN, NON-HISPANIC ANCESTRY ACS 2006-

2010

Ancestry Group

Population Percent

Percent Foreign- Percent Foreign-Born,

Native-Born Born, Naturalized Not a US Citizen

Total West-Indian, Non-

66,474

43.5%

31.3%

25.2%

Hispanic (Caribbean)*

Jamaican

32,252

40.7%

32.6%

26.6%

Haitian

10,695

46.3%

29.3%

24.4%

Trinidadian and Tobagonian

9,471

33.9%

35.0%

31.2%

West Indian**

8,974

59.9%

22.0%

18.0%

British West Indian

2,637

42.9%

39.0%

18.1%

Barbadian

1,314

38.3%

41.8%

19.9%

Table 3 presents the West Indian Ancestry (excluding Hispanic Groups) of the Maryland Black or African American

population, as reported on the ACS during 2006-2010. It is likely that the numbers underestimate the true prevalence of

the West Indian Ancestry groups in the Maryland Black or African American population. Of the reported Black or African

American West Indian ancestry in Maryland (66,474 persons), a little less than half (43.5%) were born in the U.S. Thirty-one

percent (31.3%) of West Indians were Foreign-born naturalized U.S. citizens at the time of survey, and 25.2% of West

Indians were Foreign-born non-U.S. citizens at the time of survey. The top three ancestry groups reported were "Jamaican"

(32, 252 persons), "Haitian" (10,695 persons), and "Trinidadian and Tobagonian" (9,471 persons).

*The ancestry groups of "Sub-Saharan African" and "West Indian" are categories designated by the ACS and may not reflect the current terminology used by members of these ancestry groups. **The ancestry groups "African" and "West Indian" categories were written-in by respondents to the ACS, and may reflect general ancestries.

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

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Blacks or African Americans in Maryland: Health Data and Resources

Black or African American Population Diversity by Place of Birth, U.S. Citizenship, and Year of Entry

Figure 2. Maryland Black or African American Population, by PLACE OF BIRTH and U.S. CITIZENSHIP STATUS, ACS, 2006-2010

Figure 3. Maryland Black or African American ForeignBorn Population by YEAR OF ENTRY into the U.S., ACS, 2006-2010

Figure 2 shows the Maryland Black or African American population by place of birth and U.S. citizenship status during 2006-2010. Ninety (90%) percent of the Maryland population reporting Black or African American race were Native-Born, U.S. citizens. Four percent (4%) of the Maryland population reporting Black or African American race were Foreign-Born, naturalized U.S. citizens during 20062010, and 6% were Foreign-Born, but not a U.S. citizen during 2006-2010.

Figure 3 shows the Maryland Black or African American,

Foreign-Born population by year of entry into the U.S.

Thirty-two percent (32%) of the Foreign-Born Maryland

Black or African American population entered before

1990, and have been living in the U.S. for over 20 years.

Twenty-nine (29%) of the Maryland Black or African

American population that are Foreign-born entered the

U.S. between 1990 and 1999, and 39% of the

Maryland Black or African American population that are

Foreign-Born are recent immigrants, entering the U.S.

since 2000.

Source: ACS, 2006-2010

Maryland Foreign-Born Population by World Region of Birth and Year of Entry

Figure 4. Maryland Foreign-Born Population by WORLD REGION OF BIRTH, and YEAR OF ENTRY, ACS 2006-2010

Figure 4 displays the total Maryland ForeignBorn population and the Maryland Black or African American African-born population by world region of birth and year of entry into the U.S. Compared to Maryland's overall Foreign-Born population, a greater percentage of the Black or African American African-born population in Maryland entered the U.S. in 2000 or after. This graph demonstrates that almost half (48.3%) of the Black or African American African-born population in Maryland are recent immigrants to the U.S., entering the U.S. in 2000 or after. In contrast, over 60% of the total Maryland Foreign-Born population entered the U.S. before 2000.

Source: ACS, 2006-2010

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

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Blacks or African Americans in Maryland: Health Data and Resources

Age and Gender

Figure 5. AGE DISTRIBUTION of Blacks or African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites in Maryland, 2010

Figure 5 shows the comparison of age distribution between the Black or African American population and the

Non-Hispanic White population in Maryland. Blacks or African Americans in Maryland were slightly younger

than the Non-Hispanic White population. Specifically, the Black or African American population 44 years and

younger constituted 65% of the overall Black or African American population: 12% more than that of the Non-

Hispanic White population in Maryland. According to the 2010 Census, the median age of the state's Black or

African American population was 35 years, compared to 43 years for the Non-Hispanic White Maryland

population. For Blacks or African Americans, the median age of males was 32 years and of females was 37

years; while the median age of the Non-Hispanic White population was 42 years for males and 44 years for

females.

Source: U.S. Census 2010

Figure 6. GENDER DISTRIBUTION of Blacks or African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites in Maryland, 2010

Figure 6 presents the comparison of gender distribution for Blacks or African Americans, and Non-Hispanic Whites in Maryland for 2010. Blacks or African Americans had a larger portion of females compared to the Non-Hispanic White population.

Source: U.S. Census 2010

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

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Blacks or African Americans in Maryland: Health Data and Resources

Black or African American Population by Jurisdiction

Table 4. Black or African American Population by JURISDICTION, Maryland, 2010

Total

Black or African

American

% Black or African

Population

American

MARYLAND

5,773,552

1,700,298

29.45%

NORTHWEST AREA GARRET ALLEGANY WASHINGTON FREDERICK

BALTIMORE METRO AREA BALTIMORE CITY BALTIMORE ANNE ARUNDEL CARROLL HOWARD HARFORD

485,999 30,097 75,087 147,430 233,385

2,662,691 620,961 805,029 537,656 167,134 287,085 244,826

40,610 301

6,028 14,133 20,148

775,581 395,781 209,738 83,484

5,332 50,188 31,058

8.36% 1.00% 8.03% 9.59% 8.63%

29.13% 63.74% 26.05% 15.53% 3.19% 17.48% 12.69%

NATIONAL CAPITAL AREA MONTGOMERY PRINCE GEORGE'S

1,835,197 971,777 863,420

723,935 167,315 556,620

39.45% 17.22% 64.47%

SOUTHERN AREA CALVERT CHARLES ST. MARY'S

340,439 88,737 146,551 105,151

86,991 11,930 60,031 15,030

25.55% 13.44% 40.96% 14.29%

EASTERN SHORE AREA CECIL KENT QUEEN ANNE'S CAROLINE TALBOT DORCHESTER WICOMICO SOMERSET WORCESTER

449,226 101,108 20,197 47,798 33,066 37,782 32,618 98,733 26,470 51,454

73,181 6,284 3,056 3,298 4,585 4,829 9,042 23,873 11,192 7,022

16.29% 6.22% 15.13% 6.90% 13.87% 12.78% 27.72% 24.18% 42.28% 13.65%

Table 4 presents the Black or African American population count and percent distribution by jurisdiction in Maryland in 2010.

The Black or African American population in Maryland was centered in Prince George's County and Baltimore City. More than half (56%) of the State's Blacks or African Americans live in these two jurisdictions. Blacks or African Americans accounted for about 64% of residents in both Prince George's County and Baltimore City.

Only seven of the 24 Maryland jurisdictions had fewer than 10 percent of Black or African American population in their jurisdictions.

Source: 2010 Census Demographic Profiles, Department of Planning, U.S. Census 2010

Note: The yellow highlighted counties had more than 20 percent of Black or African American population in their jurisdictions.

Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

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