INTRODUCTION I. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION II. THE ...
OUTLINE
Chapter 16
America¡¯s Gilded
Age,
1870-1890
This chapter examines the changes that
industrialization brought to American
society during the final decades of the
19th century. A growing industrial
economy presented new challenges to
those who owned businesses and to
those who worked in factories.
INTRODUCTION
I. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
II. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST
III. POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE
IV. FREEDOM IN THE GILDED AGE
V. LABOR AND THE REPUBLIC
INTRODUCTION
STORY:
In 1886 American¡¯s celebrated the
opening of the Statue of Liberty in
New York Harbor. The statue was
a gift to America from France, and
it soon became the symbol of
American freedom especially for
the millions who immigrated to
this country during the Gilded Age.
But the Gilded Age was also a time
of great tension between those who
increasingly argued that freedom
ought to mean more than civic
rights. The great question of the
age, according to Eric Foner, was
¡°What are the social conditions
that make freedom possible?¡¯
THEMES:
1. Industrialization produced new conditions in American society that
forced a rethinking of the meaning of freedom.
2. The settlement of the American West during this time period was part of
the process of capitalist expansion taking place in the East.
3. The middle class and the working class had responses to the changes
brought about by industrialization, but the political system of the Gilded
Age could not effectively direct reform.
I. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
FOCUS QUESTION: How did the United States become a mature
industrial society in the decades after the Civil War?
A. The Industrial Economy
1. By 1913, the United States produced onethird of the world¡¯s industrial output
2. The 1880 census showed for the first time
that a majority of the work force engaged in
non-farming jobs
3. Growth of cities were vital for financing
industrialization
a. Great Lakes region
i. Pittsburgh
ii. Chicago
B. The National Market
1. The railroad made possible what is
sometimes called the second industrial
revolution
2. The growing population formed an everexpanding market for the mass production,
mass distribution, and mass marketing of
goods
C. The Spirit of Innovation
1. Scientific breakthroughs poured forth
from Thomas A. Edison
ID & S
Second
Industrial
Revolution
STUDY HINT
You should be able
to identify how
markets and
innovation
stimulated
industrialization.
D. Competition and Consolidation
1. Depression plagued the economy between
1873 and 1897
2. Businesses engaged in ruthless
competition
3. To avoid cutthroat competition, more and
more corporations battled to control entire
industries
a. Between 1897 and 1904, 4,000 firms
vanished into larger corporations
E. Captains of Industry
1. The railroad pioneered modern techniques
of business organization
a. Thomas Scott of Pennsylvania Railroad
2. Andrew Carnegie worked for Scott at
Pennsylvania Railroad
3. By the 1890s, Carnegie dominated the
steel industry
a. Vertical integration
4. Carnegie¡¯s life reflected his desire to
succeed and his desire to give back to society
5. John D. Rockefeller dominated the oil
industry
a. Horizontal integration
6. ¡°Captains of industry¡± versus ¡°Robber
Barons¡±
ID & S
Andrew
Carnegie
ID & S
Vertigal
Integration
ID & S
Horizontal
Integration
F. Workers¡¯ Freedom in an
Industrial Age
1. For a minority of workers, the rapidly
expanding industrial system created new
forms of freedom
2. For most workers, economic insecurity
remained a basic fact of life
3. Between 1880 and 1900, an average of
35,000 workers perished each year in factory
and mine accidents, the highest rate in the
industrial world
4. Women were part of the working class
G. Sunshine and Shadow
1. Class divisions became more and more
visible
2. Many of the wealthiest Americans
consciously pursued an aristocratic lifestyle
a. Thorstein Veblen on ¡°conspicuous
consumption¡±
3. The working class lived in desperate
conditions
STUDY HINT
You should be able
to identify some of
the advantages that
industrialization
brought to workers
and some of the
disadvantages.
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