Central CUSD 4
Chapter 21 – APUSHUrban America and the Progressive Era 1900-1917Progressive era was defined by struggles over the true meaning of American democracyIndustrial growth and rapid industrialization had led to a need for reforms, in the inner-cities, but no one really knew howWhat was the government’s job? How much to get involved? Educated women helped this movement quite a bit with the development and spread of settlement houses (EX: Henry Street Settlement House – Lillian Wald)It became apparent that the problems were too big for individual reforms and required national and global strategies for reform21.1 The Origins of Progressivism Between 1890s and WWI, large & diverse group of Americans labeled themselves “Progressives”Progressives believed in some type of reform; America needed a new social consciousness to cope with all the problems that came about because of economic and social changesProgressivism was NOT a unified movement – many progressives disagreed with other progressives and/or held very different views on things21.1.1 Unifying ThemesThree basic attitudes of the progressive movement: anger, desire for social cohesion and common bonds, and belief in the need for citizens to intervene to make changeAnger – Progressives were angry about the excesses of capitalism and urban growth and wanted to use the rules of democracy to affect change (voting, elections, court system, etc.)Social cohesion/common bonds – Rejected the idea of individualism and felt the problems society had were structural, not just failures of individual families – so it was necessary to change the structureIntervention – Looked to convert personal outrage into civic activism and to mobilize public opinion in new ways. They wanted the government more involvedTwo sources of inspiration to try and advance the progressive movement: 1. Evangelical Protestantism (Social gospel movement from Ch. 20) – focused on the duty and ability of Christians to try to “right” the world and 2. Naturalistic ways to improve through social work and the latest in science, etc. “An uneasy combination of social justice and social control” – p. 45721.1.2 New Journalism: MuckrakingChanges in journalism helped foster reforms because they problems of urban poverty, political corruption, immoral business practices, labor issues – they were all exposed in newspapers, so people were finding outEX: Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives) – you will want to know this (p. 457-458)Magazine journalists turned to this type of journalism as wellEX: S.S. McClure – started America’s 1st large-circulation magazine, McClure’sMcClure hired people to write detailed articles about our social problems (EX: The Shame of the Cities – Lincoln Steffens, History of the Standard Oil Company – Ida Tarbell)It wasn’t just that these muckrakers wanted to foster change; they realized that people bought these stories like crazy (increased sales tremendously, especially among middle class)Several of these articles prompted actual campaigns for change and legislative moves (EX: Upton Sinclair & The Jungle – Chicago’s meatpacking industry)Basically, these people disrupted the fluidity of society by showing that things were jacked up, so often resented. EX: Ida B. Wells and her crusade about black lynchings in the south – her research showed that majority of the lynchings had nothing to do with sexual transgressions (the whole justification for lynchings) and that the cause was usually to eliminate competition with white businessmenPresident T. Roosevelt didn’t like when his friends or supporters were getting exposed through this journalism, so he called these people “muckrakers” because they were “always raking up the mud in society and never looked up” Muckraking – journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils, so named by T. Roosevelt for its “raking the muck” of American society21.1.3 Intellectual Trends Promoting ReformNot all progressives were muckrakers; some were challenging deep, core ideas of American intellect – new theories on education, law, economics, and society were developingThe emergence of Social Sciences contributed – sociology, psychology, etc. (These fields emphasized how people actually lived and behaved in their communities)EX: Critiques of Social Darwinism – the application of Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to society, that the fittest and wealthiest survive, the weak and the poor perish, & it’s not up to the government to try to interveneEX: John Dewey – critiqued the rigid & formal approach to education; advocated for creative intelligenceEX: Robert La Follette – Wisconsin labor laws21.1.4 The Female DominionCollege-educated, middle class women were key in the fight for social justiceThey wanted to help their neighborhoods and provide charity, etc., but soon realized that it was so bad that they had to actually confront the major social issues first (and could not do that alone): i.e. chronic poverty, child labor, industrial accidents, overcrowded tenement houses, etc.Jane Addams – Hull House – Chicago 1889 – early marriage or traditional female jobs of teachers or nurses, Addams found opening and managing the Hull House to be a much better alternativeLillian Wald got it approved in NY for a nurse to be assigned to every public school in NYCWald also helped with woman suffrage, child labor legislation, & even helped give the Negro Association a platform (which led to creation of NAACP)Florence Kelley – helped with state and federal legislation to limit women to an 8 hour workday, barred children under 14 from working, and abolished tenement laborThese women helped open new professions to women – using the traditional ones (nursing and teaching) to join with social reforms and political influenceBe familiar with Kelley, Addams, and Wald and their contributionsBottom line, men still dominated politics, but women were starting to reshape aspects of politics, even without the right to vote“Women’s place is Home…” quote on p. 460 – Discuss21.2 Progressive Politics in Cities and States (p. 461)Even though different progressives had different motives and goals, they were all united on their attacks on government corruption, the need to bring corporate power under control, & more active involvement from local governments21.2.1 The Urban MachineBy 1900, most large American cities were controlled by Irish Democratic party bosses (machines)How? Through disciplined organization and by providing essential services to both ends of the economic spectrum (food baskets and basics to immigrant poor and party favors to the elite)Successful machine politician – became successful by providing services to people who needed itEX: immigrants dealt with unemployment, sickness, discrimination, but in exchange for voting for one of these machine guys, they would get jobs, food, money, etc. To expand, political machines started pushing for legislation to help the poor immigrants, so they would get that many more votesSo political machinists would ally with progressive reformers (EX: Robert Wagner, Al Smith, and Big Tim Sullivan – top of p. 462)21.2.2 Progressives and Urban Reform Because of deteriorating urban conditions and the power/manipulation of political machines, political progressivism originated in the citiesCity governments just couldn’t handle the large scale needs their cities had“Good government” movement – tried to make city management nonpartisan by bringing the large corporation concepts to citiesThey limited the power of one mayor for a city and expanded powers by appointing administrators and “community leaders”Business and professional elites were big boosters of reforms in urban government EX: Galveston, TX hurricane disaster – discuss how the reformed government dealt with this catastrophe – p. 462This commission form of government would spreadProgressive politicians focused on changing policies instead of political structureEX: Cleveland mayor Thomas Johnson – p. 46221.2.3 Statehouse ProgressivesState level – progressives introduced and advocated for new ways to make politics less corrupt and more effectiveDirect primary – put elections into hands of party voters instead of the smoky back room Oregon – initiated two reformsInitiative – the power to initiate legislation Referendum – the right to a popular vote on proposed legislationAustralian – secret ballotCalifornia Recall – the power to remove elected officials from office17th Amendment – shifted the selection of US senators from state legislatures to direct votingAt the same time, progressives also sought to get the government less involved in certain issues – felt unbiased experts and board members should just make decisions on certain infrastructure instead of letting it be decided by a vote“Fighting Bob” LaFollette – Wisconsin – pushed for all sorts of reforms, but most notable the “Wisconsin Idea” – using faculty experts and their academic knowledge to help affect change and address the needs of the peopleNew York – Theodore Roosevelt won governor job based off his war hero status (S-A War)Supported by Republican party machine, but also embraced progressivismHe felt the needs of the people should be above and any partisan conceptsHe set wages and labor laws, and was all about progressive measures for NY’s forest preservesWestern progressives – focused on railroads, mining/timber companies, and public utilitiesSouthern progressives – tried to control greedy corporations and “unruly” citizensChild labor laws – 12 was minimum for children to be employedSouthern progressivism – only for whitesFelt blacks should be disenfranchised (couldn’t vote) and segregatedLiteracy tests at the polls & Jim Crow lawsPlessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) – not happening – see per capita expenditures (p. 463)Voting was actually suppressed by all of the progressive reformsVoters less interested in elections, as corruption lessenedResidency requirements tightenedPolitics became more open, nonpartisan, etc., and that led to a decline in voter participationVoter participation went from 90% to 60% and has pretty much stayed that way21.3 Social Control and its LimitsThere was concern that immigrants and the large cities were going to ruin American democracy (Protestant progressives had these fears)Alien cultural practices would wreck American moralitySome progressives basically felt it was their moral obligation to control and put restrictions on various social issues, such as regulating drinking, prostitution, leisure activities, and schooling21.3.1 The Prohibition MovementWomen’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was fueled by women who were upset with men who got drunk and then abused their wives and children As a result, the focus was to end the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholWCTU also focused on non-temperance activities (Sunday School, woman suffrage, homeless shelters)By 1911, WCTU was largest women’s organization in American historyTemperance groups – groups dedicated to reducing the sale and consumption of alcoholSome men bought in because they were businessmen and they realized if they supported the closing of saloons, the employees would be more productiveBattle to ban alcohol – revealed deep ethnic and cultural divides within American citiesWho were the supporters and opponents of prohibition? (p. 464)21.3.2 The Social EvilThen there was the issue of prostitution or the “social evil” Between 1895 and 1920 – prostitution became much more prevalentThis “white slave traffic” issue became a national sensation and foreigners and Jews were scapegoats for this problemCongress passed legislation that allowed for any foreign-born prostitutes to be deportedMann Act – made it a federal offense to transport women across state lines for “immoral purposesThere was all the talk about the immorality of prostitution, but at the end of the day, prostitution was a wage-earning job for women, in a world of limited opportunitiesEX: Maimie Pinzer’s (prostitute) quote – p. 464Red-light districts and brothels were shut down, but all that did was pave the way for streetwalkers and call girls to replace them 21.3.3 The Redemption of LeisureCommercial entertainment was on the riseWorking class adults and their children spent money at vaudevilles, theaters, amusement parks, dance halls, etc. Cultural traditionalists were concerned they were losing touch with the middle class an one of the responses – Playgrounds Movement –to try to get kids back to playing outdoors and just having fun 1908 – movies were the most popular form of cheap entertainment in AmericaCheap enough for the immigrants/tenement dwellersBecame more advanced and then the middle class started going tooBecause so many people were partaking, progressives felt the need to make sure movies were classy, reviewed, and acceptable for the masses21.3.4 Standardizing EducationIn addition to academics, schools started including patriotism, piety, and respect for authorityPublic schools were an agent of “Americanization”It was a way to get immigrant children assimilated into American culture and break up the ethnic villagesExpansion and bureaucratization of public school systems Children started younger and stayed longer1918 – every state had some sort of attendance ruleHigh schools multiplied21.4 Challenges to ProgressivismSome organized workers opposed progressivismIndustrial workers needed a way to unify and become a force for wage regulation, etc., but there were so many different levels of skills, ethnicities, etc., that it was hard to organize trade unionsIndustrial workers became a force in local and national politics – one more voice calling for social justice21.4.1 The New Global Immigration 1900 – 1920: 14.5 million people came to the US (immigration)60% came from southern and eastern Europe (most of these lacked industrial skills)So they got the bottom-level jobs (sweatshops, factories, etc.)By WWI start, 60% of industrial force was foreign bornWhy did these immigrants come to the US? Subsistence farming had been overpowered by commercial agricultureShortage of landReligious and political persecutionCheap labor Many immigrants planned to come to the US to make a living/earn money and then return back homeSocial networkingThe low-paid, back breaking work in the mills and factories was done by these Eastern immigrantsMany had their entire families back at home and they were just trying to make some money to take homeHemispheric migration increased sharply during this time too900,000 came from Canada (came to New England area)Mexican workers came to work the farms, railroads, and mines in the West Barrios developed – Mexican communitiesCaribbean-born population also grew – usually came to NYC – they were more literate, educated, and had skills compared to the Eastern EuropeansStill faced discrimination though200,000 Japanese came (usually lived in LA – Angel Island vs. Ellis Island)21.4.2 Urban GhettosNew immigrant communities became densely packed ghettos (all the Irish lived in the same area, etc.)Cities were so big that it was comfortable for ethnic groups to stay isolated and togetherNYC – center of both Jewish immigration & ready-to-wear clothing industry Garment industry was mostly manned by JewsA very seasonal industry – some weeks 60-70 hours, followed by long lay-offsStrikes occurred – The Uprising of the 20,000 – garment strikers demanded union recognition, better wages, and safer and more sanitary conditionsMost strikers went back to work with no union recognition 3 months later, but progress was made – ILGWU (p. 469) negotiated contracts with shirtwaist makersTriangle Shirtwaist Factory fire – March 25, 1911 – flames spread and workers were trapped by exit doors that were locked on the outside, fire escapes too narrow to withstand the heat146 people were dead within first half hour (mostly Jewish women)Women progressives joined up with Tammany Hall leaders to create New York State Factory Investigation Commission – led to series of state laws that majorly improved safety conditions and limited hours for working women & children 21.4.3 Company TownsCompany towns were where a single large corporation was dominant, so pretty much everyone who lived in that town worked for that corporationWorkers had little to no influence over political and economic institutions within these citiesHad to buy their food, clothing, and supplies at company stores, at higher prices (only option)Family networks, saloons, churches, etc. were good for communal activitiesModern machinery and industrial discipline led to high rates of injury and deaths? of new steel workers were killed or injured each yearRole of women in these company towns – take care of the house, raise kids, and make some extra money by taking in boarders, sewing, and other odd jobsThese were the same women who endured the abuse from their drunken husbands Ludlow Massacre – demonstrated just how violent strikes could be, government’s involvement – President Woodrow Wilson’s intervention (p. 470)21.4.4 Competing Visions of Unionism: The AFL and the IWWAfter depression in 1890s, AFL was strongest and most stable organization of workersMembership grew to 1.7 million by 1904 (up from 500,000 in 1897)Trade autonomy and exclusive jurisdiction were the ruling principles within the AFLMany trade unions barred women and African Americans from joiningAFL unions experienced economic slumps, technological changes, and other problemsNational Association of Manufacturers (NAM) launched an “open shop” – factory or business employing workers whether or not they are union members; in practice, such a business usually refuses to hire union members and follows antiunion policies. Open Shop – name for a workplace where unions were not allowedMining was a difficult area – miners experienced harsh conditions and would strike for better onesA couple mining companies decided to hire detectives and fired all the union membersThe union miners retaliated by blowing up one of the millsThe governor (Idaho) declared martial law and brought in soldiers and the soldiers were strikebreakers, and imprisoned many of the striking minersWFM (Western Federation of Miners), socialists, and other radical groups all got together in Chicago and created the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) – they nicknamed themselves the Wobblies – most influential of the Wobblies – Big Bill HaywoodThe IWW was pretty powerful in the West because of how they included everyone and spoke multiple languages, etc. Once WWI came along, the IWW pretty much folded because its anti-capitalist rhetoric (more so its Socialist ties) was too anti-American21.4.5 Rebels in Bohemia1910s – group of influential, cultural radicals - painters, journalists, poets, social workers, lawyers, and political activists met in Greenwich Village (NYC neighborhood) These people all felt sympathy for the struggles of labor, a passion for modern art, and an openness to socialism, anarchy, etc. They rejected the Victorian sexual double standard, as well as traditional marriage roles, and they advocated for birth control, etc. These people were known as Bohemians – artistic individuals who lived with a disregard for conventional rules of behaviorGreenwich Village was unique – cheap rent, studio space, restaurants, and its location was close to all of the political and labor activism taking place in ManhattanSome people experimented or were looking for an escape and would wind up at least visiting Greenwich VillageProvided a close-knit, socially collective community for people to be drawn to21.5 Women’s Movements and Black Activism p. 472Women and African Americans were often at odds with “mainstream progressives” Women focused on temperance, prohibition, suffrage, & birth control, and they were gaining a place in public life, as well as fostering a new crew of female leaders who would not be quietAfrican Americans had to deal with racism everywhere and were trying to the rights they gained in Reconstruction 21.5.1 The New WomanWomen were joining organizations at a fast rateMen at the office, kids at school, family size declining, so the women had more of an opportunityMore and more women were also going to collegeWomen’s clubs (single sex clubs) were very popular – they focused on self-improvement, intellectual opportunities, among other thingsThese clubs provided women with a female-centered community and that strengthened their visionsChild-saving reforms was one of the major areas of focus – child labor laws for exMany of these women could use their husband’s money to fund these programs tooNational Consumers’ League (NCL) – headed by Florence Kelley – they focused on exposing all the labor abuses that were happening 21.5.2 Birth ControlMargaret Sanger – coined the term “birth control” (1913) – focused on contraceptive info and devices for womenSanger was condemned for trying to help women in this manner, so she went to Europe to learn more about how they operated and then brought her new knowledge back to NYWoman Rebel – celebrated female autonomy & sexual expression, control over one’s bodyAnother article she wrote saw her facing 45 years in prison, so she went back to EuropeBut then she came back and went on a speaking tour about birth control and opened up a birth control clinicShe was arrested again, but her efforts lasted as birth control clinics soon spread to every major city21.5.3 Racism and Accommodation80% of African Americans lived in the South working in agricultureRacism was growing in both intensity and influence in American politics and cultureDarwin’s evolutionary theory didn’t help – basically said blacks were the “degenerate” race – predisposed to crime, disease, etc., and that’s why they struggledRacist popular culture – “coon songs” – mocked and made fun of African AmericansBooker T. Washington – most important black leader of the dayHe was educated at Hampton in VirginiaHe founded the Tuskegee Institute – black school in Alabama devoted to industrial and moral educationUrged blacks to focus on self-reliance and economic improvementUp From Slavery – Washington’s book that focused on being an American self-made manHelped found the National Negro Business League (with A. Carnegie’s help) – to preach the virtue of black business development in black communities21.5.4 Racial Justice, the NAACP, and Black Women’s ActivismW.E.B. DuBois – scholar and activist who served as an alternative to Booker T. WashingtonDuBois educated at Fisk University and then Harvard – he focused on “double consciousness” – black people would always feel tension between an African heritage and their desire to assimilate as AmericansSo Washington was more conciliatory and trying to keep everything happy between blacks and whitesDuBois is now promoting the right to fight against all of the discrimination – fight for the right to vote, fight for civic equality, etc. Niagara Movement – protested legal segregation, exclusion of blacks from labor unions, etc.; African American group organized in 1905 to promote racial integration, civil and political rights, and equal access to economic opportunityNiagara Movement wasn’t very effective, but it was the forerunner for something huge!1909 – DuBois attended a National Negro Conference at Henry Street Settlement in NY – and several groups, including sympathetic white progressives – formed the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) – focused on overturning legal and economic barriers to equal opportunityDisenfranchisement of black voters in South limited black political influenceBlack women tried to create new strategies to challenge white supremacy and improve life in their communitiesNational Association of Colored Women Clubs – focused on racial uplift, women’s suffrage, health advances, etc. 21.6 National ProgressivismBoth T. Roosevelt and W. Wilson (Rep & Dem respectively) brought progressive ideas and agendas with them into the White HouseThis led to a rival and questioning of old political party ideas and would somewhat change the political landscape from here on out21.6.1 Theodore Roosevelt and Presidential ActivismMcKinley was assassinated in 1901 and T. Roosevelt (TR) was out on a safari when he found out he would be the next president (big wigs like Rockefeller and Carnegie had pushed for him to be VP because it was a somewhat powerless office – until the president dies!)TR viewed presidency as a bully pulpit – platform from which he could exhort Americans to reform their societyTR believed the educated and wealthy Americans had an obligation to help those less fortunateHe was colorful, creative, and shrewdAlso felt the national government needed to become more active to curb the power and manipulation of the wealthy industrialists (back to Rockefeller, Carnegie, etc)TR learned how to guide and inspire public opinionTR got involved in issues that no other president previously had concerned themselves with – EX: the anthracite coal industry strike – he brought both sides in to talk it out at the White House, he also got involved with the meatpacking industry after reading The Jungle21.6.2 Trust Busting and RegulationRapid business consolidations were happening when he took over and the public was getting concerned1902 – he ordered the Justice Department to start looking at several violations under the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890 – had sought to promote economic competition by prohibiting business combinations in restraint of trade and commerce)EX: Northern Securities Company – JP Morgan – broke the idea of railroad manipulation (p. 475)This example and others made TR known as a “trust-buster”43 cases of trying to restrain or dissolve monopolies were filed during his time in officeIt was a necessary thing to do to assert the federal government’s authority over big businessSeveral times, the big wigs would come to the White House and meet with TR and he would let certain consolidations happen, but bottom line, he wanted to make sure that it was clear to all that the federal government was more powerful than corporationsTR was reelected easily in 1904 (over Dem. Alton B. Parker)Once he was safely into his 2nd term, he felt more confident in passing three important measures into lawHepburn Act – strengthened the ICC by authorizing it to set maximum railroad rates and inspect financial recordsPure Food and Drug Act – established the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), which tested and approved drugs before they went on the marketMeat Inspection Act – empowered the Department of Ag to inspect and label meat products, which protected people from fraudulently labeled food and drugs Some big businesses really liked these new, tougher standards because it drove out the smaller competition (some small businesses couldn’t afford to meet the new standards)Bottom line – progressive-era expansion helped both the big businesses and the American consumers alike21.6.3 The Birth of EnvironmentalismTR was a naturalist and outdoorsman (hence the safari he was on earlier)Felt the need to get the government involved in forest and water conservation reforms1905 – he created the US Forest Service – to be led by Gifford PinchotWith regards to managing our natural resources, TR took the middle road between preservation and unrestricted commercial development – other groups were much more radicalEX: John Muir and the Sierra Club – these members were very committed to preservation of resourcesThere was a difference between conservationists (Pinchot) and preservationists (Muir) and it came to light in the San Francisco water source struggle (be familiar – p. 476)Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 – established the Reclamation Bureau and provided federal funding for dam and canal projects; established a growing federal presence in managing water resources, which would be an issue for many years21.6.4 The Election of 1912: A Four-Way RaceTR kept his promise to retire after a 2nd term and he chose Sec of War William Howard Taft to be his successor.Taft beat William Jennings Bryan and proceeded to create somewhat of a rift between the Republican party.How? He supported many progressive measures like safety codes in mines and railroads, child labor laws, and income taxes, but he alienated TR’s fights involving tariffs, anti-trusts, and conservation policies. When TR returned from another safari and found all this out, he decided to un-retire. TR directly challenged Taft for the republican primary, but lost* (1st state primaries)Since he lost, he organized the Progressive Party and got on the presidential ticket that wayTR’s platform: “New Nationalism” – a vision of a strong federal government, led by an activist president, regulating and protecting the various interests in societyTR called for woman suffrage, 8 hour work day, prohibition of child labor, minimum wage standards, etc. Democrats went with Woodrow Wilson (gov. of NY)Wilson declared himself a true progressive and he focused more on trying to beat TR instead of TaftWilson’s platform: New Freedom – emphasized restoring conditions of free competition and equality of economic opportunity. Wilson did not think the federal government should be as big as TR wanted it to beSocialist candidate Eugene V. Debs also ran and was the radical choiceSocialist party was still growing at this time though and they had many socialists already in state and local officesDebs’ platform: collective ownership of all large-scale industry and all means of transportation and communicationAt the end of the day, the splitting of the Republican Party was too much to overcome and it essentially gave the election to Wilson (see map 21.2 p. 478)Election of 1912 – 1st modern presidential race – featured direct primaries, challenges to traditional loyalties, an actual issue-oriented campaign, and interest group involvement21.6.5 Woodrow Wilson’s 1st Term President Wilson followed TR’s suit as far as expanding activism in his new roleHe responded to the pressure for a greater federal role in regulation of business and economy Direct lobbying was a new feature in American politics as a resultWilson pushed several reform proposals through during his presidencyUnderwood-Simmons Act of 1913 – Reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income taxHe was able to do this because of the ratification of the 16th Amendment – gave Congress power to impose taxes on income (and imposed the 1st graduated tax)Federal Reserve Act – restructured our banking and currency system by creating 12 Federal Reserve banks, regulated by Washington DC – this Federal Reserve Board led to the diminishing of power of large private banks finallyClayton Antitrust Act of 1914 – replaced the Sherman Act of 1890 as the new anti-trust law – it exempted unions from being construed as illegal combinations in restraint of trade, and it forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions against strikersFederal Trade Commission of 1914 – gave the federal government the same sort of regulatory control over corporations that the ICC had over railroadsWilson was much more reserved when it came to social issues in his first years in officeHe angered many progressives when he rejected federal child labor legislation and rural credits to farmersHe also issued a statement to institute legal segregation in formal employmentWilson realized some of these social rejections had upset a lot of people so in prep for election of 1916, he decided to throw some support back to these groups (Keating-Owen Act – banned children under 14 from working in certain places, for example)But none of that really mattered much because by the time of the election of 1916, WWI was becoming a way bigger issue. ................
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