The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH ...

LIVING ENVIRONMENT

The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION

LIVING ENVIRONMENT

Thursday, August 18, 2016 -- 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only

Student Name _____________________________________________________________

School Name ______________________________________________________________

The possession or use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking this examination. If you have or use any communications device, no matter how briefly, your examination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you.

Print your name and the name of your school on the lines above. A separate answer sheet for multiple-choice questions in Parts A, B?1, B?2, and D has been provided to you. Follow the instructions from the proctor for completing the student information on your answer sheet. You are to answer all questions in all parts of this examination. Record your answers for all multiple-choice questions, including those in Parts B?2 and D, on the separate answer sheet. Record your answers for all open-ended questions directly in this examination booklet. All answers in this examination booklet should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. You may use scrap paper to work out the answers to the questions, but be sure to record all your answers on the answer sheet or in this examination booklet as directed. When you have completed the examination, you must sign the declaration printed on your separate answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration.

Notice... A four-function or scientific calculator must be made available for you to use while taking this examination.

DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN.

LIVING ENVIRONMENT

Part A

Answer all questions in this part. [30]

Directions (1?30): For each statement or question, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.

1 Which sequence represents structures organized from most complex to least complex?

(1) chloroplast guard cell leaf oak tree (2) guard cell chloroplast leaf oak tree (3) oak tree guard cell leaf chloroplast (4) oak tree leaf guard cell chloroplast

2 Autotrophs differ from heterotrophs in that only autotrophs

(1) require carbon dioxide for cellular respiration (2) release oxygen as a product of cellular

respiration (3) synthesize nutrients using carbon dioxide and

water (4) break down sugars to assemble other molecules

3 Burmese pythons are large snakes that have been introduced into the Florida Everglades ecosystem. Burmese pythons and alligators hunt the same prey. One likely effect of the introduction of the pythons is that

(1) alligators will have more prey available (2) pythons will become native to the

Everglades (3) alligator populations will decline (4) pythons will become an endangered species

4 Which activity enables humans to produce new genetic combinations in other organisms?

(1) selecting and breeding the organisms for specific traits

(2) increasing the number of enzymes available to the organisms

(3) growing organisms that reproduce asexually (4) decreasing the amount of DNA in the diet of

the organisms

5 Before a cell divides, an exact copy of each chromosome is made by the process of

(1) genetic engineering (3) mutation

(2) replication

(4) recombination

6 Some time ago, there were thousands of California condors in North America. Large numbers were poisoned from lead in bullets that were used to kill the animals the condors fed on. An effort was made to help save this large scavenger. There are now more than 350 California condors in North America. The condors most likely increased in number because humans decided to

(1) produce lead-resistant condors through asexual reproduction

(2) pass laws against using lead bullets to kill animals used by condors for food

(3) introduce plants that didn't absorb the lead from discharged bullets

(4) produce lead-resistant prey for the condors through genetic engineering

7 In humans, the maintenance of a stable internal temperature is a direct result of

(1) detection of and reaction to stimuli in the environment

(2) digestion of starches and absorption of protein from the internal environment

(3) diffusion of water and excretion of glucose to the external environment

(4) transport of ATP and locomotion through the environment

8 Which molecules are needed to cut and copy segments of DNA?

(1) reproductive hormones (2) carbohydrates (3) antibodies (4) biological catalysts

9 Evolution can occur at different rates; however, for evolution to occur, there must be

(1) variations within a species (2) extinction of the species (3) asexual reproduction (4) no change in the genes of an organism

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10 The two reactions illustrated in the diagrams below often occur when a foreign substance enters the body.

Foreign substance

Specific proteins

Cell A

produces Cell B

The cells labeled A and B are examples of cells known as

(1) guard cells (2) reproductive cells

(3) white blood cells (4) specialized skin cells

11 The diagram below represents a protein molecule present in some living things.

This type of molecule is composed of a sequence of (1) amino acids arranged in a specific order (2) simple sugars alternating with starches arranged in a folded pattern (3) large inorganic subunits that form chains that interlock with each other (4) four bases that make up the folded structure

12 Three human actions that have been made possible in recent times are: ? Doctors are able to diagnose and treat some fetal problems prior to the birth of a child. ? Cloning can produce large numbers of plants that are resistant to drought. ? Male insects can be sterilized with radiation to prevent them from mating successfully.

Which statement summarizes these three actions? (1) Reproductive technology has medical, agricultural, and ecological applications. (2) Development is a highly regulated process involving mitosis and differentiation. (3) Reproduction and development are subject to environmental effects. (4) Human development, birth, and aging should be viewed as a predictable pattern of events.

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13 Natural selection is best described as

(1) a change in an organism in response to a need of that organism

(2) a process of nearly constant improvement that leads to an organism that is nearly perfect

(3) differences in survival rates as a result of different inherited characteristics

(4) inheritance of characteristics acquired during the life of an organism

14 Which statement best describes a situation where competition occurs in an ecosystem?

(1) A deer outruns an attacking wolf. (2) A deer, during the winter, consumes tree

bark. (3) A deer and a rabbit consume grass in a field. (4) A deer and a rabbit are both startled by a

hawk flying overhead.

15 A woman changes her hair color to red; however, her children will not inherit this red hair color because the woman does not have

(1) genes for red hair in her skin (2) genes for red hair in her sex cells (3) proteins for red hair in the placenta (4) proteins for red hair in her egg cells

16 Fossils provide evidence that

(1) life on Earth millions of years ago was more complex than life is today

(2) the changes that will occur in species in the future are easy to predict

(3) many species of organisms that lived long ago are now extinct

(4) most species of organisms that lived long ago are exactly the same today

17 A male frigatebird displays to the female by inflating its large red throat sac, throwing its head back, vibrating its wings, and producing a "drumming" sound with its throat sac. For the frigatebird, this behavior has most likely resulted in

(1) hiding from predators (2) greater reproductive success (3) locating new sources of food (4) reduced population growth

18 Plant species X lives in a hot, dry environment. Slowly, over hundreds of years, the climate becomes wetter. Fungi attack species X and cause the population of species X to decrease. However, plant species X could survive if the plants

(1) try to mutate quickly and synthesize new proteins

(2) are watered often and fertilized with extra nutrients

(3) can adapt to the new conditions by mating with the fungus

(4) have a few members of the population that are fungus-resistant

19 The diagram below represents reproduction in a yeast cell. The genes in the bud are identical to the genes in the parent.

Bud Nucleus

This type of production of offspring is a form of

(1) sexual reproduction (2) asexual reproduction (3) gene manipulation (4) genetic engineering

20 A human cell that contains all of the information necessary for the growth and development of a complete organism is

(1) a sperm cell (2) a gamete

(3) a zygote (4) an egg cell

21 When would exposure to a potentially harmful substance be most likely to damage many organs in a developing embryo?

(1) during the last three months of pregnancy (2) during the early stages of pregnancy (3) during the formation of the zygote (4) during meiosis in both males and females

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22 The human female reproductive system is represented below.

A

B

D

C

Within which structure does the placenta normally develop?

(1) A (2) B

(3) C (4) D

23 An energy-rich organic compound needed by organisms is

(1) water (2) salt

(3) oxygen (4) glucose

24 SCIDS (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a disorder where a genetic mutation inhibits the production and functioning of T-cells. T-cells are special types of white blood cells that play a role in the body's immune response. A possible symptom of SCIDS would be an increase in the

(1) number of antigens produced (2) red blood cell count (3) number of infections by pathogens (4) ability to maintain homeostasis

25 An organ, such as a kidney, used for transplant needs to be tested for compatibility with the person who is to receive the organ. If this is not done, the

(1) donated organ might attack the body (2) donated organ might attack the immune system (3) immune system might attack its own body cells (4) immune system might attack the donated organ

26 A researcher concludes from a 10-year study that the biodiversity of an ecosystem had increased. Which set of observations represents evidence for this claim?

(1) There were more niches and greater stability in the ecosystem.

(2) There were more niches and less energy lost as heat in the ecosystem.

(3) There were fewer niches for decomposers and less stability.

(4) There were fewer niches for consumers and greater cycling of materials.

27 The final consumers in many food webs are

(1) autotrophs (2) hosts

(3) herbivores (4) carnivores

28 Abandoned farmland that once grew corn is now covered with bushes and small trees. These observed changes resulted directly from

(1) evolutionary change (2) ecological succession (3) loss of biodiversity (4) selective breeding

29 The overuse of chemical fertilizers has resulted in the growth of some lawns in which decomposers cannot live. This would interfere most directly with the ability of the lawn ecosystem to

(1) recycle energy (2) recycle nutrients (3) maintain atmospheric pH (4) reduce biodiversity

30 On Long Island, several businesses use geothermal technology. This involves taking heat from within Earth and using it to heat buildings. One benefit of this technology is that it

(1) contributes to global warming (2) reduces the ozone shield (3) reduces dependence on fossil fuels (4) decreases resources for many species

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