Skeletal Disorders



|Disease |What is it? |Causes |Treatment |

| |Loss of bone density and mass |More common in women, especially of Asian and European descent |Age: |

| |Bones become more porous, increasing risk of fractures |Aging leads to a loss of osteoblasts ( loss in bone density |Vitamin D and calcium supplements |

| | |With the onset of menopause (mid-forties to fifties), |drugs that slow bone loss |

|Osteoporosis | |diminishing estrogen levels lead to excessive bone resorption |frequent moderate exercise (help make bones stronger) |

| | |(osteoclast activity) |Menopause: |

| | | |drugs that raise estrogen levels |

| |Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune (body attacking |Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear on articular cartilage|Depends on the cause… |

| |itself) disease which causes joint stiffness and bone |due to age, injury, frequent use, or infection. |Anti-inflammatory drugs (Advil, steroids) |

| |deformity |Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies |cold-packs |

|Arthritis |Inflammation and swelling of flexible joints, |attack articular cartilage leading to inflammation etc. While |immune-suppressing drugs (rheumatoid) |

| |destruction of articular cartilage, and ankylosis |its cause is unknown, there is a genetic component and smokers |Physical Therapy (PT) |

| |(fusion of joints) |are at increased risk. |Surgery |

| | | |Stem cells ( regrow cartilage |

| |An abnormal curvature of the spine from side-to-side. |Mostly unknown. Can develop from problems in other parts of the|Bracing, surgery, PT, and chiropractics (older patients) |

| |Often not painful, but can be. Most often diagnosed and |body (spina bifida, cerebral palsy), arthritis, improper | |

| |develops in adolescence. Also seen in elderly patients.|development of the spine at birth, or have genetic causes. | |

|Scoliosis | | | |

| |Softening of bones which can lead to bone tenderness, |Vitamin D deficiency |Vitamin D supplement + Calcium supplement in diet |

| |bow-legged posture, improper skeletal development, |Lack of calcium in diet |Exposure to sunlight |

| |tetany (uncontrolled muscle spasms) |Vitamin D is required for proper calcium absorption | |

|Rickets | |Vitamin D is produced when you are exposed to sunlight (UV | |

| | |rays). Darker-skinned people require longer exposure to sunlight| |

| | |Rarely seen in developed countries. Most commonly seen today in | |

| | |developing countries where children are malnourished. | |

|Disease |What is it? |Causes |Treatment |

| |Bow-leggedness that becomes progressively worse with |The inner part of the tibia under the patella fails to develop |Bracing |

| |age. Often seen in children and adolescents. Associated|properly leading to a slanting of the bones, angled inward. |Surgery |

| |with overweight individuals. |This developmental failure is often the result of extra stress |Diet/Exercise to promote long-term success of treatment |

|Blount’s Disease | |placed on the tibia with obese individuals | |

| |Usually painful |Most sprains result from a sudden wrench that stretches or tears|RICE: |

| |Injured portion often swells and may turn black and blue|the tissues of the ligaments. |Rest (first 48 hours using crutches, splint) |

| |Occurs at joints. Result of an injury to a ligament or |Common in athletes |Ice (first 48 hours for 20 minutes every 3-4 hours) |

|Sprain |to the tissue that covers a joint | |Compression (wrap it snuggly) |

| | | |Elevate (higher than heart) |

| |Deformity of the upper portion of the spinal column that|In children and adolescents, this condition may result from poor|Exercise/Physical Therapy (if minor) |

| |results in severe forward bending of the spine |posture, misshapen vertebrae or problems during fetal |Bracing (moderate) |

| |(hunchback) |development. |Surgery (severe) |

|Kyphosis | |In adults, this condition is often the result of another | |

| | |disease, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, trauma, or cancer | |

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