Chapter 1 – name - Nutrition Gardener



Chapter 18 – Diet and Health

Multiple Choice

01. The immune system treats foreign substances such as bacteria and toxins as

a. antigens.

b. antibodies.

c. synergisms.

d. immunoglobulins.

02. The most important organs of the immune system include all of the following except

a. spleen.

b. muscle.

c. lymph nodes.

d. thymus gland.

03. What percentage of cells of the body are white blood cells?

a. 0.01

b. 0.1

c. 1

d. 10

04. Immunoglobulins are produced primarily by

a. T-cells.

b. B-cells.

c. antigens.

d. phagocytes.

05. The process by which immune cells engulf and then destroy bacteria is known as

a. bactocydosis.

b. phagocytosis.

c. cytotoxicosis.

d. immunoglobinemia.

06. Kimmy is a curious 4-month-old baby who is just learning how to crawl. On Monday she came across some large dust particles underneath the couch, which caused her to sneeze and develop a runny nose and a cough. Two weeks later she came across more dust from the same place. Which of the following aspects of immunity allows Kimmy’s body to remember how to respond to this dust again?

a. T cells

b. B cells

c. Beta cells

d. Spleen cells

07. Common cell types that make up the immune system include all of the following except

a. P-cells.

b. B-cells.

c. T-cells.

d. phagocytes.

08. Functions of the T-cells include all of the following except

a. recognition of antigens.

b. production of antibodies.

c. release of killer chemicals.

d. suppression of the immune response when appropriate.

09. Presently, HIV is known to be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated body fluids from all of the following sources except

a. saliva.

b. blood.

c. semen.

d. vaginal secretions.

10. What term describes an event, such as a GI infection, that results in decreased nutrient absorption, which in turn results in inability to synthesize sufficient immune cells and immune factors, thereby leading to increased susceptibility to another GI infection?

a. Synergistic

b. Antagonistic

c. Enteroimmune recirculation

d. Reinforced negative nutrition spiral

11. Approximately how many people in the United States have HIV or AIDS?

a. 100,000

b. 550,000

c. 1.1 million

d. 3.3 million

12. The diseases most common today include all of the following except

a. cancer.

b. diabetes.

c. tuberculosis.

d. heart disease.

13. Of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?

a. 1

b. 4

c. 7

d. 10

14. Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States does not bear a relationship to diet?

a. Cancer

b. Heart disease

c. Diabetes mellitus

d. Pneumonia and influenza

15. Which of the following risk factors for disease may be modified by diet?

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Heredity

d. Low HDL level

16. Being obese is known to increase the probabilities of contracting all of the following diseases except

a. cancer.

b. diabetes.

c. kwashiorkor.

d. hypertension.

17. All of the following disorders are influenced strongly by genetics except

a. diabetes.

b. hypertension.

c. diverticulosis.

d. atherosclerosis.

18. What is the term given to mounds of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls?

a. Plaques

b. Angina streaks

c. Arterial thickening

d. Pre-thromboemboli

19. By what age do most people first have well-developed arterial plaque?

a. 30

b. 40

c. 50

d. 60

20. The most common form of cardiovascular disease is

a. stroke.

b. atheromatous disease.

c. coronary heart disease.

d. hypertensive aneurism.

21. Beverly is a 48-year-old woman with a strong family history of atherosclerosis. She eats a diet high in fat, smokes, and doesn’t exercise much because she typically works 12-hour days. Beverly visits her doctor because she has recently been having chest pains. Her doctor suspects she is at risk for a heart attack. Which of the following would be the most definitive predictor of this suspicion?

a. Platelet count

b. C-reactive protein concentrations

c. LDL cholesterol serum concentrations

d. HDL cholesterol serum concentrations

22. The obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot that broke away from arterial plaque is termed

a. an anginism.

b. an embolism.

c. circulatory hypoxia.

d. a de-plaquing event.

23. A significant reduction in blood flow to the brain is termed

a. angina.

b. a stroke.

c. a vascular event.

d. metabolic syndrome.

24. The ballooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration is called a(an)

a. aorta.

b. plaque.

c. aneurysm.

d. diverticula.

25. A person’s level of C-reactive protein appears to be a strong predictor for

a. cancer.

b. diabetes.

c. a heart attack.

d. HIV progression.

26. Which of the following may be classified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

a. BMI of 26

b. Low LDL-cholesterol levels

c. High HDL-cholesterol levels

d. High C-reactive protein levels

27. Tiny, disc-shaped bodies in the blood that are important in clot formation are called

a. T-cells.

b. C-cells.

c. plaques.

d. platelets.

28. What disease accounts for the majority of deaths in U.S. women?

a. Diabetes

b. Lung cancer

c. Breast cancer

d. Coronary heart disease

29. Which of the following is not considered a diet-related risk factor for coronary heart disease?

a. Obesity

b. High sugar intake

c. Glucose intolerance

d. High blood cholesterol

30. Which of the following blood pressure readings first signifies a diagnosis of hypertension?

a. 110 over 50

b. 120 over 70

c. 130 over 80

d. 140 over 90

31. Which of the following describes a known association with coronary heart disease (CHD)?

a. In men, CHD begins 10-15 years earlier than in women

b. Women who take estrogen to reduce the risk for osteoporosis are at significantly higher risk for CHD

c. Men with blood cholesterol levels in the borderline-high range account for up to 10% of all deaths from CHD

d. Women younger than 45 years of age tend to have higher LDL cholesterol than do men of that age, but this difference disappears after menopause

32. What is prehypertension?

a. A predictor of stroke risk

b. Slightly high blood pressure

c. A precursor for Syndrome X

d. A component of the metabolic syndrome

33. What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis?

a. HDL

b. LDL

c. HDK

d. VLDK

34. All of the following are features of low-density lipoproteins and coronary heart disease except

a. LDL is more atherogenic than is HDL.

b. excess LDL cholesterol is vulnerable to oxidation.

c. LDL-lowering treatments are designed to stabilize arterial plaques.

d. excess LDL cholesterol in the blood is removed by high-density lipoproteins.

35. All of the following are associations between smoking and coronary heart disease except

a. smoking damages platelets.

b. smoking increases blood pressure.

c. smoking as a risk factor for CHD is the same for women and men.

d. cessation of smoking begins to lower the risk of CHD after 18 months.

36. Anyone who is medically advised to lower blood cholesterol should

a. eat fish oil capsules.

b. take lecithin supplements.

c. achieve desirable body weight.

d. lower the intake of insoluble fiber.

37. Direct contributors to the metabolic syndrome include all of the following except

a. obesity.

b. hypertension.

c. insulin resistance.

d. high sodium intake.

38. Approximately how many people in the United States have metabolic syndrome?

a. 1.5 million

b. 3.5 million

c. 24 million

d. 47 million

39. A person who produces a normal amount of insulin but whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be

a. polydipsic.

b. insulin resistant.

c. hyperglucagonemic.

d. pancreatic beta-cell deficient.

40. Which of the following is not one of the factors that would lead a person with high blood pressure to develop the metabolic syndrome?

a. Diuretic use

b. Insulin resistance

c. Abdominal obesity

d. High blood triglycerides

41. All of the following are characteristic of the metabolic syndrome except

a. physical inactivity plays a major role in its development.

b. central obesity is thought to play a greater role than other risk factors.

c. at least 3 of 5 specific diet-related risk factors must be present for diagnosis.

d. the risk factors act synergistically to predict the risk for coronary heart disease.

42. Why should the measurement of a person’s blood cholesterol be performed at least twice with measurements taken at least one week apart?

a. The person may not be fasting

b. The reliability of laboratory testing instruments for cholesterol is inexact

c. Blood cholesterol concentrations are known to vary significantly day to day

d. The person may have an infection (e.g. cold) which affects cholesterol concentration

43. What is the appropriate method of assessing blood lipids to ensure reliable results?

a. Take at least 2 measurements at least 1 week apart

b. Send the patient to 2 different laboratories and average the results

c. Take a fasting and a non-fasting blood sample and average the results

d. Perform a fat tolerance test by having the patient drink a beverage containing 25 g of vegetable oil and obtain blood samples over the next 4 hours

44. Among the following, which should be the first action taken to lower blood cholesterol?

a. Begin drug treatment

b. Consume a high-protein diet

c. Consume large amounts of fish and fish oils

d. Achieve and maintain appropriate body weight

45. Stefan was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. He is very scared about this new diagnosis because no one in his family has ever had it and he hasn’t ever heard of it. His primary care physician refers him to your office for some counseling on his modifiable risk factors. Which of the following topics will you most likely discuss with Stefan?

a. Which medications to take

b. How to improve his atherogenic diet

c. How to slow down his aging process

d. How to map out his family tree, identifying all relatives with heart disease

46. Risk factors for coronary heart disease that can be minimized by behavioral change include all of the following except

a. stress.

b. smoking.

c. heredity.

d. hypertension.

47. What should be the next course of action for a person who was unsuccessful in lowering LDL or blood pressure by lifestyle changes?

a. Prescribe medications

b. Consider coronary bypass surgery

c. Obtain regular nutrition counseling

d. Consider gastric surgery to reduce body weight

48. Approximately how many million people in the United States are believed to have hypertension?

a. 10

b. 30

c. 65

d. 100

49. What is the best predictor for risk of a stroke?

a. Blood pressure

b. LDL-cholesterol

c. HDL-cholesterol

d. Trans-fatty acid intake

50. To lower a high blood cholesterol level, all of the following are recommended except

a. consume 2 servings/week of fish.

b. consume 300 mg or less of cholesterol per day.

c. lower the saturated fat intake to ≤7% total energy.

d. decrease the carbohydrate intake to ................
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