Loudoun County Public Schools



First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 2 Notes: p. 5-8Date/Block: ____________________A _bystander_ is a vital link between _medical care_ and the _victim_.Size up the Scene: 3 Things to Consider1. What hazards could be dangerous?2. What happened?3. How many people are involved?Call 9-1-1 if the answer to any of these questions is “yes.” (see table 2.1-choose 4)1. Is the victim’s condition life-threatening?2. Could the victim’s condition worsen?3. Does the victim need skills/equipment from a professional?4. Could moving the victim cause further injury?When calling 9-1-1, be prepared to give the following information:1. Your name and phone number2. The victim’s location3. What happened4. The number of people needing help5. The victim’s conditionList 2 examples of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and describe how they protect you. 1) Latex-free medical exam gloves 2) Protective eyewear3) Protective breathing devices (All protect against disease transmission)List 6 steps you can follow to protect yourself from disease transmission when providing care.1. Wear appropriate PPE (personal protective equipment).2. Use correct procedures for absorbent barriers to soak up blood/infectious material.3. Clean up the spill area with a disinfectant.4. Discard contaminated materials appropriately.5. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm water.6. Report the incident to a supervisor at work or physician or emergency care.First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 3 Notes: p. 9-14Date/Block: ____________________How do you do a scene size-up? What do you look for?A quick survey of the scene to determine safety, general type of problem and number of victims. Always go to the quiet, motionless victim FIRST!What is a primary check? What does it include?The first step in dealing with an emergency situation, used to determine life-threatening conditions. Responsiveness2. Severe Bleeding3. BreathingHow do you check responsiveness?Tap the victim’s shoulder and ask “Are you OK?” If there is no response, the victim is considered unresponsive.How do you check for breathing? What are some sounds that would indicate abnormal breathing?Look at victim’s chest and face. Sounds of: snoring, gurgling, wheezing, gaspingHow do you check for severe bleeding and what do you do to control it?Scan the body for blood-soaked clothing or blood collecting on the ground. Control it by putting pressure on the wound.What is the recovery position and when is it used?The victim is positioned on their side and used when the victim is vomiting or you need to leave the victim alone to call 9-1-1 or get help.What is a secondary check? What does it include?A quick physical check to gather information about the victim’s condition. Includes signs: conditions that you can see, feel, hear or smell and symptoms: what the victim feels and describes.The DOTS guideline helps you identify keys signs of a problem.D __Deformities__: Abnormal shapes-broken bones O __Open Wounds__: Break in the skin, bleedingT __Tenderness__: Sensitivity, discomfort or pain when touchedS __Swelling__: Body’s response to injury—A build up of fluids around the injured areaTo conduct a physical exam, follow these steps:__Head__: DOTS, pupils, ears, nose, mouth__Neck__: DOTS, medical ID necklace__Chest__: DOTS, gently squeeze__Abdomen__: DOTS, gently push to check for tenderness__Pelvis__: DOTS, gently push inward on hips for movement__Extremities__: DOTS, arms and legs__Back__: DOTS, only if spinal injury is not suspectedDefine cyanosis: A bluish or grayish tint to the skin and mucous membranes caused by low levels of oxygen in the blood.List and describe the steps to using the SAMPLE guideline to gather information (table 3.3)S __Signs/Symptoms__: What’s wrong?A__Allergies__: Are you allergic to anything?M__Medications__: Are you taking any medications?P__Past medical history__: Have you had this condition before?L__Last oral intake__: When did you eat or drink last?E__Events leading up__: Injury- How did you get hurt?Illness- What were you doing?First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 4 Notes: p. 15-23Date/Block: ____________________Define Heart Attack: Death of part of the heart muscle; occurs when heart muscle tissue dies because its blood supply is severely reduced or stopped.Define Cardiac Arrest: Stoppage of the heartbeat.List and describe the five links in the chain of survival: a concept involving five critical links to help improve survival from cardiac arrest._Recognition and Action__: Recogonize the early warning signs of cardiac arrest and immediately calling 9-1-1 to activate emergency medical services (EMS.)_CPR_: The chest compressions circulate blood to the heart and brain._Defibrillation__: Administering a shock to the heart in an attempt to restore the heartbeat. The earlier the shock, the increased chance of survival._Advanced Care_: Paramedic care providing IV fluids, medications, advanced airway devices and rapid transportation to the hospital._Post-Arrest Care_: Surgical procedures, medications and advanced medical care provided by the hospital.What does CPR stand for? Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; the act of providing chest compressions and rescue breaths for a victim in cardiac arrest.What is the goal of Chest Compressions? To circulate the blood to the heart and brain.*REVIEW* How do you check responsiveness? What do you do if there is no response?Tapping and shouting- Make sure 9-1-1 is called.Describe how you give chest compressions: Adult: Two hands interlocked in the middle of the chest, depressing the chest at least 2 inches. 30 compressions in 18 seconds (100/minute). Child: Same technique, but only use one hand. Infant: Same technique, but using two fingers.Head _tilt__, chin __lift__ to open the victim’s airway.Describe how you give rescue breaths: Open the airway, pinch victim’s nose and make a tight seal with your mouth over the victim’s mouth. Give two rescue breaths lasting one second each; watch to make sure the victim’s chest is rising.For ADULT CPR: You give _30_ compressions and _2_ breaths.For CHILD CPR: You give _30_ compressions and _2_ breaths.For INFANT CPR: You give _30_ compressions and _2_ breaths.Describe a mild airway obstruction: an object is lodged in the airway, but good air exchange is present. The victim makes forceful coughing efforts to attempt to relieve the obstruction.The signs of a severe airway obstruction include:1. Breathing becoming more difficult2. Weak and ineffective cough3. Inability to speak or breathe4. Skin, fingernail beds and the inside of the mouth appear bluish gray (cyanosis)What is the universal sign for choking? Two hands grasping the throatList and describe the steps for assisting a responsive adult or child who cannot speak, cough or breathe.Check the victim for choking. Ask, “Are you choking?” Get consent to help.Give the Heimlich by locating the navel, placing the thumb side of your fist just above the navel, wrapping other hand on top of fist and giving abdominal thrusts until the object is dislodged or the victim becomes unresponsive.List and describe the steps for assisting a responsive infant who cannot speak, cough or breathe.Support the infants head, neck and back. Give 5 back blows between shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.Give five chest compressions using two fingers. Repeat until the object is dislodged or the infant becomes unresponsive.If the choking victim becomes unresponsive, call _9-1-1_ and give _CPR_. First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 5 Notes: p 24-30Date/Block: ____________________AEDChances for survival dramatically improve with early ___CPR____ and early ___defibrillation___ with the use of an __AED__.An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is used to __analyze a victim’s heart rhythm and provide a shock if necessary__.PulmonaryArtery105537094615AortaSuperiorVena CavaLung: Oxygen exchangehappens hereLung: Oxygenexchange happens hereLeftAtriumRight AtriumLeftVentricleRightVentricleInferiorVena CavaVentricular Fibrillation (V-Fib) is described as: disorganized electrical activity; the most common abnormal heart rhythm in adult sudden cardiac arrest cases.Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) is described as: very rapid electrical activity where the heart beats too fast to pump blood effectively.For every minute that defibrillation is delayed, the victim’s chance of survival is decreases by __7%__ to __10%__.Many types and models of AED’s exist, but they all have some elements in common:1. Power On/Off Mechanism4. Defibrillation Capability2. Cables and Electrode pads5. Prompts to Guide You3. Analysis Capability6. Battery Operation for PortabilityUsing an AED: Basic operating procedures to assist any victim:Perform CPR until a defibrillator is available. Turn it on.Apply the electrode pads to the victim’s bare skin and make sure that the cables are attached to the device.Stand clear and allow the device to analyze the heart rhythm. Press the shock button if advised by the device. Fully automatic devices do not have a chock button and will provide the shock if needed.Perform 2 minutes of CPR and follow the device prompts. Check the victim for responsiveness and breathing and repeat the analysis, shock and CPR steps as needed.Special Considerations for AED use:Water: Remove the victim from free standing water and quickly dry off the chest before applying pads.Children: Use pediatric pads if available for children under one year. If not available, use adult pads.Medication Patches: Remove any patch and dry skin before attaching electrode pads.Implanted Devices: Avoid placing pads directly over an implanted device when possible. Allow implanted unit to stop discharging before using the AED.Lightning: For a victim who is unresponsive and not breathing, perform CPR until a defibrillator is available, then use the AED.When inspecting an AED, check for these 4 items:Two sets of unexpired electrode pads, an extra battery, a razor, and a towel.First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 6 Notes: p. 31-33Date/Block: ____________________Cardiovascular Emergencies!Signs of a Heart Attack:1. Chest pressure and/or pain that lasts for more than a few minutes2. Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck, jaw, or arms3. Dizziness, sweating, or nausea4. Shortness of breathWhat are the differences in men and women pertaining to heart attacks? Many women do not have classic signs. Instead, they may have severe fatigue, upset stomach and shortness of breath. Because they are not classic signs, like chest pain, heart attacks are diagnosed and treated much later than they normally are in men. Women are more likely than men to die from a heart attack because of the delay in treatment.Care for heart attack:Call 9-1-1. Give the victim medications to dissolve a clot.Help the victim into the most comfortable resting position.If the victim is alert and not allergic to aspirin, give 4 chewable or one regular aspirin.Help the victim take any prescribed heart disease medications and continue to monitor their breathing.Define Angina: Chest pain associated with heart disease that occurs when the heart muscle does not get enough blood. It can also be caused by physical activity, exposure to cold and stress.What are the signs of angina?Chest pain that is relieved by nitroglycerin or stops within 10 minutes.Care for angina:Have the victim rest.If the victim has their own nitroglycerin, help them to use it.If chest pain continues beyond 10 minutes, suspect a heart attack and call 9-1-1.Define Stroke:Occurs when part of the blood flow to the brain is suddenly cut off due to a blockage or rupture of the arteries in the brainWhat are the common signs of a stroke?Weakness/numbness of the face, arm, or leg (one side of the body)Blurred/decreased visionProblems speakingDizziness/loss of balanceSudden/severe headacheSudden confusionUsing FAST, you can quickly assess a victim for the possibility of a stroke:F ___FACE___: Ask the victim to smile, does one side of their mouth droop?A ___ARMS___: Ask the victim to extend both arms out, does one arm drift downwards?S___SPEECH___: Ask the victim to repeat a simple sentence, is it correct? Slurred words?T___TIME___: IMPORTANT!!! What time did the symptoms start? CALL 9-1-1!Care for stroke:Call 9-1-1.Have the victim rest in a comfortable position, usually on their back with head and shoulders elevated.If they are vomiting, roll the victim into the recovery position.First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 7 Notes: p 34-41Date/Block: ____________________Bleeding and WoundsDefine Hemorrhage: A large amount of bleeding in a short amount of timeList and describe the 3 types of External Bleeding:Capillary: oozes slowly from a wound- most common type of external bleeding and the easiest to control.Venous: flows steadily from the wound- does not spurt, can be a large volume.Arterial: spurts with each heartbeat- very difficult to control- most serious type of external bleeding due to the large amount of blood loss quickly.List and describe the 6 types of Open Wounds:Abrasion—the top layer of skin is removed, very little bleeding, ex. scrape or a rug burnLaceration—a cut with jagged edges, usually caused by a forceful tearing away of the skin tissue, ex. barbed wireIncision—a cut with smooth edges, ex. paper cut.Puncture—an injury from a sharp, pointed object that may damage internal organs, which has a high risk of infection, ex. stab wound. Also called an embedded object.Avulsion—a piece of skin and/or tissue torn loose and hanging from the body.Amputation—a cutting or tearing off of a body part.What are the steps to care for minor external bleeding?1. If available, put on latex-free medical exam gloves.2. Wash the wound with soap and water.3. Flush the wound with running water under pressure.4. Apply an antibiotic ointment.5. Cover the wound with a sterile pad and nonstick dressing. Change the dressing and bandage periodically.6. Seek medical care for a wound with a high risk of infection (animal bite or puncture.)What are the steps to care for serious external bleeding?1. Put on latex-free medical exam gloves and expose the wound.2. Apply a gauze pad and direct pressure to the wound.3. Apply a pressure bandage over the gauze. Apply additional dressings and pressure bandages if blood soaks though.4. Call 9-1-1.These are signs that a wound may be infected:Swelling, redness, fever, sensation of warmth, throbbing pain, pus discharge, swelling of lymph nodes, red streaks towards heart on skinWhat is tetanus? How is it treated and prevented?A bacterial infection affecting the muscle groups (usually the jaw)There is no cureVaccinations and a booster shot every 10 years, or when needed for an animal bite or a dirty wound.To care for an amputation:1. Call 9-1-1.4. Recover the amputated part, wrap in dry sterile gauze.2. Control the bleeding.5. Seal part in plastic bag or water proof container.3. Care for shock.6. Keep part cool, place ON TOP OF ice, do not freeze.To care for a victim with an impaled/embedded object:1. Leave the object in place.2. Expose the area. Remove or cut away the victim’s clothing if necessary.3. Stabilize the object with bulky, clean dressings.4. Seek medical care.Medical Attention may be required for wounds with the following conditions:1. Long/deep cuts needing stitches6. Cuts that damage nerves, joints, tendons2. Cuts over a joint7. Cuts over a broken bone3. Cuts that may impair function8. Cuts due to a crushing injury4. Cuts from an animal/human bite9. Cuts with an embedded object5. Cuts that remove all layers of skin10. Cuts due to metal or glassCall 9-1-1 immediately if:1. Bleeding is not controlled with direct pressure after 10-15 minutes.2. Victim displays signs of shock: dizziness, pale/cool skin.3. Breathing difficulty after a cut to the neck or chest.4. A deep cut to the abdomen with moderate to severe pain.5. Eyeball is cut.6. Cut partially or fully amputates an extremity.What is internal bleeding?A closed wound resulting when a blunt object does not break the skin, but tissue and blood vessels beneath the surface of the skin are crushed. (A bruise!)Signs of internal bleeding include:1. Bruising2. Painful, tender area3. Vomiting or coughing up blood4. Stool that is black or contains bright red bloodTo care for minor internal bleeding:1. Apply ice or a cold pack for 20 minutes.2. Compress with an elastic bandage for 2-3 hours.3. Elevate the injured arm or leg if it is not broken.To care for serious internal bleeding:1. Call 9-1-1.2. Care for shock.3. If vomiting, roll to recovery position.4. Monitor breathing.Define Dressing:A sterile gauze pad or clean cloth covering placed over an open wound to help absorb blood, prevent infection, and protect from further injury.Define Bandage:An elastic or cloth wrap used to cover a dressing to keep it in place and to apply pressure to help control the bleeding.First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 8 Notes: p 42-45Date/Block: _____________________Define Shock: Inadequate tissue oxygenation resulting from a serious injury or illnessDamage to the heart, the blood vessels, or the amount of blood can deprive tissues of oxygen-rich blood and cause shock.The signs of shock include: altered mental state (agitation, anxiety, restlessness and confusion), pale/bluish and cold clammy skin on lips and nail beds, nausea/vomiting, rapid breathing, unresponsiveness.To care for Shock:1. Place the victim on their back.2. Keep the victim warm by wrapping with a blanket.3. Call 9-1-1.Define anaphylaxis: a life-threatening breathing emergency that results from a severe allergic reaction.-The most common causes of anaphylaxis are: medications, foods, insect stings, plants.-The most common signs of anaphylaxis are: breathing difficulties, skin reactions, swelling of the mouth, tongue and throat; sneezing, chest tightening, blueness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting.To care for anaphylaxis:1. Call 9-1-1.2. Help the victim use prescribed medications for allergic reactions; i.e., Epi-pen.3. Keep responsive victim sitting up or an unresponsive victim on their back.Define Epinephrine Auto-injector (Epi-pen): a prescribed device used to administer an emergency dose of epinephrine to a victim experiencing anaphylactic shock.To use an Epi-pen:1. Remove safety cap.2. Push auto injector against victim’s upper leg, hold in place for 10 seconds. First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 9 Notes: p 46-51Date/Block: _____________________Describe the three types of burns:Thermal (heat) burns: Caused by flames, contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites, steam, or hot liquids.Chemical burns: Caused by acids, alkalis, or organic compounds that cause tissue damage when in contact with the skin.Electrical burns: Caused by electrical currents; the severity is based on the type of current, voltage, body area exposed and the duration of contact.Burns are categorized based on the depth (degree) of the burn:First-degree (superficial) burns: Affects the skin’s outer layer: redness, tenderness, mild swelling and pain symptoms; heals without scarring; ex. SUNBURN!Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns: Affects the skin’s outer and inner layers: blisters, swelling, weeping fluids, and pain symptoms; Large wounds require medical care.Third-degree (full-thickness) burns: Affects all skin layers and the underlying fat and muscles: leathery, waxy skin sometimes charred. ALWAYS requires medical care.Severity of burns is partially determined by the amount of surface area of the body that is burned. Use the Rule of the Hand to estimate the size of a burn. The victim’s hand represents 1% of the total Body Surface Area (BSA).Burn care aims to reduce pain, protect against infection and determine the need for medical care. Most burns are minor and can be managed without medical care.To care for first-degree burns:1. Cool the burn with water until pain free; usually 10 minutes.2. Apply Aloe Vera gel or a skin moisturizer to reduce itching and peeling.3. Give over the counter pain medication such as ibuprofen.To care for small second-degree burns (<10% BSA):1. Cool the burn with water until pain free; usually 10 minutes.2. Apply an antibiotic ointment to protect against infection.3. Cover loosely with a dry, sterile, nonstick dressing; do not break any blisters.4. Give over the counter pain medication such as ibuprofen.5. Seek medical care.To care for large second-degree (>20% BSA) and all third-degree burns:1. Remove any clothing/jewelry that is not stuck to the burned area.2. Cover loosely with a dry, sterile, nonstick dressing.3. Care for shock.4. Call 9-1-1.Chemical burns result when caustic or corrosive substances touch the skin and they will continue to burn as long as they are in contact with the skin. Specific information for handling a particular substance can be found in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS.)To care for a chemical burn:1. Immediately flush with water for 20 minutes or brush off dry powders.2. Remove any contaminated clothing and jewelry.3. Cover affected area with a dry, sterile dressing.4. Seek medical care.Electrical injuries are divided into:Thermal burns (flame): Occurs when clothing ignites from an electrical flame; caused by the flame, and NOT the electrical current.Arc burns (flash): Occurs when electricity “jumps” from one spot to another; usually extensive superficial injuries.True electrical injury (contact): Occurs when an electric current passes through the body; entrance and exit wounds are visible; may disrupt the heart rhythm and cause cardiac arrest, and internal injuries.To care for electrical burns:1. Make sure the area is safe; unplug, disconnect and turn off all power sources. 2. Check the victim for responsiveness and breathing.3. Provide CPR if necessary.4. Care for shock.5. Call 9-1-1.First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 13 p. 74-79Date/Block: _____________________Medical Emergencies!A victim’s level of ________________________ indicates how well the brain is functioning. If you notice changes in consciousness, and you are not sure what is causing it, use the mnemonic __________ to assess the victim:S: Sugar, seizures, stroke, shock- blood glucose too low (i.e., insulin reaction)T: Temperature- too high (heatstroke) or too low (hypothermia)O: Oxygen- inadequate oxygenP: Poisoning- drug/alcohol overdose, carbon monoxide poisoning, head injuryTo care for changes in consciousness:Perform ___________ and ______________ checks and provide care as needed.If unresponsive and not breathing, perform ______.If unresponsive and _____________, roll victim to recovery position.Call 9-1-1.Causes of chest pain other than a heart attack include:____________________________ such as pneumonia or bronchitis, which should be treated with medical care __________________________________ due to increased physical activity and overexertion also causes chest pain and is relieved by rest and over-the-counter pain medication.Define asthma:Define hyperventilation:The signs of a breathing difficulty include:-Breathing abnormally fast or slow-Breathing abnormally deep (gasping) or shallow-Noisy breathing: wheezing (asthma), gurgling, snoring-Bluish lips-Need to pause while speaking to catch breathTo care for a breathing difficulty:1. Help the victim into the most comfortable resting position, usually seated upright.2. Call 9-1-1.3. If the victim has a prescribed asthma inhaler, assist them in using it.4. If the victim is hyperventilating due to anxiety, have him or her inhale through the nose, hold the breath for several seconds, and then exhale slowly.When blood flow to the brain is interrupted, sudden ________________ may occur. This may result from exhaustion, lack of food, reaction to pain or the sight of blood, hearing bad news, standing too long without moving, or problems with the heart.To care for fainting:1. Check for responsiveness and breathing and provide care as needed.2. Loosen any restrictive clothing.3. If the victim fell, check for injuries.4. Younger victims usually recover quickly. Seek medical care if: repeated fainting episodes, fainting for no reason, elderly victim, victim becomes unresponsive.What is a seizure? What are the common signs to look for?To care for a seizure:1. Move dangerous objects away.2. Loosen restrictive clothing.3. Roll victim to their side.4. Call 9-1-1 if there is no reason for the seizure.Describe the two types of diabetes.___________________________:___________________________: Define hypoglycemia:Define hyperglycemia:First Aid, CPR and AEDName: _________________________Chapter 14 p 80-84Date/Block: _____________________Define poison (toxin): any substance that impairs health or causes death by its chemical action when it enters the body or comes in contact with the skin.The signs of ingested poisoning (poisoning caused by swallowing a toxic substance) are:-Abdominal pain/cramping-Burns, odors or stains on the mouth-Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea-Drowsy or unresponsive victim-Poison container nearbyTo care for ingested poisonings:1. Determine: A) The _____ and ______ of the victim, B) _______ was swallowed, save the container labels C) _____________ was swallowed, i.e., # of tablets, D) _______ it was swallowed.2. If responsive, call 1-800-222-1222. Poison control center staff will advise you on diluting the poison, possibly inducing vomiting or giving activated charcoal.3. If unresponsive, call 9-1-1. If victim is not breathing, provide CPR until medical care arrives.Poisoning may also be caused by an overdose or abuse of medications and other substances. ___Alcohol___ is the most commonly abused drug in the U.S.The signs of alcohol intoxication may include: alcohol odor, unsteadiness, confusion, slurred speech, nausea/vomiting, and flushed faceThe signs of drug overdose may include: drowsiness, anxiety, agitation, hyperactivity, change in pupil size, confusion, and hallucinationsTo care for alcohol intoxication or drug overdose:1. If responsive, 1) check breathing, 2) call poison control center at 1-800-222-1222, 3) If you observe violent behavior, leave and call 9-1-1.2. If unresponsive and IS BREATHING, roll to recovery position. If NOT BREATHING, call 9-1-1 and start CPR._DO/DO NOT_ let an intoxicated person sleep on his or her back._DO/DO NOT_ leave an intoxicated person alone, unless he or she becomes violent._DO/DO NOT_ try to handle a hostile intoxicated person by yourself.The signs of inhaled poisoning include: headache, breathing difficulty, chest pain, nausea/vomiting, dizziness, vision changes, unresponsiveness.One example of an inhaled poison is _______________________, which is a colorless, odorless poisonous gas that is formed by incomplete burning of many organic materials such as gasoline, wood, paper, and coal.To care for an inhaled poison:1. Get victim out of the toxic environment and into fresh air.2. Check responsiveness and breathing and provide care as needed.3. Call 9-1-1.4. Try to determine the substance involved.The 3 most common examples of poisonous plants are: ______________________ _______________________ _____________________The signs of plant poisoning include: rash, itchiness, redness, blisters and swelling.To care for plant poisoning:1. Use medical exam gloves and wash affected area with soap and water.2. For a mild reaction, 1) soak in lukewarm bath with 1-2 cups of oatmeal; 2) apply calamine lotion.3.For a severe reaction, care for a mild reaction first then seek medical care. A corticosteroid to lessen inflammation and pain may be prescribed. ................
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