Specific Learning Objectives (SLO’s)



Name: ____________________IGCSE Combined ScienceUnit 4 Work Booklet 342900081089500Transport, Coordination and Reproduction in Humans-22860012636500-22860010985500308610022415500Specific Learning Objectives (SLO’s)Objectives listed with E are Extension level objectives.1 RESPIRATIONKNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING 1.Define respiration as the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy.2.State the uses or energy in the body of humans: muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, growth, the passage of nerve impulses and the maintenance of a constant body temperature.3.State the word equation and the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration.4.Define aerobic respiration as the release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen.5E.State the equation for aerobic respiration using symbols (C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O).1b GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS:KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING 1.Identify on diagrams and name the parts of the human gas exchange system – larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and associated capillaries.2E.List the features of gas exchange surfaces in animals.3E.Explain the role of mucus and cilia in protecting the gas exchange system from pathogens and particles.4E.Describe the effects of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components (tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, smoke particles) on the gas exchange system.5.State the differences in composition between inspired and expired air.PRACTICAL SKILLS1.Investigate the components in inspired and expired air using limewater.2E.Investigate and explain the effects of physical activity on the rate and depth of breathing.2 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS:KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING 1.Describe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.2E.Describe the double circulation in terms of a low-pressure circulation to the lungs and a high-pressure circulation to the body tissues and relate these differences to the different functions of the two circuits.3.Describe the structure of the heart including the muscular wall and septum, atria, ventricles, valves and associated blood vessels.4E.Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible causes (diet, stress and smoking) and preventive measures.5.List the components of the blood and state their functions – red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.6.Describe the function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of the valves.PRACTICAL SKILLS1E.Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse rate.2.Identify red and white blood cells as seen under a microscope, and in diagrams and photomicrographs.3.Dissect a heart.3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION:KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING 1.Identify on diagrams the parts of the male reproductive systems and state the functions of these parts.2.Identify on diagrams the parts of the female reproductive systems and state the functions of these parts.pare male and female gametes in terms of size, numbers and mobility.4.Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the uterus and ovaries.5.Describe fertilisation in terms of the joining of the nuclei of the male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg).6.Outline the early development of the zygote in terms of the formation of a ball of cells that becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus.7E.Indicate the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid.8E.Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord.9.Describe the advantages and disadvantage of breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using formula milk.HIV and AIDS10.Describe the methods of transmission of HIV and the ways in which HIV/AIDS can be prevented from spreading11E.Outline how HIV affects the immune system.3b COORDINATION IN HUMANS BY HORMONES:KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING 1.Define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver.2.State the role of the hormone adrenaline in chemical control of metabolic activity, including increasing the blood glucose concentration and pulse rate.3.Give examples of situations in which adrenaline secretion increases.1 RESPIRATION1. Respiration - the chemical ____________ that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release _______________.2. Uses of energy in the body of humans:contracting muscles, so that we can ____________ parts of the bodymaking ____________ molecules by linking together amino acids into long chains__________ division, so that we can repair damaged tissues and can growactive transport, so that we can __________ substances across cell membranes up their concentration gradientstransmitting ____________ impulses, so that we can transfer information quickly from one part of the body to anotherproducing ___________inside the body, to keep the body temperature constant even if the environment is cold3. a) Write the word equation for respirationb) Write the balanced chemical equation for respiration4. Aerobic respiration - the release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in the presence of ________________.Applying your knowledge1. Investigating heat production by germinating peasWhich thermos flask would show a higher temperature at the end of the experiment? Why?Why are the seeds washed with a disinfectant before placing them in the flasks?It is advisable not to fill the flasks completely with seeds. Why?Why are the flasks supported in the upside-down position?2. The production of carbon dioxide by a respiring animalWhy is it necessary to bubble the incoming air through potassium hydroxide solution before it is supplied to the mouse?Which solution changes colour at the end of the experiment? What does this show?2286003365500The lungs Use the letters by the parts to label the diagram of the lungs (highlighted labels are less important)Plural membranesAlveoliLarynxPlural fluidHeartDiaphragmTracheaBronchioleLeft bronchusIntercostal musclesLeft lungThe Alveoli and gas exchangeComplete the diagram below using the labels in the tableAir spaceAir entering/leaving the alveoliOxygen diffusing into the bloodCO2 diffusing out of the bloodDeoxygenate bloodOxygenated bloodRed blood cellBlood capillary – 1 cell thickWall of the alveoli – 1 cell thickList the features of gas exchange surfaces in animals.The walls of the alveoli are made from a single layer of cells. Why is the advantage of this?The alveoli have a moist lining. Why is this useful?The lungs contain a lot of alveoli. Why is this an advantage?Explain the role of mucus and cilia in protecting the gas exchange system from pathogens and particles.411480018097500 Highlight the key points in the following paragraphs:The bronchi in the lungs are lined with something called cilia cells. They are cells that line the lungs with hair-like protrusions. The cilia cells sweep any unwanted microbes or particles out of our lungs and airways.Scattered in between cilia cells are goblet cells that produce mucus. The role of the mucus is to trap any unwanted particles, making the job of cilia cells easier. The mucus is also protects the cilia cells by lining it with a layer of mucus.Describe the effects of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components (tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, smoke particles) on the gas exchange system.Overall, tobacco and smoking can have a very negative effect on the gas exchange system. Identify the major toxic components described below and highlight the key points.5143500102108000___________________: This causes more mucus to be produced by the goblet cells. In addition, it also paralyses our cilia cells, meaning that they cannot properly function and remove the mucus. The result is that excess mucus builds up in our airways. Smokers cough more often to shift the mucus to the back of their throats. It also clogs up the alveoli in our lungs, reducing the surface area for gas exchange to take place, therefore resulting in less oxygen entering your body. It is also a carcinogen, a substance that increases the risk of cancer. When it is deposited in our lungs it raises the risk of lung cancer amongst other diseases such as chronic bronchitis.___________________: The presence of this in our bloodstream raises our hearts’ beat per minute, in addition to increases blood pressure by narrowing our blood vessels. ___________________: This binds with the haemoglobins in our red blood cells, reducing its ability to carry oxygen around our body. As a result, it puts more strain our body’s respiratory system.___________________: These may coat the walls of the alveoli, preventing gas exchange from taking place.Research: Write a paragraph in your Notes about each of the following:What is bronchitis? Describe what emphysema is and how a smoker gets it.How does lung cancer occur? State the differences in composition between inspired and expired air.Exhaled air has high levels of ______________________ and ________________________ while inhaled air has O2?and very little amount or no water vapour.Inspired air has around 21% of ________________ whilst expired air consists of 17% oxygen.5. Describe and explain the effects of physical activity on the rate and depth of breathingThe physically and mentally relaxed human breathing rate is about 16 breaths a minute. Each inhalation brings in about half of litre of air. A similar volume of air is exhaled.Physical exercise greatly increases the breathing rate. The rate may increase beyond 80 breaths per minute. It also increases the depth of breathing increasing from half a litre to four litres. Why is this increase in breathing rate needed?3657600889000Applying your knowledgeWhat solution is in the test tubes?What happens to this solution when carbon dioxide passes through it?Which side of the apparatus produces bubbles when air is:Inhaled/inspired through the mouthpiece?Exhaled/expired through the mouthpiece?Add arrows to show the direction of air flowing through the apparatus.Will the solution in tube A or tube B change first?Which contains the most carbon dioxide expired or inspired air? Explain the answer2 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS:1. Describe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.The circulatory system is the system in which blood is pumped around the body. We need this system to transport o____________ and n____________ to our body cells for respiration.012763500V____________?are devices that control the direction of the flow of blood. They achieve this by closing and opening to prevent blood from flowing both ways. 58293000002. Describe the double circulation in terms of a low pressure circulation to the lungs and a high pressure circulation to the body tissues and relate these differences to the different funtions of the two circuits.The body contains a “double circulatory system”, where one circuit pumps blood to the ______________, where _____________ is acquired and _______________________ is released. The?oxygenated blood?then enters the second circuit, which takes oxygen to the ___________. Explain why when blood is transported from the heart to the lungs, the pressure it travels at is?relatively smaller?than the second circuit, where the blood is transported from the heart to the rest of the body.3. Describe the structure and function of the heart.The heart has?four chambers, two atria and two ventricles.The sides of the heart are separated by the?septum.?Each side of the heart contains an atrium and a ventricle, atrium at the top, ventricle on the bottom, and there is a?valve?between the atrium and ventricle of each side. On the left, the valve is called the?bicuspid valve, and on the right, the tricuspid valve.There are four major blood vessels associated with the heart:Pulmonary Veins:?This transports __________________ blood from the lungs to the left atriumAorta:?This transports oxygenated blood from the __________ to the rest of the body and the brain.Vena Cava:?This transports deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the ____________.Pulmonary Artery:?Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the ____________. Label the diagram belowTricuspid valveBicuspid valveSemi-lunar valvesSeptumRight ventricleLeft ventricleRight atriaLeft atriaPulmonary veinPulmonary arteryAortaVena cavaTendonsThe 4 chambers of the heart Complete the table below to describe the four chambers of the heart and the flow of blood around the heartPart of the heartGets blood from…Blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated?Thick or thin walls?Blood pumped to….Left atriaPulmonary vein from the lungsLeft ventricleRight atriaRight ventricleThe Circulatory system Colour the right side red (oxygenated blood) and the left blue (deoxygenated blood)Add arrows to show the direction of flow.Use the letters and arrows below to label the diagramAorta – from heart to ________Body capillaries in tissues – _________ exchanged for CO2____ ____ - from body to heartPulmonary artery to the ______Lung capillaries – CO2 _____________ for oxygenPulmonary _______ - from the lungs to heart4343400259080004. Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible causes (diet, stress and smoking) and preventive measures.Coronary Heart Disease is a heart disease where certain parts of the “coronary artery” becomes “clogged” with cholesterol, and substances such as oxygen and nutrients cannot be transported across the body.If not properly treated, a blood clot may form near the partially “clogged” area, completely blocking the artery. The muscle cells in the heart need a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients and if the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscles become blocked a heart attack can happen and part of the heart dies. Heart attacks: Put the following statements in order by numbering them 1-5._______These cells start to die._______A blood clot can form on a fatty deposit._______Some heart muscle cells do not get the oxygen and nutrients they need._______The blood clot can block a coronary artery._______Fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries. RESEARCH TASK: List 5 possible causes of Coronary Heart Disease5. List the components of the blood and state their functions – red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.??______________________________– haemoglobin and?oxygen transport.??______________________________?– phagocytosis and?antibody formation,??______________________________?– causing clotting,??______________________________?– transport of blood cells, ions,?soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon?dioxide.2857500247015006. Identify red and white blood cells as seen under a microscope, and in diagrams and photomicrographs.Red Blood CellsR________ in colorBiconcave Disk ShapeNo n_____________422910016446500White Blood CellsB__________ than Red Blood CellsExist in fewer amounts than Red Blood CellsHave a n____________7. Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse rate. Highlight the key points in the paragraph below.With exercise or physical activity, the heart rate increases to supply the muscles with more oxygen to gain extra energy. The heart can beat up to 200 times per minute with?extreme exercise. The brain sends nerve signals to the heart to control the rate. The body also produces chemical hormones, such as adrenaline, which can change the heart rate. When we are excited, scared, or anxious our heart gets a signal to beat faster. During a fever, the heart beats faster to bring more blood to the surface of the body to release heat and cool the body. The?heart rate increases?during and after a meal to send more blood to the digestive system. A trained athlete’s heart can pump more blood with each beat so his or her heart rate is slower. Likewise, an athlete’s recovery time is shorter.3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION:Identify on diagrams the parts of the male and female reproductive systems and state the functions of these parts.-22860018986500______________-?Produces sperm and male sex hormone,?testosterone______________-?sack of skin which holds the testis______________-?carries sperm from testes to urethra______________-?produces alkaline fluid to add to sperm to make semen.______________-carries semen to the penis.123190029781500______________-?transfers sperm into vagina______________- This is where the eggs are stored and hormone is produced.______________- This is where?fertilization?happens. The egg travels along the oviduct during?ovulation, which happens after a woman has her?menstruation.?______________-?lower part of the uterus______________-?sperm is deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse______________- is able to expand and holds the embryo/ babyDescribe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the uterus and ovaries. 388620010985500Read the information below, highlight the key points and then answer the questions.There are four stages in the menstrual cycle.Stage 1. Days 1-4.?Menstruation?(bleeding) occurs. The lining of the uterus disintegrates and is shed. This is due to low levels of progesterone.Stage 2. Days 4-14. The uterine lining grows back. This is due to high levels of oestrogen.Stage 3. Day 14. The egg (called an?ovum) is released. This is due to LH.Stage 4. Days 14-28. The lining of the uterus is maintained in case the egg becomes fertilised and implanted in the uterus. Maintenance of the lining is due to high levels of progesterone.Which hormone causes the egg to be released?Why is the lining of the uterus maintained after the egg is released?Compare male and female gametes in terms of size, numbers and mobility. Place the following words in the appropriate part of the table below: millions, stationary, small, usually one, big, very fastGameteSizeNumbersMobilityMaleFemaleDescribe fertilisation in terms of the joining of the nuclei of the male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg).Fertilisation happens when a male gamete (__________) penetrates the wall of the __________ gamete (egg).331470034988500Outline the early development of the zygote in terms of the formation of a ball of cells that becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus.0170624500A single sperm cell penetrates the mother’s egg cell, and the resulting cell is commonly called a?___________.?A zygote contains all the genetic information necessary for one to become a child. Half of the genetic information comes from the mother’s ________ and the other half from the father’s _________. The zygote then spends the next few days travelling down the?_________________________ and then divides to form a ball of cells. 368300112395000The zygote then continues to ______________, creating an inner group of cells with an outer shell. This stage is called?blastocyst. The blastocyst arrives at the womb (uterus) around day 5, and _____________ into the uterine wall on about day 6. At this point in the mother’s menstrual cycle, the lining of the ______________has grown and is prepared to support the baby.18542004318000Indicate the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid.The amniotic sac?and amniotic?fluid ________________ the embryo inside the womb from shocks of movement. It also protects the embryo/baby from t_________________ changes of mother.35433007366000Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord.The umbilical cord would carry dissolved food and ________________ to the body as well as carry urea and ______________________ away from the foetus.The placenta ensures the exchange between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the baby’s bloodstream. ?This ensures that ________________ can be moved into the bloodstream and _________________________ taken away. However, the placenta also ensures that other _________________ are allowed to pass to the baby and other _____________ are removed.Describe the advantages and disadvantage of breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using formula milk.Type of milkAdvantagesDisadvantagesBreastFormula9. Research task - On paper, record information about the following:a) Describe the methods of transmission of HIV.b) Describe the ways in which HIV/AIDS can be prevented from spreading.c) Outline how HIV affects the immune system.4457700342900003b COORDINATION IN HUMANS BY HORMONES:1. Define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver. Learn the above definition2. State the role of the hormone adrenaline in chemical control of metabolic activity, including increasing the blood glucose concentration and pulse rate.0000There are two adrenal glands, one above each kidney. They make a hormone called adrenaline. When you are frightened or excited, your brain sends impulses along a nerve to your adrenal glands. This makes them secrete adrenaline into the blood.1802130130810000Adrenaline has several effects which are designed to help you to cope with danger. For example, it makes your heart beat faster, supplying oxygen to your brain and muscles more quickly. This gives them more energy for fighting or running away.The blood vessels in your skin and digestive system contract so that they carry very little blood. This makes you go pale, and gives you ‘butterflies in your stomach’. As much blood as possible is need for your brain and muscles in the emergency.Adrenaline also causes the liver to release glucose into the blood. This provides extra glucose for the muscles, so that they can release energy from it (by respiration) and us the energy for contracting. Write down two things you already knew about adrenaline before reading the paragraphs above. Write down two things you learnt about adrenaline by reading the paragraphs above. Highlight the key information in the paragraphs. Give two examples of situations in which adrenaline secretion increases.lefttop469265-381000 ................
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