Class Notes Endocrine System



Class Notes Endocrine System

I. Endocrine System

A. With coordinates the function of all body

systems.

B. homeostasis through hormones

II. Hormones

A. Over hormones found in the body

1. Secretions of that enter blood.

2. Have an effect on cell, tissue organ.

3. Most only affect a of cells

III. Pituitary Gland

A. Called because it secretes hormones

that control other endocrine glands.

B. Structurally divided into parts:

C. Pituitary Gland secretion: HgH (human growth hormone)

1. Most anterior pituitary hormone

2. Stimulates , lipolysis (fat

breakdown)

3. Inhibits breakdown

D. Pituitary Gland Secretions (cont) TSH- thyroid stimulating hormone

1. Also called .

2. Influences the .

3. Stimulates the secretion of:

E. Pituitary Gland Secretions (cont)

1. ACTH hormone

2. Controls the production and secretion of by

the cortex of the adrenal glands

IV. Thyroid

A. ( T4) most is converted to T3

1. T3 regulates .

2. Enhances the actions of hormones

V. Parathyroid

A. On the of the thyroid gland

B. Helps with levels and homeostasis

VI. Adrenal glands

A. Adrenal cortex hormones:

1. Helps .

2. Influences to stress

3. Cortisol hormone and response

4. Regulated by the .

B. Adrenal medulla hormones

1. of adrenals:

2. and .

3. Makes up over of the secretions from the adrenal medulla

4. Responsible for the response

5. Helps the body cope with .

VIII. Pancreas

A. Is both an and gland.

B. The endocrine tissue of the pancreas is called .

of Langerhans

C. Alpha Cells - secrete .

raises .

D. Beta Cells - secrete , which .

blood sugar

IX. STRESS

A. Anything that homeostasis

B. May be .

C. May be related to .

X. General Adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A. Three stages

B. Body’s response to stress

1. Alarm Stage

Body is preparing for stress

Body’s way of dealing with a stressor

Body changes during alarm:

2. Resistance stage

3. Exhaustion stage

Metabolic Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System

Dwarfism

caused by a hyposecretion of hGH during the growth years

causes slow bone growth

epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached

other organs of the body may also fail to grow and develop

treatment requires administration of hGH during childhood

Gigantism

caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during childhood

abnormal increase in bone length and size of other organs

the person is very tall with normal body proportions

Acromegaly

caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood

also caused by steroid and hGH use

bones of hands, feet, and skull thicken

eyelids, lips, and tongue enlarge

skin thickens and develops furrows

Cushing’s Syndrome

caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol

results in redistribution of body fat

spindly arms and legs

rounded moon - faced appearance

hanging abdomen with stretch marks or Striae

individuals often bruises easily

poor wound healing

Cretinism

caused by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal development

exhibits dwarfism because the skeleton fails to grow

individuals are usually severely mentally retarded

retarded sexual development

usually have a yellowish skin color

Myxedema

caused by hypothyroidism during the adult years

causes facial tissue to swell and look puffy

about 5 times more common in females

other symptoms include:

bradycardia - low body temperature

lethargy - muscle weakness

dry skin and hair - easily gains weight

sensitivity to cold - hypersensitive to drugs

Graves’ Disease

caused by hyperthyroidism

an autoimmune disorder

increased metabolism - heat intolerance

increased sweating - insomnia

weight loss - nervousness

tremors of hands

may have a slightly enlarged thyroid gland (Goiter)

causes the eyes to protrude (Exophthalmos)

Diabetes Mellitus

a group of disorders that leads to an elevation of blood glucose (Hyperglycemia)

symptoms include:

polyuria - polydipsia

polyphagia - glucosuria

Two Types or Categories of Diabetes

Type I Diabetes = Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

Type II Diabetes = Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

Type I Diabetes (IDDM)

pancreas does not produce insulin due to the destruction of Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans

requires regular injections of insulin to prevent death

most commonly develops in individuals younger than 20 years old (Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus)

appears to be an autoimmune disorder

Type II Diabetes (NIDDM)

also called Maturity Onset Diabetes

much more common type of Diabetes (over 90% of Diabetes cases)

most often occurs in individuals over 40

most individuals are overweight or clinically obese

blood glucose levels can usually be controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss and control

Complications from Diabetes

atherosclerosis

heart disease

peripheral vascular disease

severe kidney damage

glaucoma

gangrene

ketoacidosis

weight loss

Treatments for Diabetes

regular insulin injections

artificial pancreas

transplantation of the pancreas

transplantation of clusters of Islet Cells

injection of fetal Islet Cells

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