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Patho Exam 1 2021Which of the following statements is?true??The brain is more aware of pain impulses when the reticular activating system is depressed.?Acute pain does not cause a reflex response at the spinal cord synapses.?Correct?Young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure.?Chronic pain is easier to tolerate without negative effects.Which of the following applies to spinal anesthesia??It causes analgesia with loss of consciousness.?Correct?The drug is injected into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or the epidural space of the spinal cord.?The drug stimulates release of endorphins in the spinal cord.?The transmission of pain impulses is blocked in a small area of the bodyPain that is caused by trauma or disease involving the peripheral nerves is referred to as?Correct?neuropathic pain.?central pain.?neurogenic pain.?referred pain.What is the term used to describe the degree of pain that is endured before an individual takes action??Pain threshold?Referred pain?Phantom pain?Correct?Pain toleranceA headache that is related to changes in cerebral blood flow is classified as a/an ________ headache.?tension?sinus?Correct?migraine?intracranialWhat is the definition of endorphins??Neurotransmitters at the nociceptors?Transmitters for sensory impulses?Correct?Opiate-like blocking agents in the central nervous system?Pain-causing chemical mediatorsAccording to the gate-control theory, passage of pain impulses may be naturally blocked?Correct?at the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses.?by the stress response.?by administration of morphine directly into the spinal cord.?by referring the pain to other parts of the body.Which of the following is a characteristic of acute pain but not of chronic pain??Depression and debilitation?A perception of increased generalized pain and discomfort?Fatigue and lower pain tolerance?Correct?Severe but short termIn which structure do pain impulses ascend the spinal cord??Reticular formation?Corticospinal tract?Correct?Spinothalamic tract?Relevant dermatomeWhat is the role of nociceptors? They are?Correct?pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means.?spinal nerves that conduct impulses from specific areas of the skin.?responsible for the state of arousal with pain.?useful in localizing pain to a specific area of the body.What is a common analgesic administered to control a moderate level of pain??Meperidine?Acetaminophen?Correct?Codeine?IbuprofenIbuprofen is classified as an NSAID and is particularly useful in treating?severe pain.?Correct?pain caused by inflammation.?intracranial pain.?pain in young infants.The impulses related to acute pain are usually transmitted by?nociceptors.?Correct?myelinated A delta fibers.?unmyelinated C fibers.?any sensory fiber with a low pain threshold.Which of the following analgesics acts to reduce pain at the peripheral site??Correct?Acetaminophen?Morphine?Codeine?Intravenous general anesthesiaPain perceived in the left arm during the course of a heart attack is an example of?Correct?referred pain.?phantom pain.?chronic pain.?subjective pain response.Healing of large areas of skin loss (including dermis and epidermis) would be most successful through?rapid mitosis and regeneration of skin layers.?resolution of damaged cells in the area.?Correct?covering the area with biosynthetic skin substitute.?graft of fibrous tissue to the area.Which of the following promotes rapid healing??Correct?Closely approximated edges of a wound?Presence of foreign material?Exposure to radiation?Vasoconstriction in the involved areaScar tissue consists primarily of?granulation tissue.?epithelial cells.?Correct?collagen fibers.?new capillaries and smooth muscle fibers.Systemic manifestations of an inflammatory response include?edema and erythema.?area of necrosis and loss of function.?pain and tenderness.?Correct?fever and malaise.Which of the following is a serious potential complication found only with the antiinflammatory COX-2 inhibitor drugs??Increased risk of infection at the site of inflammation?Reye’s syndrome developing in children and young adults?Correct?Increased incidence of heart attacks?Greatly delayed blood clottingA serous exudate is best described as a?Correct?thin, watery, colorless exudate.?thick, sticky, cloudy secretion.?thick, greenish material containing microbes.?brownish, clotted material.Some local effects of a general inflammatory response would include?high, spiking fever and chills.?Correct?redness, warmth, and swelling.?leukopenia and reduced erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).?anorexia and headaches.The number of neutrophils in the blood is increased significantly?during allergic reactions.?during chronic inflammation.?to produce antibodies.?Correct?in order to promote phagocytosis.The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to?phagocytosis of foreign material.?local vasodilation.?Correct?any tissue injury.?formation of purulent exudates.Why is an application of cold recommended as part of the RICE first aid measures immediately following an inflammatory response due to injury??It improves circulation in the area removing chemical mediators.?Correct?It causes local vasoconstriction to reduce local edema.?It draws more phagocytic cells to the area to remove debris.?It promotes immediate healing.The process of phagocytosis involves the?Correct?ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes.?shift of fluid and protein out of capillaries.?formation of a fibrin mesh around the infected area.?movement of erythrocytes through the capillary wall.Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include?albumin and fibrinogen.?growth factors and cell enzymes.?macrophages and neutrophils.?Correct?histamine and prostaglandins.Isoenzymes in the circulating blood?are a type of plasma protein normally present in the circulating blood.?Correct?often indicate the precise location of an inflammatory response.?are normally released from leukocytes during the inflammatory response.?are pyrogens, causing low-grade fever.Systemic manifestations of inflammation include all?except?pyrexia.?malaise.?Correct?local swelling.?anorexia.All of the following are correct statements regarding wound healing?except?Resolution occurs where there is minimal tissue damage and the cells can recover.?Correct?Granulation tissue forms a permanent replacement for damaged tissue.?Regeneration occurs where the cells are capable of mitosis.?Scar tissue forms where the surrounding cells are incapable of mitosis.The characteristic appearance of a full-thickness burn is?painful with multiple blisters.?heavy bleeding.?red with some swelling.?Correct?dry, firm, charred, or hard white surface.A specific defense for the body is?phagocytosis.?Correct?sensitized T lymphocytes.?the inflammatory response.?intact skin and mucous membranes.A burn area in which the epidermis and part of the dermis are destroyed is classified as?full-thickness.?Correct?deep partial-thickness.?superficial partial-thickness.?first-degree.Prolonged administration of glucocorticoids such as prednisone may cause1. atrophy of lymphoid tissue.2. increased resistance to infection.3. thrombocytopenia.4. decreased protein synthesis.?1, 2?1, 3?Correct?1, 4?2, 4n normal capillary exchange, what is net hydrostatic pressure based on??Correct?The difference between the hydrostatic pressures within the capillary, as compared with the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid?The relative osmotic pressures in the blood and the interstitial fluid?The difference between the hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure within the capillary?The difference between the concentrations of blood cells, plasma proteins, and dissolved substances in the blood and the interstitial fluidOne goal for current research in tissue engineering is to?Correct?create a functional replacement tissue when regeneration is not possible.?adapt cells from the injured organ to produce replacement tissue.?design a nonliving synthetic replacement tissue.?use stem cells as a temporary covering for damaged tissue.Which of the following statements regarding inflammation is incorrect??Inflammation caused by an allergen or a burn will typically produce a serous exudate.?Infection is one cause of inflammation.?Inflammation is the body’s nonspecific response to tissue injury.?Correct?Disorders are named using the ending?-sarcoma?to indicate inflammation.Granulation tissue is best described as?Correct?highly vascular, very fragile, and very susceptible to infection.?an erosion through the wall of viscera, leading to complications.?a type of adhesion with no vascularization.?a form of stenosis, in a duct, that is extremely tough and resists attack by microbes.Which of the following cellular elements found in the inflammatory response are responsible for phagocytosis??Correct?Macrophages?Basophils?B lymphocytes?T lymphocytes?EosinophilsA typical source of infection in burn areas is?the skin grafts.?Correct?microbes surviving in the hair follicles in the burn area.?circulating blood bringing microbes to the burn wound.?opportunistic virus in digestive tract.Purulent exudates usually contain?small amounts of plasma protein and histamine in water.?red blood cells and all types of white blood cells.?Correct?numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris.?large amounts of water containing a few cells.Mechanisms to bring an elevated body temperature down to the normal level include?Correct?general cutaneous vasodilation.?generalized shivering.?increased heart rate.?increased metabolic rate.Tears are considered to be part of the1. first line of defense.2. second line of defense.3. third line of defense.4. specific defenses.5. nonspecific defenses.?1, 4?Correct?1, 5?3, 4?2, 5All of the following are factors that promote healing?except?good nutrition: protein, vitamins A and C.?a clean, undisturbed wound.?effective circulation.?Correct?advanced age.Hypermetabolism is common with major burns because of?increased heat loss from the burn wound.?demand for tissue repair.?recurrent stress response.?Correct?All of the aboveGlucocorticoids are used to treat inflammation because they directly?promote the release of prostaglandins at the site.?Correct?decrease capillary permeability.?mobilize lymphocytes and neutrophils.?prevent infection.The “incubation period” refers to the time period between?Correct?entry of the pathogen into the body and the first signs of infectious disease.?the onset of the prodromal period and the peak of the acute infection.?the onset of clinical signs and signs of recovery from infection.?the acute period and establishment of chronic infection.Inflamed tissue is likely to become infected because?the immune system is not effective in inflamed tissue.?Correct?the increased fluid and protein in the inflamed area supports microbial growth.?phagocytes cannot penetrate the inflamed areas.?capillaries are less permeable in the affected area.Fungi reproduce by1. budding.2. extension of hyphae.3. binary fission.4. production of spores.?1, 2?2, 4?Correct?1, 2, 4?2, 3, 4Which of the following is the primary difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant??Correct?Antiseptic is used on living tissue, whereas disinfectant is designed for nonliving surfaces.?Antiseptic is much stronger than the potency of a disinfectant.?Antiseptic often causes allergic skin reactions, whereas disinfectant is always hypoallergenic.?Antiseptic is effective against endospores; disinfectants are not effective against endospores.A retrovirus such as HIV contains?Correct?RNA and enzymes for its conversion.?a double strand of DNA.?many enzymes to limit budding of new virions.?numerous mitochondria.Which of the following factors would?not?increase the virulence of a specific microbe??Secretion of endotoxin?Presence of a bacterial capsule?Correct?Production of interferons?Secretion of invasive enzymesWhen an infectious disease is occurring globally at a higher rate than usual, it may be designated as a/an?sporadic occurrence.?epidemic.?Correct?pandemic.?emerging disease.Which of the following is a function of interferons??They block the invasion of pathogenic bacteria.?They reduce the inflammatory response to local infection.?Correct?They increase host cell resistance to viral invasion.?They may facilitate the spread of some cancer cells.Which of the following is a function of interferons??They block the invasion of pathogenic bacteria.?They reduce the inflammatory response to local infection.?Correct?They increase host cell resistance to viral invasion.?They may facilitate the spread of some cancer cells.What does leukocytosis frequently indicate??Immunosuppression?Bone marrow damage?Correct?Presence of bacterial infection?An allergic or autoimmune reactionWhich of the following is a characteristic of rickettsia??Correct?It is a very small gram-negative intracellular microbe.?It exists in three forms.?It causes sexually transmitted disease.?It reproduces by budding.A strict anaerobe requires which specific environment??A dry environment?An acidic medium?Air at a temperature less than 61°F/16°C?Correct?The absence of oxygenThe primary pathological effect of influenza virus is?destruction of the mucosa in the lower respiratory tract.?replication of the virus in respiratory secretions.?destruction of leukocytes and macrophages in the lungs.?Correct?inflammation and necrosis of the upper respiratory epithelium.Host resistance is promoted by all of the following?except?prescribed immunizations.?Correct?chronic respiratory disease.?vitamin and mineral supplements.?appropriate inflammatory or immune response.The presence of the bacterial capsule?aids in the release of endotoxins.?Correct?protects the microbe from phagocytosis.?increases the release of toxins and enzymes.?prevents replication of the bacterium.Transmission of microbes by direct contact includes?touching a contaminated countertop.?Correct?sexual intercourse.?drinking contaminated water.?inhaling dust-borne microbes.The widespread necrosis of respiratory mucosa caused by an influenza infection often gives rise to?severe anemia.?Correct?secondary infections.?asthma.?emphysema.Which of the following microbes is classified as an obligate intracellular parasite??Fungus?Bacterium?Correct?Virus?ProtozoaOpportunistic infection may develop when?pathogens enter the body but cannot colonize the site of entry.?Correct?an imbalance occurs in the normal resident flora.?host resistance increases, and the balance of resident flora is restored.?contaminated food or water is unknowingly ingested.Secondary bacterial infections occur frequently during influenza epidemics primarily because?antiviral drugs lower host resistance.?Correct?the virus causes extensive tissue inflammation and necrosis.?respiratory droplets transmit infections.?the viral infection is usually self-limiting.Which of the following statements applies to?Chlamydia??The microbe exists as a chain of cells.?Correct?It causes a common STD.?It possesses many flagella.?It is excreted in feces.Which of the following are characteristics of influenza virus?1. It is an obligate intracellular parasite.2. It contains RNA.3. It usually causes nausea and vomiting.4. There are three subtypes: A, B, C.?1, 4?1, 3?2, 3, 4?Correct?1, 2, 4What are culture and sensitivity tests used for??To determine the type of microbe present in an exudate?To provide a specific medium that supports maximum microbial growth?Correct?To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it?To provide living host cells for microbes requiring such for replicationWhat does “bacteremia” refer to??Numerous pathogens circulating and reproducing in the blood?Uncontrolled sepsis throughout the body?Multiple infections, primary and secondary, established in the body?Correct?Microbes present in the bloodWhich of the following is?not?a cause of immunodeficiency??Hypoplasia of the thymus?Correct?Delayed hypersensitivity?Immunosuppressive drugs?Atrophy of the lymph nodesFollowing a positive HIV antibodies blood test and ELISA test, what is the test commonly used for confirmation??Agglutination?Double immunodiffusion test?Correct?Western blot test?Sedimentation rate testWhich of the following statements applies to the complement system??It is activated by IgE.?It blocks the inflammatory response.?Correct?It consists of proteins in the blood that must be activated.?It may destroy antibodies in the circulation.In cases of HIV infection, the “window period” refers to the time between?entry of the virus into the blood and the initial manifestations.?Correct?entry of the virus into the body and the appearance of antibodies in the blood.?entry of the virus into the body and a significant drop in CD4 T-helper lymphocyte count.?diagnosis of “HIV positive” and diagnosis of “AIDS.”CD4-positive helper T cells function by?direct cytotoxic action.?Correct?facilitating all immune system activity.?producing immunoglobulins.?inactivating allergens.Which of the following complications does?not?occur frequently in AIDS patients??Kaposi’s sarcoma?Wasting syndrome?Lymphoma?Correct?PolyarthritisA secondary immune response differs from the primary immune response in that?Correct?it is more rapid than the primary response and results in higher antibody levels.?it is slower than the primary response and does not change the antibody levels.?it occurs at the same time as the primary response but results in a decrease in antibodies.?it only occurs in hyperallergic reactions and results in a decrease of antibodies.Which of the following statements does?not?apply to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins or molecules??They are genes on chromosome 6.?Correct?All members of a family have identical MHCs.?They alert the immune system to virus-infected cells.?A close match is essential for successful tissue transplants.When an allergen binds with IgE antibodies on mast cells, resulting in release of chemical mediators, this reaction is called?cytotoxic hypersensitivity.?immune complex hypersensitivity.?Correct?type I hypersensitivity.?type IV hypersensitivity.Humoral immunity is mediated by?natural killer cells.?T lymphocytes (T cells).?Correct?B lymphocytes (B cells).?neutrophils.Distinguishing clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus include?Correct?inflammation in multiple organs.?lack of a specific diagnostic blood test.?acute onset and nonprogressive course.?typical skin rash on the chest and back.Host-versus-graft disease refers to?hyperacute rejection of tissue.?T cells in grafted tissue attacking host cells.?infection resulting from immunosuppression therapy.?Correct?transplant rejection by the recipient’s immune system.The term?tolerance?refers to?surveillance and destruction of new cancer cells by the immune system.?Correct?the ability of the immune system to ignore “self” cells.?the ability of T and B lymphocytes to work together.?the role of lymphoid tissue in the body defenses.HIV infection impairs?humoral immunity.?cell-mediated immunity.?Correct?both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.?neither type of immunity.Which statement applies to contact dermatitis??It occurs when IgE antibodies on the skin react with the causative substance.?It may result from ingested foods.?Urticaria (hives) gradually spreads over the body.?Correct?A type IV reaction occurs in affected areas.Serious infections frequently occurring in patients with AIDS include1. tuberculosis.2.?Pneumocystis carinii?pneumonia.3. influenza.4. tetanus.?Correct?1, 2?1, 4?2, 3?3, 4What does seroconversion mean in relation to HIV and AIDS??The virus has been identified in the blood and body fluids.?Correct?Antibodies for HIV have been identified in the blood.?HIV was found in lymphocytes.?Active infection has developed in the patient.The most common cause of death in patients who have AIDS is?HIV encephalopathy.?tuberculosis.?Correct?Pneumocystis carinii?pneumonia.?candida infection. ................
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