Livingston Public Schools



CP Biology NameKEY____________2013-201451517554699000UNIT 1A: Characteristics of Living Things *Biology: the scientific study of life1.3 Studying LifeNonliving things may share some features in common with living things, but only living things show ALL of the characteristics of life.Living and nonliving things are alike because they are both made of atoms and/or moleculesAn organism is any one individual living thing. There is a huge diversity of organisms on Earth. Note: At the end of your book there is a comprehensive "Visual Guide to the Diversity of Life" (p. DOL-1 to DOL-64).What characteristics do all living things have in common? There are 8 major characteristics presented in the "Visual Summary" on pages 18-19 of your textbook. 13970406408 Characteristics of Life1) ___are based on a universal genetic code_______2) ___grow and develop________________________3) ___respond to their environment______________4) ___are made up of cells______________________5) ____taken as a group, living things evolve______6) ____obtain and use materials and energy_______7) ____maintain a stable internal environment______8) ___reproduce_______________________________008 Characteristics of Life1) ___are based on a universal genetic code_______2) ___grow and develop________________________3) ___respond to their environment______________4) ___are made up of cells______________________5) ____taken as a group, living things evolve______6) ____obtain and use materials and energy_______7) ____maintain a stable internal environment______8) ___reproduce_______________________________LIVING THINGS:72390057785*1) are based on a genetic code00*1) are based on a genetic codeA molecule called DNA is used within the cell(s) of all living things to store the complex information they need to live, grow and reproduce. DNA is the genetic material of the cell which contains codes for the building of proteins. 22269452540Draw a picture of what you think In this space you will draw a 157924542545DNA looks like below picture of DNA that your 30289506159500 teacher shows you. 9985375411670500Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:LIVING THINGS:93345045085*2) grow and develop00*2) grow and developWhat is the difference between growth and development? Growth means getting larger; Development means changing features. (ex: butterfly life cycle; puberty) The degree of growth and development depends upon the characteristics of the individual species AND the amount of available energy.The amount of growth and development can be limited by how well an organism synthesizes and assimilates. Definitions 4457704127500To grow: unicellular organisms will increase in _size_________ multicellular organisms will increase in __size_______ AND __the number of cells_________________________ Synthesize:_making substances for its cellsAssimilate: using these substances for growth and/or developmentLIVING THINGS:58102512700*3) respond to their environment00*3) respond to their environment*Stimulus: a signal to which an organism responds280987528829000*Response: specific reaction to a stimulusStimuli and/or responses may be internal (inside the body) or external (outside the body). *Label each of these examples – Put an "S" by the stimulus and an "R" by the response:a) When you touch something hot _S_ you pull your hand away _R_ b) A blowfish becomes larger and extends is spikes _R_ when it is threatened by a predator _S_c) The carbon dioxide level in your blood becomes too high _S_ so your breathing rate increases _R_Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:LIVING THINGS:1000125-8255*4) are made up of cells00*4) are made up of cellsCells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. All cells come from other cells.*cell: the basic unit of all forms of lifeunicellular: made up of only one cell Unicellular organisms must accomplish all life activities within one cell.multicellular: made up of more than one cell In multicellular organisms, cells must work together to accomplish the organism's life processes.Cellular specialization takes place in complex, multicellular organisms. Different types of cells perform specific functions as parts of different tissues and organs. May give the cell a unique form to fit its particular functions. This is due to expressing only certain parts of the DNA code common to all the cells in that organism.-247655143500 This is an __animal__ cell2512695508000This organism is a(n) __amoeba__ and is __unicellular_____64770317500 This organism is a(n) __blowfish__ and is ___multicellular_____93154513271500Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:304165365125*5) taken as a group, living things evolve00*5) taken as a group, living things evolveLIVING THINGS:Organisms pass on traits (characteristics) from one generation to the next by their DNA. Organisms can't generally choose or change their characteristics - an organism’s traits are largely predetermined by their DNA (though they may be influenced by their environment). Examples of Types of Traits: Physical: parts of the cells/bodyPhysiological: processes occurring within the cells/bodyBehavioral: survival behaviorsHow do new traits arise? Remember, traits are controlled by an individual's genes.In sexually reproducing species, variations arise from unique combinations of the mother & father's genetic material. Variations are differences in organisms. In sexually & asexually reproducing species, variations can also arise from random mutations which change the genetic material of a cell.*Mutation: change in the genetic material of a cellCertain variations may enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. These traits are referred to as adaptations.*Adaptation: heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in an environmentThe environment largely dictates what is an adaptation and what is not. A trait may benefit survival in one environment and hinder survival in another. (ex, think of a snowshoe hare trying to hide in a NJ forest!)48260016510000List examples of the types of traits:Physical: Polar bear’s fur, bird’s hollow bones, presence of a backbone, teeth, claws, spine, body coloration, flippers vs. hands229362049085500Physiological: Photosynthesis, warm vs. cold blooded, seals ability to hold their breath for a long time, production of toxins for defenseBehavioral: Mating rituals, avoiding predators,obtaining food, migrationYour personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:How do populations change (evolve) over time? *Natural Selection: the process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.Each time an organism reproduces, there is a chance that the DNA of the offspring will lead to new and different traits which may enhance their survival.If the trait benefits the organism the organism is more ‘fit’ for survival and reproduction of another generation of offspring.The new trait may be passed on to the next generation of offspring.Eventually, if successful then this trait will be present in a greater percentage of the population.The group of organisms can be said to have adapted to their environment.As one adaptation follows another, eventually the species may undergo subtle or even drastic changes. Over time, groups of organisms can become different enough from one another that they are considered new species.*Evolution change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. 2266952413000 B.4330702095500C. Discuss what is happening in the picture labeled “C” above AND how does it relate to Natural Selection?_Slide #1: original population of mice have dark and light color variations. Slide #2: the environment (bird) selects against (eats) the light mice and selects for (does not eat) the darker colored mice. Slide #3: Over time, the mice population adapts to have a greater percentage of darker color mice.________________Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:304165365125*6) obtain and use materials and energy00*6) obtain and use materials and energyLIVING THINGS:Materials and energy move between the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of ecosystems. Materials (atoms, molecules) must be recycled but energy is NOT - therefore a constant supply of energy must enter every ecosystem (usually from the sun). Organisms must be able to: a) produce or obtain nutrients; b) convert the nutrients into usable forms of chemical energy (making ATP through cellular respiration); and c) use these forms of energy to power their life processes.All living things fit into one of the following two categories, based on A) how they produce or obtain nutrients: *heterotroph: organisms that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer Examples: all animals, fungi, various types microorganisms (bacteria, protists)*autotroph: organisms that are able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer Examples: all plants, various types of microorganisms (bacteria, protists)10693407347585001069340734758500Living things must ___produce or obtain nutrients____1314458128000There are various categories of consumers such as: carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, decomposers 76009515430500There are two different types of autotrophy: Photosynthesis ChemosynthesisYour personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:Photosynthesis: can be summarized by the following chemical equation:6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O25714916510B) Organisms must convert the nutrients into usable forms of chemical energy (making ATP through cellular respiration).Cellular Respiration: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen Cellular respiration can be summarized by the following chemical equation:C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O 5715065405*****IMPORTANT*****All organisms undergo cellular respiration!00*****IMPORTANT*****All organisms undergo cellular respiration!center0001069340737933500106934073475850010693407347585008318568580What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?The products of one reaction become the reactants of the other reaction. Photosynthesis is an energy-storing reactions; Cellular respiration is an energy-releasing reaction. 274320142875001069340734758500Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:Important!Do not confuse cellular respiration with the act of breathing. (Breathing is inhaling/exhaling – not all organisms do this!!! )All living organisms (autotrophs and heterotrophs) must undergo some type of cellular respiration to produce ATP.373380012890500C) Organisms will then use many forms of energy to power their life processes. (forms of energy)*metabolism: the combination of ALL the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials.When metabolism stops, an organism cannot perform life functions which leads to death. Organisms will then use these forms of energy to power their life processes. Some examples include:Digestion: breaking down food into forms which cells can useTransport: moving materials around a cell or throughout an organism Movement: changing position of a body part or locomotion of an entire organismOthers: growth, reproduction, excretion of wastes, respiration, regulation of cellular activities, metabolism, etc. – in other words, ALL LIFE PROCESSES!Special types of metabolic reactions help organisms obtain and use energy from the environment to produce new compounds that power life processes. Life functions are based on chemical reactions! 152400368935*7) maintain a stable internal environment00*7) maintain a stable internal environmentLIVING THINGS:*Homeostasis: maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.Homeostasis is about trying to stay (relatively) the same inside no matter what goes on outside.22174208699500Examples: regulation of body temperature: when it's cold humans shiver and when it's hot we sweat so that we can maintain our body temperature around 98.6F.regulation of blood sugar levelsregulation of water balance in bloodYour personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:1190625365125*8) reproduce00*8) reproduceLIVING THINGS:The process of reproduction ensures that DNA is passed from parent(s) to offspring.Reproduction is necessary for the survival of the species NOT the individual.Two types of Reproduction: *Asexual: process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent*Sexual: type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organismEither method of reproduction has the potential to be very successful - depending on the species and its environment. Some organisms can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction. Label each picture as an example of sexual or asexual reproduction. ______Sexual Reproduction_______________387350-244602000119888017208500 ________Asexual Reproduction_____________ Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:Use the following directions to complete the table below:use the numbers 1 or 2use the words low (little or none) or highuse the words stable/unchanging or unstable/changingfill in with examples of organisms that reproduce asexually and sexuallyAsexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction1# of parents122Degree of genetic variability of offspringLow (little or none)High – parents and offspring are all slightly different3Environment that this type of reproduction is best suited forstable/unchangingchanging/unstable4ExamplesTypical in: most unicellular organisms, some fungi.and some multicellular organisms like hydra, jellyfish, some plants, artificially cloned organismsOccurs in:All animals and plants, some fungi and microorganisms. Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have.Taxonomy: the science of classification - which involves grouping and naming organisms.*Species: a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.How do we group and name species?Organisms are named using a system of *Binomial Nomenclature: classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.Each organism is placed into a series of hierarchical groups based on characteristics and similarities shared with other members of that group. Classification gives us a way to sort and group organisms for easier study, as well as assign each its own scientific name. The scientific name of an organism is often very different from the organism’s common name.Scientific Name: composed of an organism's genus and species names. The genus is capitalized and the species is not. Put the words in italics or underlined.Ex) Red Oak tree - Quercus rubra Modern humans? Homo sapiensThe more classification groups that two organisms share, the more closely related they are. 1555757112000What is the scientific name of the bactrian camel?Camelus bactrianusCircle the pair of organisms that have more in common from the choices below: A: Bactrian Camel and Llama B: Bactrian camel and Dromedary C: Bactrian camel and Sea StarYour personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have.36290251317625ORGANISMAPPROX LIFESPAN(years)ORGANISMAPPROX LIFESPAN(yearsBristlecone Pine3,000-4,700 yearsToad36Redwood1,000-3,500Deer35Douglas Fir750Cobra28Galapagos Tortoise193Tiger, Cat25Giant Tortoise152Bat24Box Turtle 123Cow22Turkey Buzzard118Queen Ant, Chicken, Sheep15Swan102Tiger Salamander11Parrot80Green Frog10Eleplant69Hummingbird8Horned Owl 68Queen Bee, Gerbil5Catfish60House Mouse, Hamster, Rat4Eagle55Most Insects< 1yearHorse50Adult Honeybee Workers6 weeks00ORGANISMAPPROX LIFESPAN(years)ORGANISMAPPROX LIFESPAN(yearsBristlecone Pine3,000-4,700 yearsToad36Redwood1,000-3,500Deer35Douglas Fir750Cobra28Galapagos Tortoise193Tiger, Cat25Giant Tortoise152Bat24Box Turtle 123Cow22Turkey Buzzard118Queen Ant, Chicken, Sheep15Swan102Tiger Salamander11Parrot80Green Frog10Eleplant69Hummingbird8Horned Owl 68Queen Bee, Gerbil5Catfish60House Mouse, Hamster, Rat4Eagle55Most Insects< 1yearHorse50Adult Honeybee Workers6 weeksRecently, the science of classification has been undergoing a great deal of change. The original scheme proposed back in the 1800’s by Carolus Linnaeus included only 7 classification levels shown above (KPCOFGS). Currently an additional grouping, called a “domain” is more widely accepted as a level above (more general than) “kingdom”. Biochemical evidence (i.e. DNA) has helped to continue to revise and/or reinforce the classification groupings being used today.Let's discuss just one more feature that all living things have in common... all living things must die.Life Span: how long an organism livesWhy can’t organisms just live forever? Over time there is damage to the DNA and cells – things “wear out” despite constant maintenance and repair throughout the organism’s anisms cannot always maintain homeostasis in all environmental conditions. If an organism cannot continue its metabolism and maintain homeostasis, its life will cease.Earth has a limited supply of resources. When organisms die, the materials in their cells are recycled back into the environment for use by new generations of living things. Decomposers are essential to the recycling of materials between the living & nonliving portions of every ecosystem.Do NOT memorize this Organism Lifespan Chart!Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have.Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have.There is some debate over whether viruses are living or nonliving. Most agree that they are nonliving because they are unable to INDEPENDENTLY carry out all life processes – they are particles made of DNA and other organic chemicals that can replicate only by infecting living cells. 781050728535500781050728535500Explain why someone would think that viruses are considered living things based on the 8 characteristics of life._________________________________________________________YES: contain DNA, can reproduce / replicate (within a host),________respond to stimuli, and adapt and evolve._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO: are not made up of cells, do not grow and develop,_________do not maintain homeostasis______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________IF IT DOES NOT DEMONSTRATE ALL 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE…IT IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE A LIVING THING!!!Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have.7520940676358496857137420823843962072317158244-79513Domains020000Domains6352098127254038394866286501398436859238 ................
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