Human Anatomy Reading Guide



Human Anatomy Reading Guide Name _____________________

(Holt Text Chapters 37 - 43)

Muscular system.

1. Page 847. Why is skeletal muscle called voluntary muscle?

2. What do skeletal muscle move?

3. What types of muscle are involuntary?

4. How are smooth muscle and cardiac muscle different?

5. What are "stem cells?"

6. How are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells different?

7. Which type of stem cell would probably be more useful for producing cells of different tissue types?

Skeletal System

8. Page 850. What are some of the functions of your internal skeleton of bones?

9. What is bone marrow and where is it found?

10. Which type of bone marrow produces all blood cells and platelets?

11. What is osteoporosis?

12. What are two ways of preventing osteoporosis?

13. What is a joint, as it refers to the skeletal system?

14. What role does cartilage play in a joint?

15. What role do ligaments play in joints?

16. Page 856. What function do tendons serve?

Integumentary System

17. What are some tidbits about skin (its percent of body weight and rank among body organs)?

18. Besides skin, what are the components of the integumentary system.?

19. What functions does skin have?

20. Figure 15. Which is thicker, the epidermis or dermis?

21. In which layer are nerve endings, muscle fibers, sweat glands, and hair follicles?

22. What causes acne?

The Circulatory System

23. Page 872. List five things that move through the cardiovascular system.

24. What are the three types of vessels that circulate blood through the body, and how do they differ?

25. What are two functions of the lymphatic system?

26. Where are your lymph nodes located?

27. The components of blood. What percent of the total volume of blood is plasma?

28. What do red blood cells carry? What iron-containing protein bids oxygen in the lungs and carries it thoughout the body?

29. What's another name for red blood cells?

30. What's another name for white blood cells?

31. What function do white blood cells have?

32. Explain the process by which platelets repair a damaged blood vessel?

The Respiratory System

33. What purpose does breathing accomplish?

34. What does oxygen enable cells to do?

35. Why must carbon dioxide be removed from the body?

36. Describe the path of a breath of travels from the mouth or nose to the lung.

The Digestive System

37. Page 900. What is digestion?

38. Describe the path an indigestible food particle travels between the time it enters the body and the time it exits (skip the structures that are associated with digestion but that food does not pass through).

39. What is the liver's role in digestion?

40. What is the pancreas's role in digestion?

41. What is another name for large intestine?

The Excretory System

42. What is "excretion?"

43. Besides the kidneys, what other body organs are involved in ridding the body of waste?

44. How many kidney's does a person normally have, and what are their shape and size?

The Immune System

45. Page 924. What is the definition of a pathogen and what are some common examples?

46. Some of our body defenses are considered "nonspecific." What does this mean?

47. Explain how skin is a nonspecific defense against pathogens?

48. What is another important nonspecific first line of defense?

49. What happens when pathogens break through your body's first line of defense?

50. What causes an inflammatory response?

51. How does an inflammatory response protect you from pathogens?

52. What is interferon and what does it do?

53. What type of white blood cells ingest and kill pathogens, as well as dead cells and other debris, from the body?

54. What is a "natural killer cell," (besides just being a really cool term)?

55. What are natural killer cells especially effective against?

56. (Specific defenses look for and attack specific pathogens. They thus convey immunity against pathogens they recognize.)

57. What are the four main kinds of white blood cells that participate in the immune response?

58. What do T cells do?

59. What do B cells do?

60. How are antigens and antibodies different? (pages 927 and 929)

61. Page 936. Explain why an allergy is a response by a person's immune system. What are antihistamines effective in treating allergies?

The Endocrine System

62. Page 974. What are hormones?

63. What are four functions of hormones?

64. What are endocrine glands?

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