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Chapter 43-44 Review Key

|Cells or Compounds |Functions |

|Neutrophils |Short-lived numerous phagocytic leukocytes |

|Monocytes |Leukocytes that migrate to tissues and develop into |

| |macrophages |

|Macrophages |Long-lived phagocytes that are important |

| |antigen-presenting cells |

|Eosinophils |Leukocytes that attack large parasites |

|Natural Killer Cells |Non-specific lymphocytes that stimulate apoptosis of |

| |infected or cancerous cells |

|Mast cells |Release histamine to initiate inflammatory response |

|Histamine |Causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood|

| |vessels |

|Interferons |Proteins released by viral-infected cells |

|Complement system |Family of plasma proteins that cause lysis of microbes |

| |and are involved with innate and specific defenses |

|Lysozyme |Enzyme in tears, saliva, and mucus that attacks |

| |bacterial cell walls |

|Prostaglandins |Chemicals that promote swelling, increased blood flow |

|Chemokines |Chemical signals released by various leukocytes |

Site of most water, salt, and glucose reabsorption : Proximal convoluted tubule

Part of nephron that is permeable to salt, not water: Ascending loop

Part of nephron that is permeable to water, not salt: Descending loop/lower collecting duct

What do plasma cells release? Antibodies

What does an activated helper T cell release? Interleukins

What does a cytotoxic T cell attached to an infected body cell release? Perforin

List four ways in which antibodies mediate the disposal of antigens. Which of these enhance phagocytosis by macrophages? (*)

a. Coating *

b. Clumping *

c. Precipitating soluble antigen *

d. Working with complement

Label the components in this diagram that shows a helper T cell being activated by interaction with a dendritic cell and the central role of the helper T cell in activating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. antigen-presenting cell (dendritic cell)

a. bacterium

b. antigen

c. class II MHC

d. T cell receptor

e. CD4

f. Helper T

g. Cytokines

h. Cytotoxic T cell

i. B cell

j. Cell-mediated response

k. Humoral response (antibody secretion by plasma cells)

1. What type of cell releases interferon? Virus-infected cells.

2. Why is a secondary immune response much faster? Memory cells are quicker to respond

3. Explain why only a few cell types have MHC II complexes on their cell surfaces: Only certain cells are Antigen-Presenting Cells that can bind to helper-T cells.

4. Explain what the term “clonal selection” refers to: The way only specific B and T-cells that recognize a particular antigen are stimulated to proliferate.

5. Differentiate between the humoral response and the cell-mediated response: Humoral response is effective against free floating antigen and involves the production of antibodies. Cell-mediated response is effective against “hidden” antigen, inside an infected body cell.

6. The antibody genes undergo somatic cell recombination (gene rearrangement). Genes for what other two categories of proteins undergo similar rearrangement? (Hint: found on T cells)

T-Cell receptors on both helper and cytotoxic T cells

7. Explain how B cells become antigen-presenting cells:

The antigen binds to antibodies on the surface of the B-cell and are taken in by endocytosis. The antigens then combine with Class II MHC within the B-cell and then make their way to the surface.

Label the nephron in the following way:

• Circle the part(s) of the nephron that is permeable to water and not to salt.

• Put a square around the part(s) that reabsorbs glucose

• Put a dotted circle around the part(s) that is permeable to salt and not water

• Put a star next to the part(s) affected by aldosterone

• Put a check next to the site of filtration

Be able to identify the parts of the nephron:

• Glomerulus (A)

• Bowman’s capsule (A)

• Loop of Henle (C)

• Proximal and distal convoluted tubules B and D

• Collecting duct (E)

Random Questions

• Chemical released by mast cells Histamine

• chemical released by virus-infected cells Interferon

• Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus T-Cell

• Cells responsible for a secondary immune response. Memory cells

• Binds to a helper T-cell, secretes interleukin 1 which stimulates the T-cell to divide and proliferate. Macrophage or dendritic cell

• Produces macrophages. Monocytes

• Binds to a B-cell Helper T

• Cell-surface protein found only on B-cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Class II MHC

• Protein that coats invader, makes recognition by phagocytes easier. Antibodies

• Has receptor for antigen and Class I MHC. Cytotoxic T Cell

• Cell’s receptor is actually bound antibody. B-cell

• A protein or polysaccharide, it can be recognized by an antibody. Antigen

• They form plasma cells which secrete antibodies. B-cells

• Nitrogenous waste formed by mammals, adult amphibians, sharks Urea

• Nitrogenous waste formed by birds and reptiles Uric Acid

• Name of tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder Ureters

• Name of tube carrying urine from the bladder Urethra

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[pic]

Indicate whether the following animals are isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, or hypoosmotic to their environment. Then briefly list their mechanisms of osmoregulation.

|Animal |Osmotic Relation to |Osmoregulatory Mechanisms|

| |Environment | |

|Marine invertebrate |Isoosmotic |Conformer |

|Shark |Almost isoosmotic |Retains urea in tissues, |

| | |kidneys excrete excess |

| | |salt |

|Marine Bony Fish |Hypoosmotic |Drinks water, pumps ions |

| | |out of gills, little |

| | |urine |

|Freshwater Fish |Hyperosmotic |Large volumes of dilute |

| | |urine, gills may pump |

| | |salts in |

|Terrestrial Mammal |Hyperosmotic |“water-proof” body |

| | |coverings reduce |

| | |evaporation, kidneys |

| | |conserve water |

(B)

(D)

(E)

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