Muscular System



Muscular System

Introduction

1. What are the 5 functions of muscle tissue?

2. What are the 3 tissue types?

Structure of skeletal muscle

3. What are the 4 parts of a skeletal muscle?

4. How is the fascia covering a muscle different from the epimysium?

5. Which may extend to become a tendon?

6. What part of the bone does a tendon attach the muscle to?

7. Arrange the following layers in order from superficial to deep.

Endomysium (EN) Epimysium (EP) Perimysium (P)

8. What are the groups of muscle fibers separated by the perimysium called?

9. Why do muscle fibers have 4 different coverings?

10. Arrange the flowing muscle cell parts in order from largest to smallest

Actin (A) A band (AB) I band (IB)

Fascicle (F) Muscle (M) Muscle fiber (MF)

Myofibril (MY) Myosin (MYO) Sarcomere (S)

11. How are the names of other cell parts, like plasma membrane and

cytoplasm, different in muscle cell parts names?

12. What part of the sarcomere makes up the A band?

13. What part makes up the I band?

14. What marks the end of each sarcomer?

15. What part of the sarcomere contains just the myosin filaments?

16. What do you call the channels inside the muscle fiber/cell that run parallel to the myofibrils? The channels that run perpendicular?

17. What is the function of these channels?

18. What structure causes the muscle fiber to contract?

19. Between what 2 structures is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

20. Arrange the following structures in order of what would be used first if the muscle would be stimulated

Brain (B) Muscle fiber (MF)

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) Neurotransmittor (N)

Synaptic cleft (SC) Synaptic end knobs (SEK)

Synaptic vesicles (SV) Motor neuron (MN)

21. What is a motor unit?

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

16. What are the 2 molecule that cause muscle contraction?

17. What theory explains how a muscle fiber shortens?

18. In this theory, why do the sarcomeres shorten?

19. What are crossbridges?

26. What gets the crossbridge ready to move?

27. How many ATP does it take to cause one pull of an actin?

28. What are the 2 factors that determine how long this will go on?

29. Arrange the following events in order. ACH = acetylcholine SR = sarcoplasmic reticulum

A. ACH binds to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane

B. ACH crosses the synaptic cleft

C. Actin and myosin crossbridges link up

D. A muscle impulse is created

E. Calcium ions are released from the SR

F. Impulse reaches the motor neuron axon

G. Impulse travels to the leg

H. Muscle crossbridges pull the actin in a powerstroke

I. Neurotransmittor is released

J. Person decides to move their leg

K. The muscle impulse travels through the fiber to the SR

L. Calcium binds to troponin

M. Tropomyosin is pulled aside

N. Binding sites on the actin are exposed

O. ATP splits to ADP and P

P. A second ATP binds to the myosin to break the actin/myosin link

Q. The myosin is repositioned for another powerstroke

30. Arrange the following events in order in the process of a muscle relaxing.

A. ACH is broken down by an enzyme

B. Actin / myosin links break apart

C. Calcium is put back in the SR

D. Muscle relaxes

E. Stimulus ceases

31. What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down ACH? What is its purpose?

32. What are the 3 ways available to provide energy for a contraction?

33. Which is used 1st? Why?

34. Which is used 2nd?

35. What are the 2 types of respiration?

36. Which is also called glycolysis?

37. Which makes more ATP? How much?

38. Which uses oxygen?

39. Which uses the citric acid cycle? The electron transport chain?

40. From what 2 sources can the muscle get oxygen for respiration?

41. Why is there no lactic acid produced in aerobic respiration?

42. During strenuous activity, why is there not enough oxygen to completely supply the muscle?

43. What chemical accumulates when this occurs?

44. When you incur an oxygen debt form strenuous exercise, what are the 2 organs that your body must repay oxygen to? Why them?

45. What chemical does prolonged, strenuous exercise cause to accumulate, making a muscle fatigue?

46. How does this chemical cause fatigue?

47. Why does muscle tissue produce heat?

Muscular Responses

48. What is the minimum amount of stimulus needed to cause a contraction called?

49. Describe the all or none response.

50. How is the latent period like the period of relaxation?

51. How are twitch and tetanus related?

52. How are twitch and tetanus different?

53. How are summation and tetanus related?

54. How are summation and tetanus different?

55. What are the 2 types of muscle fibers?

56. What is muscular hypertrophy? Atrophy? What causes each?

Factor Slow twitch Fast Twitch

Used during … 57. 58.

Energy process 59. 60.

Fatigue level 61. 62.

Amount mitochondria 63. 64.

65. If a person stops exercising, 3 events cause the muscle to atrophy or

shrink. What are these 3 things?

66. Relate recruitment to muscular contraction strength.

67. How is muscle tone related to muscle contraction?

Smooth Muscle

68. How are smooth muscle fibers similar to skeletal muscle fibers?

69. What are 3 ways in which smooth muscle fibers are different from skeletal muscle fibers?

Factor Multiunit Visceral

Arrangement 70. 71.

1 Location 72. 73.

Innervated by … 74. 75.

76. How does the visceral type of smooth muscle create rhythmicity?

77. What are the 4 ways in which smooth and skeletal muscle are similar? Factor Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle

Neurotransmittor(s) 78. 79.

Hormones 80. 81.

Speed of contraction 82. 83.

Length of contraction 84. 85.

Ability to stretch 86. 87.

Cardiac Muscle

88. What are the 6 ways in which cardiac muscle is similar to the others?

89. In table 8.3 on page 182, the 3 muscle types are summarized. What are the 4 other ways in which cardiac muscle is different from the others that’s NOT mentioned in that table?

Skeletal Muscle Actions

90. How are the origin and the insertion of a muscle alike?

91. How are the origin and the insertion of a muscle different?

92. Can a muscle have more than one origin? More than one insertion?

93. How are the prime mover and the agonist alike?

94. How are the synergist and the agonist alike?

95. How are the antagonist and the agonist alike?

96. How are the synergist and the agonist different?

97. How are the antagonist and the agonist different?

98. How many different muscles does your body have?

99. Do you use more muscle to smile or to frown?

Muscle problems

100. What is tendonitis? How is tenosynovitis different?

101. What happens during a muscle strain?

102. How does botulism cause muscle paralysis?

103. What 2 things cause the sustained contraction of rigor mortis in a corpse?

104. Why might an athlete take steroids?

105. What are 3 possible consequences of taking steroids?

106. Where did steroid abuse originate?

107. What are 2 good purposes that steroids can be used for?

108. What causes a muscle pull?

109. What does the protein dystrophin do?

110. What tissue disintegrates when this protein is present in less than normal amounts?

111. What specifically impairs muscular function in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

112. How are the muscle cells affected when a person is afflicted with Myotonic dystrophy?

113. Which type of muscular dystrophy is caused by missing dystrophin?

Book work – Muscle names - page 201 – Part B - #1 to #24. Add to your worksheet answers, please.

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