Passion as concept of the psychology of motivation ...

[Pages:270]Passion as concept of the psychology of motivation Conceptualization, assessment, inter-individual variability and long-term stability

DISSERTATION

zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.)

der Erziehungswissenschaftlichen Fakult?t

der Universit?t Erfurt

vorgelegt von Julia Moeller

Erfurt, 2013

i Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Ernst Hany, Universit?t Erfurt 2. Prof. Dr. Helmut Niegemann, Universit?t Erfurt 3. Prof. Dr. Jacquelynne S. Eccles, University of Michigan

urn:nbn:de:gbv:547-201400047

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"On Reason and Passion Your soul is oftentimes a battlefield, upon which your reason and your judgment wage war against your passion and your appetite. Would that I could be the peacemaker in your soul, that I might turn the discord and the rivalry of your elements into oneness and melody. But how shall I, unless you yourselves be also the peacemakers, nay, the lovers of all your elements?

Your reason and your passion are the rudder and the sails of your seafaring soul. If either your sails or your rudder be broken, you can but toss and drift, or else be held at a standstill in midseas. For reason, ruling alone, is a force confining; and passion, unattended, is a flame that burns to its own destruction. Therefore let your soul exalt your reason to the height of passion, that it may sing; And let it direct your passion with reason, that your passion may live through its own daily resurrection, and like the phoenix rise above its own ashes. I would have you consider your judgment and your appetite even as you would two loved guests in your house. Surely you would not honour one guest above the other; for he who is more mindful of one loses the love and the faith of both.

Among the hills, when you sit in the cool shade of the white poplars, sharing the peace and serenity of distant fields and meadows - then let your heart say in silence, "God rests in reason." And when the storm comes, and the mighty wind shakes the forest, and thunder and lightning proclaim the majesty of the sky -- then let your heart say in awe, "God moves in passion." And since you are a breath in God's sphere, and a leaf in God's forest, you too should rest in reason and move in passion."

(Kahlil Gibran, 1923 / 2002)

iii Acknowledgements My headmost gratitude is to my advisor Professor Dr. Ernst Hany, for his continuous support of my professional training, my research and conference journeys, his suggestions and critical questions, his midnight revision of my initial scholarship application and for much more that I have learned in our collaboration.

Deeply grateful I am to Professor Jacquelynne S. Eccles for her invitation to Michigan, her encouragement, advice and support during and after my research visit, our collaboration on a joined publication, and for all the doors and opportunities she has opened to me.

My deep gratitude also go to Professor Barbara Schneider for her advice, feedback, for giving me access to her datasets, new networks and great learning opportunities, our collaboration on a joined paper, her invitation to the AERA Conference 2013 to San Francisco, and for a presidential cheese plate.

My special thanks go to my colleagues Dr. Robert Grassinger and Dr. Julia Dietrich for their company on my way, our intense collaboration and their thorough assistance, orientation, feedback, our discussions and ongoing publications. I learned so much from you. Without your company doing this research would not have been as much fun as it was, and I would not strive for where I aspire now without your role models.

Thanks to the P.I.s and my colleagues from the Center for Economic Research and Behavioral Sciences (CEREB) for their regular feedback and financial support.

I thank Mr. Lippold and Mr. M?nzberg from the Thuringian Soccer Association (Th?ringer Fu?ball Verband, TFV) for their considerable support during the study among adolescent soccer players in Thuringia.

iv I thank Melanie Keiner and Denise W?chter very much for their valuable and critical discussions, intense literature research, their support during the planning and conduction of data collections, their contentious help in the data entry and for the sentence "Toll Frau Moeller, mit Ihnen kann man immer so sch?n denken. Das ist besser als google!" ("Great, Ms. Moeller, with you one can always think so well. That's better than google!").

I thank Dr. Kerstin Mayhack for believing in my love and aptitude for doing research before I myself believed in them and for preventing me from becoming an ice-cream seller by supporting my backbones.

I heartily thank Atademes Branco Pereira for his patience, inspiration, encouragement, his help with the translations of the passion scale into Portuguese and English, for rendering possible the data collections in Rio de Janeiro and meetings with Brazilian researchers and for his comprehension whenever I had to say "Meu amor, hoje estou com a minha outra paix?o".

Best thanks go to Montgomery Miranda for his crucial support of the data collection in schools in Rio de Janeiro, and to Marina Pickler Rorato, Andr?a Diniz, and Tobias Antunes de Amorim for their help with questionnaire translations into and from Portuguese.

My deepest gratitude is to my family and friends, the already mentioned and the not yet mentioned. I thank you for always believing in me, for always supporting and covering my back, for your interest in my work, our uncountable discussions, the inspirations, literature recommendations and all the passion photos you collected for me, for sharing your passions with me and for reminding me that it's not passion but you who make my life worth living.

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Content

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ iii Summary.............................................................................................................................. viii Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................. x

Part I. General Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 2 The Previous Research About Passion ................................................................................... 2 Passion Concepts and Findings in the Previous Research .................................................. 2 Blind Sports in the Previous Research................................................................................ 4 Research Questions and Research Program ........................................................................... 6 Methodological Approaches in This Thesis ........................................................................... 9 Outline for the Following Chapters ...................................................................................... 10

Part II. Review of Theory and Empirical Studies ............................................................... 12 Paper 1. A Review of Passion Concepts and their Overlaps with Commitment: Opening a Can of Worms....................................................................................................................... 13 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 14 Herding Worms: Concepts of Passion in the Current Literature ...................................... 15 Limitations in the Current Passion Research .................................................................... 23 The new Construct's Niche: Motivation to Persist in Deliberate Practice ....................... 30 Integrating Different Passion and Commitment Concepts in Order to Overcome Terminological Ambiguities and to Explain the Motivation to Persist in Deliberate Practice.............................................................................................................................. 32 Conclusion and Directions for Future Research ............................................................... 49

Paper 2. Measuring passion and commitment with one joint scale: psychometric properties and validity of the com.pass scale. ...................................................................................... 53

Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 53 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 54 The Previous Research...................................................................................................... 54 The Present Research ........................................................................................................ 59 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 61 Results............................................................................................................................... 70 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 101 Appendix......................................................................................................................... 104

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Paper 3. A disposition for passion? The relationship of passion with facets of personality. ............................................................................................................................................ 112

Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 112 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 113 The Previous Research.................................................................................................... 113 Hypotheses...................................................................................................................... 122 Methods and Results ....................................................................................................... 123 General Discussion ......................................................................................................... 152 Appendix......................................................................................................................... 156 Paper 4. On the stability and variability of passion. A longitudinal Experience Sampling Method approach. ............................................................................................................... 159 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 159 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 160 The Present Research ...................................................................................................... 164 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 165 Results............................................................................................................................. 169 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 172 Appendix......................................................................................................................... 175

Part III. General Discussion ................................................................................................ 179 Synopsis of the Present Thesis. .......................................................................................... 180 Insights and Further Assumptions About the Impact of Person-Specific and ActivitySpecific Determinants of Passion ....................................................................................... 182 Discussion of Person-Specific Determinants of Passion ................................................ 183 Discussion of Activity-Specific Determinants of Passion .............................................. 184 Discussion of Possible Interactions Between Person-Specific and Activity-Specific Determinants of Passion ................................................................................................. 185 Open Remaining Research Questions and Directions for Future Research. ...................... 187 Need for Consensus About Definition, Components, and Measures of Passion ............ 187 Particular Functioning and Interactions of Specific Components .................................. 188 Incremental Validity ....................................................................................................... 189 Process Models for the Explanation of the Long-Term Development of Passion.......... 190 Person-Oriented Analyses: General Degree Versus Specific Types of Passion............. 192 Plead for a Larger Variety of Research Methods and More Objective Measures .......... 193 Representative Sampling Should Include Drop-Out Analyses ....................................... 194

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Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 196 Appendix A. The Applied Scales. ...................................................................................... 196 Overview About the Applied Scales............................................................................... 196 1. The German Version of the Com.pass Scale (Preliminary Item Set) ....................... 199 2. The German Version of the Com.pass Scale (Final Item Set) .................................. 200 3. The Portuguese Version of the Com.pass Scale ....................................................... 201 4. The German Translation of the Dual Model Passion Scale ...................................... 203 5. The Portuguese Translation of the Dual Model Passion Scale ................................. 204 6. The Declarative Passion Scale .................................................................................. 205 7. The German Version of the Sport Commitment Scale ............................................. 206 8. The Portuguese Version of the Sport Commitment Scale ........................................ 206 9. The BIS/BAS Scale .................................................................................................. 207 10. The Impulsive Sensation Seeking Scale ................................................................... 208 11. The Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) ........................................ 209 12. The Affect Scale from Kessler and Staudinger (2009)............................................. 210 13. The Affect Scale from Kessler and Staudinger (2009) ............................................. 211 14. The German Version of the State-Trait Cheerfulness Inventory)............................. 214 15. The Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI).................................................................. 215 16. Items for the Assessment of Deliberate Practice in Soccer ...................................... 216 17. Items for the Assessment of Performance of Adolescent Soccer Players ................ 217 Appendix B. The Instructions for the Applied Scales. ....................................................... 219 1. German Instruction for the Survey Among University Students (Refers to the Individuals' Favorite Activities) .............................................................................. 219 2. Portuguese Instruction for the Survey Among Secondary School Students in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Refers to the Individuals' Favorite Activity) .................................. 220

References........................................................................................................................... 221 Information About the Contribution of Other People to this Thesis. ................................. 252 Ehrenw?rtliche Erkl?rung................................................................................................... 255 Curriculum Vitae. ............................................................................................................... 265

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