SUBACUTE CARE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy

SUBACUTE CARE:

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

December 1994

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation

The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) is the principal advisor to the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on policy development issues, and is responsible for major activities in the areas of legislative and budget development, strategic planning, policy research and evaluation, and economic analysis.

ASPE develops or reviews issues from the viewpoint of the Secretary, providing a perspective that is broader in scope than the specific focus of the various operating agencies. ASPE also works closely with the HHS operating divisions. It assists these agencies in developing policies, and planning policy research, evaluation and data collection within broad HHS and administration initiatives. ASPE often serves a coordinating role for crosscutting policy and administrative activities.

ASPE plans and conducts evaluations and research--both in-house and through support of projects by external researchers--of current and proposed programs and topics of particular interest to the Secretary, the Administration and the Congress.

Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy

The Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy (DALTCP), within ASPE, is responsible for the development, coordination, analysis, research and evaluation of HHS policies and programs which support the independence, health and long-term care of persons with disabilities--children, working aging adults, and older persons. DALTCP is also responsible for policy coordination and research to promote the economic and social well-being of the elderly.

In particular, DALTCP addresses policies concerning: nursing home and communitybased services, informal caregiving, the integration of acute and long-term care, Medicare post-acute services and home care, managed care for people with disabilities, long-term rehabilitation services, children's disability, and linkages between employment and health policies. These activities are carried out through policy planning, policy and program analysis, regulatory reviews, formulation of legislative proposals, policy research, evaluation and data planning.

This report was prepared under contract between DALTCP and the Lewin Group. For additional information about this subject, you can visit the DALTCP home page at or contact the office at HHS/ASPE/DALTCP, Room 424E, H.H. Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20201. The e-mail address is: webmaster.DALTCP@. The Project Officer was Jennie Harvell.

SUBACUTE CARE:

Review of the Literature

Lewin-VHI, Inc.

December 1994

Prepared for Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

The opinions and views expressed in this report are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Health and Human Services, the contractor or any other funding organization.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1

II. WHAT DO PEOPLE MEAN WHEN THEY REFER TO SUBACUTE CARE? ........ 2 A. How is Subacute Care Defined in the Literature? ........................................... 2 B. Variations in the Use of the Term Subacute Care ........................................... 3 C. Concepts Commonly Applied to the Term Subacute Care .............................. 3

III. SERVICES, SETTINGS, AND PROVIDERS .......................................................... 8 A. What Services are Identified with Subacute Care? ......................................... 8 B. How are Subacute Care Services Categorized? ............................................. 9 C. In What Settings Do These Subacute Care Services Take Place? ................. 9 D. What Do We Know About the Providers of Subacute Care?......................... 10

IV. PATIENTS ............................................................................................................ 13 A. What are the Characteristics of Patients Served in Places Identified as Subacute Care Settings? .............................................................................. 13 B. What Do We Know About the Length of Stay in Subacute Care Units?........ 13 C. What is the Volume of Subacute Care Patients? .......................................... 13 D. Where Do Subacute Patients Go From Subacute Units?.............................. 16

V. THE COSTS AND FINANCING OF SUBACUTE CARE ...................................... 17 A. Issues in Analyzing the Costs and Potential Savings of Subacute Care ....... 17 B. Review of the Literature ................................................................................ 19

VI. PAYERS ............................................................................................................... 24

VII. OUTCOMES AND QUALITY ................................................................................ 27 A. Structure and Process Measures of Quality .................................................. 28 B. Outcomes...................................................................................................... 28 C. Outcome Research in Progress .................................................................... 29

VIII. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 31

BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................... 32

APPENDICES APPENDIX A. ProPAC Summary of Differences in Medicare Payment Policies for Post-Acute Providers ............................................... 41 APPENDIX B. Growth in Number of Post-Acute Providers................................ 42

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LIST OF EXHIBITS

EXHIBIT 1: Selected Definitions for Subacute Care........................................................ 5 EXHIBIT 2: Association Definitions of Subacute Care..................................................... 7 EXHIBIT 3: The Diversity of Subacute Care Services ..................................................... 8 EXHIBIT 4: Percent of Providers Offering Selected Types of Subacute Services ......... 11 EXHIBIT 5: Estimate of Length of Stay in Subacute Settings........................................ 14 EXHIBIT 6: Summary of Estimated Costs and Potential Cost Savings of Subacute

Care............................................................................................................ 22 EXHIBIT 7: 1993 State Legislation Relevant to Subacute Care .................................... 25

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