Name:_______________________________ Unit2- The European ...



Unit 2- The European Middle Ages ______________ to _______________Main Topics: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________12—Crash Course World HistoryFall of the Roman Empire Byzantine EmpireHow and when Rome fell remains the subject of considerable historical debate—but today I’m going to argue that the Rome didn’t really fully fall until the middle of the ______ century. Technically the city of Rome was conquered by _____________ in 476 CE.Rome was doomed to fall as soon as it spread outside of _____________ because the further the territory is from the capital, the harder it is to _____________.Thus _____________ itself sowed the seeds of destruction in Rome. This was the argument put forth by the Roman historian Tacitus, "To _____________, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name of empire; they make a desert and call it ____________.”There are two ways to overcome this governance problem: First, you rule with the proverbial ______ _______. Regardless, the Romans couldn’t do this because their whole identity was wrapped up in an idea of justice that precluded indiscriminate _____________. The other strategy is to try to incorporate _____________ people into the empire more fully: In Rome’s case, to make them Romans. This worked really well in the early days of the Republic and even at the beginning of the Empire. But it eventually led to Barbarians inside the Gates.The decline of the _____________ started long before Rome started getting sacked. It really began with the extremely bad decision to incorporate _____________ warriors into the Roman Army. By the ________ and ________ centuries CE, though, the empire had been forced to allow the kind of riffraff into their army who didn’t really care about the idea of Rome itself. They were only _____________ to their commanders.This was of course a recipe for _______ ______, and that’s exactly what happened with general after general after general declaring himself _____________ of Rome.There was very little stability in the West. For instance, between 235 and 284 CE, _____ different people were either emperor or claimed to be.So remember when I said the Roman Empire survived until the 15th century? Well that was the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the _____________ Empire. So while the Western empire descended into chaos, the eastern half of the Empire had its capital in Byzantium, a city on the _____________ Strait that Constantine would later rename _____________ when he moved his capitol east. As the political center of the Roman Empire shifted east, Constantine also tried to re-orient his new religion, _____________, toward the east, holding the first Church council in Nicaea in 325. The idea was to get all Christians to believe the _______ ______-that worked- but it did mark the beginning of the emperor having greater control over the Church.Although the Byzantines spoke _____________ not Latin, they considered themselves Romans. There was a lot of continuity between the old, Western Roman Empire, and the new, Eastern one. _____________, each was ruled by a single ruler who wielded absolute _____________ power.War was pretty much constant as the Byzantines fought the _____________ Sassanian Empire and then various Islamic empires._____________and valuable agricultural land that yielded high taxes meant that the Byzantine Empire was like the Western Roman Empire, exceptionally rich, and it was slightly more compact as a territory than its predecessor and much more _____________, containing as it did all of those once independent Greek city states, which made it easier to administer.Like their Western counterparts, the Byzantines enjoyed spectacle and _____________. Chariot races in Constantinople were huge, with thousands turning out at the _____________ to cheer on their favorites.Perhaps the most consistently Roman aspect of Byzantine society was that they followed Roman _____________.The Eastern Roman Empire’s codification of Roman laws was one of its greatest achievements. Much of the credit for that goes to the most famous Byzantine Emperor, _____________. He was born a _____________ somewhere in the Balkans and then rose to became emperor in 527. He ruled for almost 30 years and in addition to _____________ Roman law, he did a lot to restore the former glory of the Roman Empire. He took _____________ back; he even took Rome back from the Goths, although not for long. He’s responsible for the building of one of the great churches in all of time— which is now a mosque—the _____________ _____________or Church of Saint Wisdom.Maybe the most interesting thing Justinian ever did was be married to _____________ who began her career as an _____________, dancer, and possible prostitute before become Empress. And she may have saved her husband’s rule by convincing him not to flee the city during riots between the _____________ and _____________.Theodora fought to expand the rights of _____________ in divorce and property ownership, and even had a law passed taking the bold stance that adulterous women should not be executed.So, in short, the Byzantines continued the Roman legacy of empire and war and law for almost _____________ years after Romulus Augustus was driven out of Rome.The Byzantines followed a different form of Christianity, the branch we now call Eastern or sometimes Greek _____________.How there came to be a split between the Catholic and Orthodox traditions is complicated – In the West there was a _____________ and in the East there was a _____________. The Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church. He sort of serves as God’s _____________ on earth and he doesn’t answer to any secular ruler. In the Orthodox Church they didn’t have that problem because the Patriarch was always appointed by the _____________. So it was pretty clear who had control over the church, so much that they even have a word for it- _____________: Caesar over Pope.The fact that in Rome there was no _____________ after 476 meant there was no one to challenge the Pope, which would profoundly shape European history over the next _____________ years. Section 1 Notes: Culture ShockThe Roman EmpirePost-Roman EuropeRules of The Germanic TribesInvasions:Questions:When did the invasion of the Western Roman Empire begin?What region of Europe did most of these groups come from?Which barbarian tribes raided Rome? Invasion Notes:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Germanic Kingdoms:Questions:1.___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________2.___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________The Germanic Kingdoms- Forging Ties with Kings:Popes and Kings Unite: Identify the Years Reigned Clovis:________________________________________Charles “The Hammer” Martel- _______________________________________________________________Pepin “The Short”-___________________________________________________________________________ The Age of Charlemagne-“Charles the Great-_____________________________________________________ Charlemagne was one of Europe's most successful monarchs. He was king of the Franks in 768 CE.?? His father, Pepin the Short, ruled before him, and his grandfather - Charles Martel - ruled before that. These two men were good rulers, but Charlemagne was a far more impressive king.?For one thing, he was very tall. He was over 6 feet tall, perhaps even as tall as 6'4". He had blonde hair that seemed to glow in the sun. He was always laughing. His dogs were his constant companions, forever racing around his feet, wherever he went. In 768, when Charlemagne was 26, he and his younger brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of the Franks. In 771 Carloman died, and Charlemagne became sole ruler of the kingdom. At that time the Franks were falling back into barbarian ways, neglecting their education and religion. The Saxons of northern Europe were still pagans. In the south, the Roman Catholic Church was asserting its power to recover land confiscated by the Lombard kingdom of Italy. Europe was in turmoil. Charlemagne was determined to strengthen his realm and to bring order to Europe. In 772 he launched a 30-year military campaign to accomplish this objective. By 800 Charlemagne was the undisputed ruler of Western Europe. His vast realm encompassed what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and The Netherlands. It included half of present-day Italy and Germany, and parts of Austria and Spain. By establishing a central government over Western Europe, Charlemagne restored much of the unity of the old Roman Empire and paved the way for the development of modern Europe. On Christmas Day in 800, while Charlemagne knelt in prayer in Saint Peter's in Rome, Pope Leo III placed a golden crown on the bowed head of the king. Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the pope's plan. However, some historians say the pope would not have dared to act without Charlemagne's knowledge. Charlemagne learned to read Latin and some Greek but apparently did not master writing. At meals, instead of having jesters perform, he listened to visiting scholars read from learned works. Charlemagne believed that government should be for the benefit of the governed. He was a reformer who tried to improve his subject's lives. He set up money standards to encourage commerce and urged better farming methods."By the sword and the cross," Charlemagne became master of Western Europe”As is often the case, people considered great by historians are great killers as well. Throughout his conquests, Charlemagne was responsible for the death of masses of people who refused to accept Christianity, or their new king. Choosing to keep faith with their old gods and leaders, many thousands were slaughtered.Education: After the fall of Rome in 476 CE, the ability to read and write began to disappear. Soon, the only people left with these skills were the clergy, and not even all of them had these abilities.To effectively rule his kingdom, and to successfully convert people to Christianity, Charlemagne wanted his officials to be able to read and write. If he sent them a note, giving them some instruction, he wanted to make sure they could read it. To accomplish this, he turned his own palace at Aachen into a center for learning. Scholars came from all over Europe to teach in the palace school.?Charlemagne knew how to read, but he did not know how to write. He attempted to learn, but his hands were too scarred from battle to write legibly. Charlemagne tried to talk other nobles into joining him in his educational pursuits, but they were quite resistant. It was not the Frankish way. The Frankish nobles thought reading and writing was a waste of time. They were warriors.?Preservation: Charlemagne gave many of his scholars the job of copying all the old manuscripts into Latin by hand. This preserved much knowledge. All books in the middle ages were written by hand.?All books were written to glorify religion. Each page was beautifully designed. Some pages were "illuminated" with a cover of gold. These books are known as illuminated manuscripts.?The art of illuminating manuscripts continued for many hundreds of years.??Government: Charlemagne had deep sympathy for the peasants and believed that government should be for the benefit of the governed. When he came to the throne, various local governors, called "counts," had become lax and oppressive. To reform them, he expanded the work of investigators, called Missi Dominici. He prescribed their duties in documents called capitularies and sent them out in teams of two a churchman and a noble. They rode to all parts of the realm, inspecting government, administering justice, and reawakening all citizens to their civil and religious duties.Twice a year Charlemagne summoned the chief men of the empire to discuss its affairs. In all problems he was the final arbiter, even in church issues, and he largely unified church and state.Trial by Ordeal/Trial by Jury: One thing Charlemagne noticed that was not fair was the Frankish court system. In the Frankish Empire, trial was by ordeal.?If you were a peasant and you were accused of a crime, to prove your innocence, you had to hold a red hot metal poker until your hand was deeply burned. If your burnt hand healed in three days, which it was unlikely to do, you were found innocent. If it did not, you were guilty.? If you were a noble, you could prove your innocence in ordeal by fight. And, you could hire someone to fight for you. If the person you hired lived, you were found innocent. If the person you hired died, you were found guilty, but you had paid your punishment - you had paid with "your" life, so to speak, or at least the life of the person you had hired - thus, you were free to go. ??Charlemagne did not think much of this system of justice. He started a new system. He set up a system of trial by panel. Under Charlemagne's system, each accused person would be heard by a panel of honorable men, men who had taken an oath to listen and to judge fairly based on the evidence presented. There was still corruption, but this system had a much better chance of being fair than did the old one.?Our modern jury system, trial by jury, slowly developed from this early start.?Standardized Money: Local administrators collected taxes from the people. The amount due was fixed. People knew how much they owed. Most taxes were paid in barter. The tax collector could decide the value of a pig or of a bale of hay. Charlemagne realized this system could easily lead to an abuse of power. He changed that system too. He introduced a payment system using silver coins. He standardized the value of each coin.?It was no longer up to the tax collector to assign a pig a value.? The farmer could sell his pig and then pay his taxes.A Christian Kingdom: Charlemagne held his kingdom together by the sheer force of his personality. He was not a king in a palace somewhere. He was out and about. He heroically fought in battles, wearing his big blue cape. He personally visited local administrators, creating new laws to protect his people. He had a horrible singing voice, but he often sang at the top of his lungs as he strode through village after village. He was loud and rambunctious and brave and fair and the people adored him. He was their king and they were Franks, and proud of it. Charlemagne was able to create a Christian kingdom under a powerful secular leader - himself.? Despite all his efforts, Charlemagne’s empire did not last. His son Louis I was a weak leader and could not stop his sons from fighting a civil war that was not settled until 843, when the Treaty of Verdun split the empire into three parts. The appearance of the Vikings seems to have broken the last threads of Charlemagne’s empire. The invaders from the north looted and burned communities along the coasts, causing the empire to break apartCharlemagne Notes: Complete the Chart with Information that relates to the topics:Early Life, Europe, and Events that occurred on Christmas Day 800 A.D.Policies and ReformsLegacy and Europe After his DeathMain Idea Questions on the Charlemagne Reading:Answers must be in statement form. Explain how Charlemagne united Europe by “The sword and the cross.”Why does Charlemagne rank as one of the most important leaders of the middle ages? (What did his actions mean for European society at that time?)Describe the events on Christmas Day- 800 A.D., what is the importance?Charlemagne Map Questions:Using Map One and Two:What are the name of the territories Charlemagne added to his kingdom?What modern countries exist today where the Frankish kingdom once existed?How many kingdoms was Charlemagne’s empire divided into after his death?Why do you think Charlemagne’s sons decided to divide the empire up? Section 2- The Feudal and Manorial System: Introductory ReadingFeudal ObligationsIn medieval times, there were three major groups of people - the nobility, the church, and the commoners. Relationships between groups and people were based on a balance system, a sort of? 'you do this for me, and I'll do this for you' approach.? It's easy to understand the job of the common people. Their job was to do all the work. But what about the lord of the manor? His job was to defend the common people. How did he plan on doing this?? There were thousands of armed warriors across Europe who would like his land and who would have no problem killing him for it.?When the Frankish Empire collapsed, things really got bad for a while. Without a strong central government to act as a control, people were always fighting.? Many fief owners were former warriors. They thought of terms of battle. If they wanted more land or more workers, they would start a war with someone. Around 900 CE, the continued lack of a strong, central government led to a new form of government called feudalism. Manorialism had to do with the land. Feudalism had to do with organizing an army quickly. But it went far beyond that. Feudal obligation was a huge thing.? In the feudal system, everyone was a vassal. The word vassal means servant. At the top of the secular heap was the local king. At the bottom were the knights, the professional fighting men. In the middle were the lords, other nobles, counts and officials.?Why did Feudalism develop during medieval times?Feudal Ties. Feudalism was built upon a relationship of obligation and mutual service between vassals and kings. A vassal held his land, or fief, as a grant from a king. When a vassal died, his heir was required to publicly renew his oath of faithfulness (fealty) to his lord (suzerain). This public oath was called "homage".A Vassal's Obligations. The vassal was required to attend the king at his court, help administer justice, and contribute money if needed. He must answer a summons to battle, bringing an agreed upon number of fighting men. As well, he must feed and house the lord and his company when they traveled across his land.This last obligation could be a mounting task. William the Conquer traveled with a very large household, and if they extended their stay it could nearly bankrupt the lord hosting them. In a few days of Christmas feasting one year William and his entourage consumed 6,000 chickens, 1,000 rabbits, 90 boars, 50 peacocks, 200 geese, 10,000 eels, thousands of eggs and loaves of bread, and hundreds of casks of wine and cider.A King’s Obligations. On the king's side, he was obliged to protect the vassal, give military aid, treat the serf’s fairly, oversee production of crops, and guard his children. If a daughter inherited, the king arranged her marriage. If there were no heirs the king disposed of the fief as he chose. In return, a king received loyalty, protection, and rent from his vassals; labor from his peasants, and blessing from the church.What was the King’s feudal obligation to his vassal? What was the Vassal’s obligation to the King? King: Vassal :A Serf’s Obligations. Villages consisted of from 10-60 families living in rough huts on dirt floors, with no chimneys or windows. Serfs had a hard life, but they did not work on Sundays or on the frequent saints' days. Although not technically a slave, a serf was bound to a lord for life. He could own no property and needed the lord's permission to marry. Under no circumstance could a serf leave the land without the lord's permission unless he chose to run away. If he ran to a town and managed to stay there for a year and a day, he was a free man. However, the serf did have rights. He could not be displaced if the manor changed hands. He could not be required to fight, and he was entitled to the protection of the lord. His task was to work and farm the land for the lord.It was critical for everyone's survival that the lord had strong vassals. The peasants were not armed. They had no defense. They had to count on the lord of the manor to protect them. The lord had to count on his vassals. Everything circled around violence - preparing, defending, and recovering from battle. The people were terrified and exhausted. ?People could spend their entire life on the manor, why did serfs not leave the manor and what obligations did they have to fulfill to the nobility for their protection?The Church’s Obligations. If the nobles controlled and protected the land and the people, the church protected their souls. Christians also had to pay a Tithe or tax equal to 1/10th their income. In return, they administered the sacraments. Christians most commonly received the sacraments of baptism, reconciliation, confirmation, marriage, and the last rights. They also blessed fields for harvest, ordained kings, and blessed knights for battle. The Catholic Church tried to limit the battles. First, the church issued a decree (a law) that said no one could fight in church. They decreed that no one could fight on a holiday or on a weekend. Then they issued a decree that made fighting legal on only 80 days a year. Since the Church had no army of its own, it required the assistance and protection from wealthy nobles and knightsWhat did the church do for the villagers and nobles on the manor? What did they expect in return?What was the feudal system and how did each group rely on one another?Directions: Answer the statement if it is True or False 1.Castles were built because war was a constant threat in Medieval Europe. 2.Knights were famous for their skill on horseback. 3.Most Medieval people lived in cities. 4.Medieval lords owned whole villages. 5.Serfs were considered to be a part of a manor. 6.The Lord counted on the peasants to defend the manor. 7.A Lord paid a vassal for his service in large sums of money. 8.A Tithe is a portion of a Christian’s income the church taxes for their services 9.Lords can buy and sell their serfs like slaves to other plete the Social Hierarchy Chart of Medieval Europe:Use Text Book Ch.8 Sec. 2Pg. 186-190Mr. ButrynWorld History- Feudalism and Life on the Manor The Emergence of Feudalism- pg. 186Define:Feudalism VassalsFeudal ContractFief (Feef)Origins of the Feudal System:Origins:Lords and Knights:What factors brought about the political and social system of Feudalism in Europe?What did a Fief, or estate, include? Life on the Manor:Manorial SystemSerfsA Self-Sufficient World:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Question:Why was it the goal of the manor to be self-sufficient? (think of what happened to society when the Roman Empire fell)Life On The Manor- Tied By Mutual Obligations- In each box explain the rights and tasks each group had to perform in order to support the medieval economy. Pgs 189-90 The Lord The Peasant/ SerfObligations: Rights: Obligations:Rights:Restrictions:Comparing and Contrasting Feudalism in Japan and Europe:Read the selection below comparing and contrasting feudalism in Japan and Europe, and complete the chart. In Europe, the basis for the feudal system was land. Kings and lords gave land to knights. In return, the knights promised to serve their lords and fight for them when necessary. Many knights owned large manors. Peasants and serfs worked on the manors and paid the lords in food. A very similar system existed in Japan. There, the emperor gave land to great lords who were later called daimyo. In turn, these lords employed warriors called samurai. Like European knights, the samurai promised to serve and fight for their lords. In exchange, the samurai received rice and grain. Lords got the grain from peasants who farmed their land. Peasants had to pay their lords in grain.The lives of knights and samurai were, in many ways, very similar. Both had to swear vows of loyalty to their lords. These lords expected them to fight well and to be fearless in battle. The lords also expected their knights or samurai to live disciplined and honorable lives. Both European knights and Japanese samurai had to follow strict codes of honor that governed how they behaved. You have already learned about Bushido, the Japanese code of the samurai. Europeans called their code of honorable behavior for knights chivalry (SHIV-uhl-ree). Like Bushido, chivalry required knights to be brave and loyal but humble and modest at the same time. It also required them to be kind and generous when dealing with people, especially women. Because of their loyalty and dedication, both knights and samurai were greatly admired by other members of their societies.The prime virtue in the Japanese feudal system, as in that of Europe, was loyalty, because the whole system depended on bonds of personal loyalty. Of course, loyalty was in actuality the weakest link in both systems, and the medieval stories of both Japan and Europe are full of cases of turncoats and traitorous betrayals. In Europe, with its background of Roman law, the lord-vassal relationship was seen as mutual and contractual – in other words, as legalistic. In Japan, the Chinese system has placed less emphasis on law and more on morality – that is, on the subordination of law to the moral sense of the ruler, since his right to rule was theoretically based on his superior wisdom and morality. Hence, the lord-vassal relationship was seen as one of unlimited and absolute loyalty on the part of the vassal, not merely one of legal contract between the two. There was this no room for the development of the concept of political rights, as happened in the West…Still, family lineage and honor were of great importance in medieval Japanese society, because inheritance determined power and prestige as well as the ownership of property. Family continuity was naturally a matter of vital concern. The Japanese avoided many of the problems of Western hereditary systems, by permitting a man to select among his sons the one most suitable to inherit his position and also by using adoption when there was no male heir by birth. The husband of a daughter, a young relative, or even some entirely unrelated person could be adopted as a completely acceptable heir. While inheritance is no longer a keystone of Japanese society, these types of adoptions are still common.Japanese feudal society differed from that of Europe in two other revealing ways. In Japan there was no cult of chivalry which put women on a romantic pedestal, as though they were fragile, inferior beings. The Japanese warriors expected their women to be as tough as they were and accept self-destruction out of loyalty or familySIMILAR Feudal Japan Feudal Europe1.2.3.DIFFERENT Feudal Japan Feudal Europe1.2.3. Section 3- The Medieval Church#11—Crash Course World HistoryChristianity from Judaism to ConstantineAny understanding of Christianity has to start with _____________ because Jesus was born a Jew, and he grew up in the Jewish tradition. He was one of many teachers spreading his ideas in the Roman province of Judea at the time, and he was part of a _____________ tradition that helps us understand why he was thought of not only teacher but something much, much more.The _____________ initially worshipped many gods, making sacrifices to them in order to bring good weather and good fortune. But they eventually developed a religion centered on an idea that would become key to the other great western religions. This was _____________, the idea that there is only one true godThe Hebrews developed a second concept that is key to their religion as well: the idea of the _____________, a deal with God. The main man in this was _____________. So, some important things about this god: 1. _____________. He—and I’m using the masculine pronoun because that’s what Hebrew prayers use—does not want you to put any gods before Him. 2. He is also _____________, having always existed and he is deeply personal – he chats with prophets, sends locusts, etc. He doesn’t take corporeal form like the Greek and Roman gods do. Probably most important to us today, and certainly most important to Jesus, this god demands _____________ righteousness and _____________ justice. So, this is the god of the Hebrews, _____________, and despite many ups and downs, the Jewish people have stuck with him for- according to the Hebrew calendar, at least- over 5700 years.By the time that Jesus was born, the land of the Israelites had been absorbed into the _____________ Empire as the province of Judea. Both Herods ultimately took their orders from the Romans, and they were Hellenizers, bringing in _____________ theater and architecture, and rationalism.In response to those Hellenistic influences, there were a lot of preachers trying to get the Jews to return to the traditions and the godly ways of the past, including the Sadducees, the _____________ the Essenes, and the Zealots. And one of those preachers, who didn’t fit comfortably into any of these four groups, was Jesus of _____________.Jesus was a preacher who spread his message of _____________ love and, above all, _____________ across Judea. He was remarkably charismatic, attracting a small but incredibly loyal group of followers, and he was said to perform _____________ —although it’s worth noting that miracles weren’t terribly uncommon at the time.Jesus’s message was particularly resonant to the _____________ and downtrodden and pretty radical in its anti- _____________ stance. All of which was kind of threatening to the powers that be, who accordingly had him arrested, tried and then executed in the normal method of killing rebels at that time, _____________.So why would people believe that Jesus was the Messiah? First, the Jews had a long tradition of believing that a _____________ who would come to them in a time of trouble. And Judea under the rule of Herod and the Romans… definitely a time of trouble. Also, many of the prophecies about this savior point to someone whose life looks a lot like Jesus's. So some religious Jews saw Jesus in those prophecies and came to believe either during his life or shortly thereafter, that he was the messiah.There are three possible historical reasons why Jesus became more influential than Augustus:Reason #1: The Romans continued to make things bad for the Jews. In fact, things got much worse for the Jews, especially after they launched a revolt between 66-73 CE, which did not go well. By the time the dust settled, the Romans had destroyed the _____________ and expelled the Jews from Judea, beginning what we now know as the Jewish _____________. Without a Temple or geographic unity, the Jews had to solidify what it meant to be a Jew and what the basic tenants of the religion were. This forced the followers of Jesus to make a decision; were they going to continue to be Jews following stricter laws set forth by _____________ or were they going to be something else. The decision to open up their religion to _____________, or gentiles, people who weren’t part of the covenant, is the central reason that Christianity could become a world religion instead of just a _____________, of Judaism.Reason #2: Is related to reason number 1 and it’s all about a dude named _____________ of Tarsus, who after having received a vision on the road to Damascus, became Paul and began visiting and sending letters to Jesus followers throughout the Mediterranean. And it was Paul who emphatically declared that Jesus followers did NOT have to be _____________ that they did not have to be circumcised or keep to Jewish laws. The other thing to remember about Paul is that he was a _____________ citizen which meant that he could travel freely throughout the Roman Empire. This allowed him to make his case to lots of different people and facilitated the _____________ spread of Christianity. Reason #3: Christianity was born and flourished an empire with a common _____________ that allowed for its spread. And crucially, it was also an Empire in _____________. Like even by the end of the first century CE, Rome was on its way down. For the average person, and even for some elites, things weren’t as good as they had been, if fact they were getting worse so fast that you might have thought the end of the world was coming.But then as the Roman decline continued, Emperor _____________ allowed the worship of Jesus and then eventually converted to Christianity himself. The Medieval Period: The Age of FaithRead the following passage below:“Each one has his own gift from God, the one in this way, the other in that… The heart of the Church lies in the heart of its servants. The greatest gift is to have a willingness to serve” (The Rule of Saint Benedict, 530 AD).According to this Christian writer of the Middle Ages, how is someone a good Christian?Complete the Chart- Church Hierarchy Job of the Parish Priest:The Priest Will:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Decline of Education and the Reign of Superstition:Up from a So-Called Dark AgeLearning, literature and art suffered during the Germanic invasions that destroyed the western half of the Roman Empire. Literature also suffered from many Christians and ecclesiastics (Church Scholars) seeing books other than their Bible as heathen, pernicious or dangerous works of the devil. The only reading that the Church encouraged was the Bible – in keeping with St. Augustine’s insistence that only the scriptures contained an authoritative account of the world and its phenomena.Under Church influence, many books were burned or not copied. The empire's great libraries were ruined. Of the works at the greatest of libraries, at Alexandria, only a small fraction survived. Works by the pagan historian Zosimus did. And so too did the encyclopedic work by MartianusCapella, The Seven Liberal Arts, a work on grammar, rhetoric, oratory, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. But there was little to stimulate a return to the disturbing philosophies of the ancient Greeks or the new thinking that would come centuries later. In Western Europe, Aristotle was gone from the minds of people considering the nature of things. The advances in medicine that had come with Hippocrates and then Galen in the second century waned. Christians still regarded disease as punishment for sin, which demanded prayer and repentance. Christian hospitals remained, but dissection for the study of human anatomy was forbidden because the Church held the human body as sacred.Judicial proceedings suffered from superstitions that prevailed among community leaders as well as common people. Trials were often judged by two or three commoners under a nobleman or his representative. Eyewitnesses testified, but attempts to determine a person's innocence or guilt were made through ordeals in which God was thought to assert his powers. This involved combat between two who had come to court as parties in conflict. Some who were on trial were thrown into water in the belief that floating to the surface was a sign of guilt, the purity of water rejecting the guilty, and sinking a sign of innocence. Attempts were made to prove innocence or guilt also by having the accused walk on hot coals or by the accused putting his hand into boiling water, the court believing that if the hand healed properly it was a sign of God's favor and therefore innocence.The Church let this means to justice be. And the Church held to the geography of a monk from Egypt: Cosmas. His treatise Topographia Christiana drew from scripture and had the earth as flat with Jerusalem at its center and the Garden of Eden nearby, irrigated by the Four Rivers of Paradise.Questions:Explain how learning, Literature, and Art in Europe was effected by the fall of the Roman Empire, the Germanic invasions, and the rise of Christianity?With the collapse of Roman rule, the judicial system changed. Explain how one had to prove his/her innocence during this “Dark Age?”Medieval Doom Paintings:Purpose and Reasons:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe this Doom Painting:How is the Doom Painting Divided? What does each part contain?BBC. Com- Doom Painting is Church’s Hidden Gem Souls being led from their graves to Hell and a devil wearing reading glasses is not what you would expect to see on a church wall.St Andrew's in Chesterton houses one of the few Doom paintings in the country.While the medieval building has many admirable features, the depiction of bodies being sent to Heaven and Hell above the chancel attracts the eye.It is a 15th century interpretation of The Last Judgment, painted directly on the church wall.E SFWith Jesus in the central position the dead are being raised from the graves below him, each one judged and then sent to their fate.Eternal paradiseThe artwork is believed to have been completed in the late 1400s. The congregation would sit staring at its stark message - sin and you go to Hell, live a holy life, and you go to Heaven."There were no two ways about it. It was a pretty terrifying thing, particularly when you see monks and bishops being led off to hell," said Dr Penny Granger.Dr Granger, who lives in the parish, has studied the painting closely and can spot things the untrained eye may not."The most striking thing is the Hell lot - on Christ's left - their bodies are bent and contorted," she said."Whereas the Heaven side - on Christ's right - everyone is standing up straight because they are good and going off to eternal paradise."The painting also reveals a bit about the history of the church. Whitewashed over for hundreds of years the Doom was covered by simple reformation images.Rare and unique"There is a Tudor rose on one side and a thistle on the other," said Dr Granger."At the Reformation, because images in church were frowned on, the rose and the thistle would have showed that the King is now the head of the church and not the Pope."There are not many Doom paintings left in the country, probably just over 40, with the most renowned being in Coventry's Holy Trinity Church.A version painted on wood in Wenhaston, Suffolk, was only discovered when the wood was left out in the rain and the whitewash faded to reveal an impressive piece of work.The St Andrew's painting is often overshadowed by the mass of history that exists in Cambridge, but Dr Granger insists there are gems to be found, if only people would dig a little deeper."Wherever you go, if you can get into a church, there will be something that is interesting to see in it."It may be rare, it may be unique. One is surprised by going into these places and discovering things.Seven Deadly Sins Art Scavenger Hunt - Vocabulary Use the definitions from the Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary below to aid in your hunt for pieces of art that exemplify each sin. Lust - romantic desire especially if strong or uncontrolled Gluttony - the act or habit of eating or drinking too much Greed - selfish desire for food, money, or possessions over and above one's needs Sloth - the quality or state of being lazy Wrath - 1: violent anger; 2: punishment for sin or crime Envy - painful or resentful awareness of an advantage or possession enjoyed by another and the desire to possess the same thing Pride - too high an opinion of one's own ability or worth: a feeling of being better than others Section 4- The CrusadesTheme: Mixed Reasons for Warfare and Mixed Results of WarfareQuestion:Think now, make a list of why wars are fought:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15--Crash Course World History Video Notes:The Crusades - Pilgrimage or Holy War?Initially the Crusades were not a __________ ______ on the part of Europeans against Islam, but in important ways the Crusades were driven by religious faith.If the Crusades had been brought on by the lightning-fast rise of Islamic empires and a desire to keep in _________________ hands the land of Jesus, then the Crusades would’ve started in the _______ century.But early Islamic dynasties, like the Umayyads and the Abbasids, were perfectly happy with Christians and Jews living among them, as long as they paid a ______. And plus the Christian _________________ business was awesome for the Islamic Empire’s economy.But then a new group of Muslims, the _____________ Turks, moved into the region and they sacked the holy cities and made it much more difficult for Christians to make their pilgrimages.The ________________ felt the threat and called upon the west for help.So the first official crusade began with a call to arms from Pope _____________ II in 1095. This was partly because Urban wanted to unite Europe by giving them a common enemy.Crusades were not primarily military operations; they were _________________ with a touch of ______________ on the side.Some modern historians might ignore religious motivations, but medieval crusaders didn’t. To the Crusaders, they were taking up arms to protect ___________ and his kingdom. So when these people cried out “________ ______ ____!” to explain their reasons for going, we should do them the favor of believing them.Following preachers like _______ ____ _________, thousands of peasants and nobles alike volunteered for the First Crusade and had a rough time going. There was no real leader so they were constant rivalries between nobles about who could supply the most troops.But despite the rivalries, and the disorganization the crusaders were remarkably successful. At Antioch the Crusaders reversed a seemingly hopeless situation when a peasant found a ________ that had pierced the side of Christ’s side hidden under a church, thereby raising morale enough to win the day.By 1100CE European nobles held both Antioch and Jerusalem as ________ Christian kingdoms (most Christians in the Levant were Orthodox).The third Crusade was a European response to the emergence of a new Islamic power, led by Saladin. The Crusaders were ultimately led by ____________ I of England.Although crusading continued throughout the 14th century, the ______ Crusade is the last one we’ll focus on, because it was the Crazy One. The Venetians built ______ ships, but then only 11,000 Crusaders actually made it down to Venice, and there wasn’t enough money to pay for those boats, so the Venetians made the Crusaders a deal: Help us capture the rebellious city of Zara, and we’ll ferry you to Anatolia. This was a smidge problematic, Crusading-wise, because Zara was a Christian city, but the Crusaders agreed to help, resulting in the Pope ___________________ both them and the Venetians.Later the excommunicated Crusaders fought for the _______________ emperor who failed to pay them so the Crusaders decided to __________ the Byzantine Empire…but never reclaimed any of the Holy Land. The fourth crusade pretty much doomed the Byzantine Empire, which never really recovered. Constantinople, a shadow of its former self, was conquered by the _________ in 1453.So ultimately the Crusades were a total failure at establishing Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land long term. And with the coming of the ____________, the region remained solidly Muslim, as it is (mostly) is today.Map:Question:Where did Islam originate?___________________________________________________________________Where can you determine conflict arose between Christians and Muslims as Islamic Armies started to take territory from Christians? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Crusades DBQ #1The Crusades have always been one of the most puzzling episodes of the Middle Ages. What could have induced thousands of men, led by kings and members of nobility to cross the whole of Europe and Asia Minor, enduring appalling hardships and fight bloody battles to conquer land whose only land was spiritual and symbolic? Some historians have sought an economic explanation, and profit motive was perhaps one factor, especially during later crusades the target was other Christian lands (Ex. Constantinople in 1204). But religious fervor must have been the primal cause, the belief, passionately preached by Pope Urban II in 1095 and passionately led by the crusaders, that for the sacred sights of Christ’s death and resurrection be in the hands of non-believers was unacceptable. Jerusalem was and still is as much an idea of holiness as it is a real place. Reading the following quotes then answer the questions below:Pope Urban II Preaches the First Crusade, The Council of Clermont November 26, 1095Vocabulary:Franks- Germanic tribes who settled in what is now France and Germany. Some Muslim writers called all European crusaders “Franks.”Defile-to make unclean or impure.Solicitude- attentive care or protectiveness. Holy Sepulcher- the tomb where Jesus is buried. Succor-assistance or help.From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears, namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, a generation forsooth which has not directed its heart and has not entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness………when they wish to torture people by a base death,…. On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you? You, upon whom above other nations God has conferred remarkable, glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strengthHow does Pope Urban II describe how the Muslims treated the conquered Christians in the Holy Land of Jerusalem?This royal city, therefore, situated at the centre of the world, is now held captive by His enemies, and is in subjection to those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathens. She seeks therefore and desires to be liberated, and does not cease to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because, as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven.What does Urban say awaits those who take God’s service and fight in the crusades?Do you believe Urban is creating an accurate portrayal of the enemy or is he engaging in propaganda or a smear campaign? Why?B) Fulcher of Chartes, A French Priest accompanying Knights on the First Crusade: “Both knights and footmen, both rich and poor…must strive to help expel (the Seljuk) from our Christian lands before its too late… Christ commands it. Remission of sins will be granted for those going thither.” What does it mean when Knights will be granted remission of their sins for fighting for returning the lands to Christian Control? C) A Hostile View of the Crusades from An Anonymous Writer from Wurburg, Germnay: “The preaching of these men (The Clergy) was so enormously influential that the inhabitants of nearly every region, by common vows, offered themselves freely for common destruction. Not only the ordinary people, but kings, dukes, marquises, and other powerful men of this world as well, believed that they thus showed their allegiance to God. The bishops, archbishops, abbots, and other ministers and prelates (High Ranking Member) of the church joined in this error, throwing themselves headlong into it to the great peril of bodies and souls.... The intentions of the various men were different. Some, indeed, lusted after novelties and went in order to learn about new lands. Others there were who were driven by poverty, who were in hard straits at home; these men went to fight, not only against the enemies of Christ's cross, but even against the friends of the Christian name, wherever opportunity appeared, in order to relieve their poverty. There were others who were oppressed by debts to other men or who sought to escape the service due to their lords, or who were even awaiting the punishment merited by their shameful deeds. Such men simulated a zeal for God and hastened chiefly in order to escape from such troubles and anxieties.”The account of this eye-witness describes the motivations of the crusaders for joining the fight against the Muslims, why does he believe they were not completely motivated by religious devotion? Use a quote to defend your claim. Summative Question:Were the Crusades caused primarily by religious devotion or by the desire for political and economic gain? Explain your answer. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Reasons for Fighting:Schism- ______________________________________________________________________Why Did Knights and Peasants Fight?Why Did Pope Urban Fight?The Crusades Group Work- Winners and Losers of the Crusades:The First CrusadeIn 1071 the Seljuk Turks inflicted a near fatal wound on the Byzantine Empire by smashing its army at the battle of Manzikert. That same year Jerusalem was conquered as well. In the When stories began to filter into the West of Seljuk atrocities against Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem the papacy grew concerned. When Emperor Alexius swallowed his pride and appealed to the Pope for help, Pope Urban Responded. The Crusade presented many advantages for the Pope. First, it put the Pope and the church at the leadership of an important and popular movement, allowing it to grab more power in Europe. Second, when Pope Urban II proclaimed the crusade, he forbade Christians in Europe from fighting one another. Sending knights and nobles to the Holy Land to fight created relative peace in Europe during the crusades. Third, Urban had longed reconciling with the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism of 1054, when the Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated one another. Answering to Emperor Alexius’ appeal for help was a great opportunity to do so. In 1095, the first crusade brought around 30,000 knights and soldiers to Constantinople. Emperor Alexius already concerned that the crusade bringing religious fanatics to Constantinople, he was disturbed by the magnitude of the nobles’ response to his request for military support. As he put it, he found the Western Christians to be violent and greedy that he thought he had another barbarian invasion on his hands. Leaving Constantinople, the crusaders marched south into Syria, attacking and defeating Muslim armies, capturing Antioch and in the summer of 1099 took Jerusalem. The crusaders celebrated the capture of Jerusalem by plundering the city and killing its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Within three years, the goal of the first crusade was accomplished. The conquered lands were organized into four crusader states: the county of Edessa, The principality of Antioch, the county of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The crusader states were tormented by constant attack, building great castles, the crusaders hid behind the walls exchanging goods from its new conquered territories for supplies back West, promoting trade. These Christian states literally became Christian islands in a sea of Muslims. Basic Description of the First CrusadeWhat event caused the first crusade?What was the Byzantine Emperor Alexius’ reaction when he saw western crusaders who responded to the call for military support?In what year did the crusaders capture Jerusalem? What were the four Crusader States?The Second and Third Crusades Gradually over the years, Muslim armies began to recover their lands. For many historians, the cause was obvious: both the soldiers of the crusading armies and those who settled in the crusader states had succumbed to wickedness and debauchery. As one churchman wrote in a letter written home from the Holy Land, “I weep and an so sorely grieved to report that army has given itself over to disgraceful pursuits and indulges in idleness and lust instead of practice of virtue. There is no one who does good.” Whatever the reasons, when Edessa fell before a Muslim army in 1144, the disaster gave rise to a renewal of crusading fervor in Europe. The Second Crusade (1147-1148) was led by King Louis VII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad III. In order to raise an army, Pope Eugenius III declared anyone who fought to reclaim Edessa and returned, would receive remission of their sins, a forgiveness of their past sinful deeds and debts. It began with high hopes, but ended in defeat. The crusaders returned home shamefaced and empty-handed. Embarrassed by defeat, Christian priests who recruited nobles and peasants for the military campaign by saying “God was on the Crusaders’ side,” blamed their failures as a sign God lost favor with them because of their sinful practices back at home. In the 1170s and 1180s, a new, unified Islamic state grew in Egypt. Led by a skilled warrior-prince named Salah-Al-din Yusuf or Saladin, for Western ears. Chivalrous and able, Saladin united Egypt, Syria, and modern-day Iraq- and negotiated a truce with the crusader states, but rise of his power posed a threat to the crusaders’ survival. In 1187, a hotheaded Christian baron by the name of Raynald of Chatillon, a known troublemaker, he broke the Christian peace with Saladin. After falling out of favor with the king of Jerusalem, Raynald and his men attacked a large and wealthy Muslim caravan- taking the men hostage; killing some and ransoming others (as well as Saladin’s sister), Raynald was said to have taken all the wealth for himself. Refusing to listen to the king of Jerusalem, Raynald forced a showdown between the two armies at Hattin, north of Jerusalem. Saladin surrounded the crusader army and annihilated them. He easily took over large portions of Christian lands and after a two-week siege took Jerusalem from the crusaders. Honorable to a fault, Saladin allowed any crusader who surrendered, safe passage back to Christian lands. The catastrophe at Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem resulted in still another major crusade. The Third Crusade (1189-1193) was led by three of medieval Europe’s most popular monarchs: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I “The Lion-Hearted” of England. The Third Crusade had a strong start, but it quickly faltered. Frederick Barbarossa drowned crossing a river (that was said to have been waist-deep) on the way to the Holy Land, and his army went back to Germany. Philip quarreled with Richard and went home. Richard, however enjoyed much military success and won back large portions of the Holy Land, but failed to take Jerusalem. On his way home, Richard fell into hostile hands. He won his release only after England paid a staggering sum; quit literally a king’s ransom.Basic Description of the Second and Third CrusadesWhich Crusader state fell to Muslim armies in 1144 A.D. that sparked the Second Crusade? What was the result of the Second Crusade?What reason does the author give to explain why the crusaders began to lose territories to Muslim armies before the beginning of the Second Crusade?Who was Saladin? Which of his successes demonstrated that he was a great diplomat as well as a great military leader? What year was Jerusalem re-captured by the Muslims?What three powerful European monarchs led the Third Crusade? What were the reasons it too failed?The Fourth CrusadeWithin a decade, Europe was ready for another attempt after the third crusade to take back Jerusalem. The fourth crusade was the oddest of the crusades. It never reached the Holy Land at all, it wreaked horrific damage on Constantinople that it would never recover from, but in a way it was successful at the time for the Western Europeans. During the fourth crusade, the crusader armies avoided the dangers and time needed for overland travel by reaching the Holy Land by crossing the Mediterranean in Venetian ships. Unfortunately, the armies required more ships and at a greater cost then the armies could afford. Venice nevertheless agreed to take what money the crusaders had and transport them to the Holy Land if they would do a small favor on the way. Accordingly, in 1202 the leaders of Venice proposed to the stranded crusaders their fare for transport would be paid if their army re-captured the port city of Zadar (Zara) on their way to Jerusalem. Zadar, (Zara) a city controlled by the Hungarians was an important center for trade and represented to the Venetians a direct threat to their business. Subsequently, the Pope rejected the actions of the crusaders and the Venetians because Hungary was a Christian kingdom that supported the Church and the crusades. By the time the crusaders took the city, it was December, a bad time to travel by sea. Resting the winter, Zadar (Zara)was now the home to over ten thousand bored, sword-carrying men. On many occasions, the streets were covered with blood due to vicious brawls between the knights or between the towns-people and the knights. While the Crusaders camped in Zadar, Phillip, the Holy Roman Emperor was looking for an army to assist his Brother-in-Law Prince Alexius reclaim his father’s throne in the Byzantine Empire. Hearing of the camped army, Phillip sent Alexius with an offer to the crusaders to re-claim the throne. For their trouble, Alexius offered more soldiers and money for their services. With the promise of transport and payment, the crusaders besieged Constantinople and took it by storm in 1204. However, a short-time after reclaiming the city, it became aware Alexius was unable to pay the crusaders their sum. Too broke to make it to either Jerusalem or back home, the crusaders subjected Constantinople to three long days of pillage and massacre. The crusaders, permanently diverted from the Holy Land could claim they accomplished a great deal. The crusaders returned to Europe with precious gems, money, gold, art, and prized holy relics; including the crown of thorns Jesus wore on the cross. For the Venetians, they seized islands belonging to the Byzantines along major trade routes. Last, but not least the sack of Constantinople returned the rule of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the control of the pope in Rome for a short time. Hostility between the Western Church and Eastern Church was nothing new. Both have long argued about their authority and almost from the beginning crusaders entered Constantinople in 1096 under his request, Emperor Alexius seemed regretful for needing the crusaders help. Yet the sack of Constantinople in 1204 created an irreversible wall of hatred. Western Christians had ravaged Constantinople, killing people and destroying society too. Even today in Istanbul (the former Constantinople), local guides still mutter “those accursed crusaders.”Basic Description of the Fourth CrusadeWhy did most of the crusaders never reach Jerusalem during the Fourth Crusade?What did the three following groups gain from the capture of Constantinople in 1204? A. Crusaders: B. Venetian Merchants: C. The Pope:How did the Fourth Crusade tarnish the image of the crusades and the Catholic Church?Winners and Losers of the CrusadesThe crusades were a devastating and blood-soaked period of combat fought in the name of religion. 200 years of warfare had an altering effect on both societies. Instigating great movement of ideas, money, and people; these factors changed the world more than the sword and shield could have ever shaped it. In the chart below, explain who were the winners and benefited from the crusades and who were the losers weakened by the crusades and this period of warfare and movement. Winners LosersMuslimsNobles Tradesmen and SerfsThe Catholic ChurchMonarchsThe Byzantine EmpireResults of the Crusades:Why Was it a Failure for Christians and Europeans?Why Was it a Success for Christians and Europeans?Questions:Why do you think the crusades brought relative peace to Europe?How do you think trade affected the manorial system? ................
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