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Jeff Ayers11/29/14EASC 300Prof GarciaEarth Science Fossil SOLFor students entering middle or high school, it is common for them to take Earth Science as a subject. The SOL’s for Earth science include many topics, including everything from the Earth’s position in the solar system to what the Earth is made of. For Virginia Standards of Learning, the ninth grade SOL states: ES.9The student will investigate and understand that many aspects of the history and evolution of Earth and life can be inferred by studying rocks and fossils. Key concepts includetraces and remains of ancient, often extinct, life are preserved by various means in many sedimentary rocks;superposition, cross-cutting relationships, index fossils, and radioactive decay are methods of dating bodies of rock;absolute and relative dating have different applications but can be used together to determine the age of rocks and structures; androcks and fossils from many different geologic periods and epochs are found in Virginia.I chose this SOL because it follows a topic of my interest. Fossils have always been fascinating to me, and to be able to teach students about it would mean that I had a deeper understanding of it as well. To better be able to teach these strategies, I came up with two hands-on activities, as well as ten summaries of the topic from different articles. To test these activities, I used my two roommates. Where one activity is based on half-life and relative dating, the other is focused on the law of superposition. Before I discuss the progress of my activities, I will summarize a few articles explaining more about the SOL.1."Mr. Eaton's Earth Science." Web log post.?Mr. Eaton's Earth Science. N.p., Apr.-May 2007. Web. 29 Nov. 2014.This article summarizes that fossils are the mineralized or preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms. The study of fossils across geological time, how they were formed, and the evolutionary relationships between taxa (phylogeny) are some of the most important functions of the science of paleontology. The relative geological time scale, as developed during the 19th century, is based largely on the fossil content of the rock strata. The development of radiometric dating techniques in the early 20th century allowed geologists to determine the absolute age of the various strata and the included fossils.2.?"Evolution and the Fossil Record by John Pojeta, Jr. and Dale A. Springer."Evolution and the Fossil Record by John Pojeta, Jr. and Dale A. Springer. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.The discovery of radioactivity late in the 19th century enabled scientists to develop techniques for accurately determining the ages of fossils, rocks, and events in Earth's history in the distant past. For example, through isotopic dating we've learned that Cambrian fossils are about 540-500 million years old, that the oldest known fossils are found in rocks that are about 3.8 billion years old, and that planet Earth is about 4.6 billion years old.3."Legendary Snowmastodon Fossil Site in Colorado."?ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.For this next article, I decided to check out a modern day example to see how fossils help us understand what is happening today as well. Four years ago, a bulldozer turned over some bones at Ziegler Reservoir near Snowmass Village, Colorado. Scientists were called to the scene and confirmed the bones were those of a Columbian mammoth, setting off a frenzy of excavation, scientific analysis, and international media attention. This dramatic and unexpected discovery culminates this month with the publication of the Snowmastodon Project Science Volume. It was unknown to them that the Colorado Rockies were filled with American Mastadons, and it was stated that this information may help them better understand climate change in the American West. 4. Wilford, John Noble. "Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought."?The New York Times. The New York Times, 02 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.This was another modern day example of how fossils better our understanding of our environment and ourselves. For this particular article, the fossils gave information on the human species. A group of scientists discovered the oldest known skeletal remains of anatomically modern humans in all of Europe. They found a part of a jaw with three teeth, and two infant teeth separately. The age was set from 41,000 to 44,000 years old, leading to speculation that early humans might have coexisted with Neanderthals in Europe, something that many other scientists have previously doubted.5. "Geology of Virginia | Geology of VA."?Geology of Virginia | Geology of VA. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. is a summary of fossils in the state of Virginia, including information about our state fossil. It summarizes that the state of Virginia boasts a spectacular array of fossils—from 540 million year old burrows (Skolithos) to one million year old?Mastodon?teeth. Our state fossil,?Chesapecten jeffersonius, is a large extinct species of scallop that dates to approximately 4.5 million years ago. It was the first fossil ever described in North America and is named after Thomas Jefferson, one of our founding fathers, and an amateur paleontologist. A number of fossil sites in Virginia would be York River State Park in York County, VA, Lake Matoaka Spillway in Williamsburg, VA, and many more in Surry County and York County. 6. "The Paleontology Portal."?The Paleontology Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. <§ionnav=state&name=Virginia>.This article gave information on the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rock formation in Virginia. In the Precambrian, sedimentary rocks occur in the Blue Ridge Province of Virginia, but no fossils have been positively identified from these deposits. Paleozoic rocks are well represented in Virginia. Episodes of deposition in shallow seas were interrupted by mountain-building events and subsequent periods of erosion. The retreat of the extensive shallow seas of the Paleozoic left much of the state exposed during the Permian and Mesozoic. In central Virginia, fossils of dinosaur footprints, freshwater fish, and insects are found in rift basin?deposits of the Triassic. In the Cenozoic, there were massive sea level changes. Amazing numbers of fossil clams, snails, and sand dollars can be found in these marine rocks, along with fossilized whale bones and shark teeth.7. Kaplan, Matt. "DNA Half Life."?. Nature Publishing Group, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. < was intrigued to find an article that is about DNA half-life. As one of my activities dealt with half-life, I decided to read up on it. Palaeogeneticists led by Morten Allentoft at the University of Copenhagen and Michael Bunce at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia, examined 158 DNA-containing leg bones belonging to three species of extinct giant birds called moa. The bones, which were between 600 and 8,000 years old, had been recovered from three sites within 5 kilometers of each other, with nearly identical preservation conditions including temperature. The researchers calculated that DNA has a half-life of 521 years, and predicted that even in a bone at an ideal preservation temperature of ?5 ?C, effectively every bond would be destroyed after a maximum of 6.8 million years. The DNA would be too short to give enough information at roughly 1.5 million years.8. "RELATIVE AGE." RELATIVE AGE. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. < next article I read summarized about the Law of Superposition. This states that in a layered, depositional sequence (such as a series of sedimentary beds or lava flows), the material on which any layer is deposited is older than the layer itself. Therefore, the layers are successively younger, going from bottom to top. The article gave illustrations of layers that listed them in numbers and placed them on top of each other. Numbered one through five, the layers gave an illustration of how the law works. 9. Castro, Joseph. "How Do Fossils Form?"?LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 26 June 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. < article shed light on a much simpler topic of this SOL: How fossils form. When animals, plants and other organisms die, they typically decay completely. But sometimes, when the conditions are just right, they're preserved as fossils.Several different physical and chemical processes create fossils. Freezing, drying and encasement, such as in tar or resin, can create whole-body fossils that preserve bodily tissues. These fossils represent the organisms as they were when living, but they're very rare. There are many other kinds of fossilization that this article describes, such as replacement, permineralization, and carbonization.10. "People May Get Place in Geologic Time Scale : DNews." DNews. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2014. < Anthropocene is the name of a proposed new geological time period (probably an epoch) that may soon enter the official Geologic Time Scale. The Anthropocene is defined by the human influence on Earth, where we have become a geological force shaping the global landscape and evolution of our planet. According to this idea, the present epoch — still known as the Holocene, which started 11,000 years ago — would have ended somewhere between the end of 18th century and the 1950s (when the Anthropocene began). The earlier time limit considers the increasing amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere that is mostly due to the burning of fossil fuels for energy to power our growing industrial technology.ActivitiesThe articles I went through helped me to get a better idea of what I wanted for my activities. The first activity dealt with half-life, and was based off of a lab I did in my time at Longwood. I took small pieces of paper, and on one half I marked them green. The idea was to put them in a bag to represent an organism. I got my roommate to shake the bag and dump it. He kept every marked one, and took out every one not marked. The bag would typically divide in two each time, representing half-life of an organism, and how many half-lives can be done before he ran out of paper. He made it to 8 half-lives, which was more than what I got in mine, but still close to an accurate depiction of how many can be done. We found that after so many half-lives, the data became useless or little to none. My next activity involved a worksheet that I had made up. In it, I drew various layers of sediments and labeled them with letters. Under that, I put the definition of original horizontality and law of superposition. I gave the worksheet to my roommate and asked him to put the layers of sediments in the correct order. He was able to do so after reading what the laws were. With no help, he labeled them one after another. Doing both these activities helped me to better understand what it is like teaching this material from a teacher’s point of view. Reading the articles also gave me further insight to how this can be used in the present to help us know ourselves and our surroundings better. This topic was important for me, because it was a fun topic for me to learn, and I want to make it fun for others to learn as well. ................
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