Chapter 4 – Personal Health



Name____________________________________ PD __________ EVEN/ODD

Personal Health

Lesson 1 – the skin

Lesson 1 Vocabulary

1. epidermis – the outer layer of skin

2. dermis – the layer of living cells below the epidermis

3. acne – is inflammation of the skin that happens when pores get clogged with dirt and oil

4. dermatologist – a person or physician who cares for skin

The skin – largest organ

1. parts

a. epidermis – outer layer

1. the outermost cells of the epidermis are dead

b. dermis – layer under the epidermis, living cells

1. hair follicles

*Oil glands are connected to hair follicle

*Too much oil causes pimples (acne), clogged pores

*oil glands keep your skin soft and flexible

2. sweat glands – cools the body, eliminates waste

3. nerve endings – give you a sense of touch

4. fat layer under skin helps keep you warm

c. protection – from germs/infection unless it is cut

2. skin care

a. dermatologist – a person or physician who cares for skin

b. wash skin – to get rid of dirt, sweat, and bacteria (odor)

c. protect your skin with sunscreen and clothing

1. avoid sun from 10am to 2pm

d. eat healthy – drink water to flush out your system

e. rest – make sure you get enough sleep each night

Review Lesson 1

1. What are four ways to keep your skin healthy?

2. Describe the two layers of skin.

Lesson 2 – hair/nails

Lesson 2 Vocabulary

1. dandruff – flaky, dried clumps of dead cells

2. head lice – small insects that live on the scalp and suck blood

3. cuticle – is a thin flap of skin around the nail

4. follicles – where hair grows from

5. keratin – material that hair is made from

A. Hair

1. grows from a follicle

2. made from keratin

a. the strength of keratin allows hair to stick out from the surface

i. hair traps air near skin and works as insulation to keep you warm

ii. hair helps you sense the world around you through nerve endings

B. Hair Care

1. Trim and brush to keep it neat and spread out oils

2. oil glands in your scalp release oil to keep your hair healthy

3. wash hair at least 2-3 times per week, shampooing your hair removes dirt, and dust that gets caught in hair

4. dandruff – oil from glands dries and mixes with dead skin cells

5. head lice – small insects that live on the scalp and suck blood

a. lice lay eggs on hair shafts

b. special shampoos can helps a person get rid of lice

c. don’t share hair brushes or hats

C. Nails

1. nails grow from the nail bed which begin under your skin

2. made of keratin, in the form of hard layers

3. function

a. protects the sensitive ends of finders and toes

b. picking up items

4. cuticles – a thin flap of skin around the nail

a. can become dry and cracked

b. use lotion on hands to help keep cuticles soft

D. Nail care

1. keep finger and toe nails trimmed and clean

2. Dirt and germs collect under your nails

3. wash your hands – even underneath your fingernails

4. biting nails is unhealthy, use clippers

Review Lesson 2

1. Why is it important to keep your nails trimmed?

2. Describe two common hair problems.

3. Describe two ways that hair and nails are similar. Describe two ways that they are different.

Lesson 3 – The teeth

Lesson 3 Vocabulary

1. plaque – a sticky substance that builds up on teeth

2. cavity – a hole that forms in a tooth due to decay

3. fluoride – a substance that makes tooth enamel strong

4. calculus – a hard, yellow material that can build up on teeth; also called tartar

5. crown – the visible part of the tooth

6. pulp – is a soft tissue that contains nerve tissue and blood vessels

7. root – holds the tooth in the gum

8. dentin – supports the enamel and surrounds the pulp

9. enamel – is a hard substance that covers the crown

Lesson 3 notes

A. The tooth

1. Parts

a. crown – the top part that you can see

i. enamel - the hard outer cover

b. neck – connects the top to the bottom of the tooth

c. root – bottom part, in gums

2. tooth decay

a. plaque builds up on teeth everyday- Sticky substance, no color and is invisible

b. bacteria in plaque digest sugar and form into an acid

c. acid breaks away enamel creating a cavity – a hole that forms in a tooth due to decay

d. calculus – hard, colored material, also called tartar, removed only by a dentist or hygienist

3. prevention

a. dentist, floss, brush, fluoride, stay away from sugary foods and drinks, x-rays

1. fluoride – makes tooth enamel strong, found in toothpaste, water, or pharmacy

2. floss – gets rid of plaque and bits of food that brushing does not get to

3. brush – with soft bristles and replace toothbrush every 3 months

Lesson 3 Review

1. How often should plaque be removed from your teeth?

2. How can you keep your teeth and gums clean and healthy?

3. Describe how a cavity forms.

Lesson 4 Eyes

Lesson 4 Keywords

1. corrective lenses – eyeglasses and contacts lenses used for adjusting vision problems

2. nearsightedness – difficulty seeing things at a distance

3. farsightedness – difficulty seeing things up close

4. astigmatism – a condition in which either the cornea or the lens of the eye is curved unevenly, things appear blurry

5. conjunctivitis – an infection of the lining of the eye and the tissues under the eyelid; also called pinkeye

6. sties – infections of the oil or sweat glands in the eyelids

7. cornea – the clear, protective structure at the front of the eye

8. iris – the colorful part of the eye, controls the amount of light let into the eye

9. pupil – is a hole in the iris

10. lens – focuses the light on the retina at the back of the eye

11. retina – part of the eye that contains millions of light-sensitive cells that detect the energy from the light

A. Eyes

1. Light first passes through the cornea – this is the protective part of the eye

2. Light then goes through a hole in the iris called the pupil

3. Light will then go through the lens with focuses the light on the retina, which is in the back of the eye

4. cells in the retina send messages through the optic nerve to the brain

5. The retina contains two types of cells, called rods and cones. Rods handle vision in low light, and cones handle color vision and detail.

B. Eye Problems

1. Problems start at birth or later in life, heredity most often determines the way the eye changes early in life and at puberty

a. Nearsightedness – People have a hard time seeing far away

b. Farsightedness – People have a hard time seeing close up

c. Astigmatism – a condition in which either the cornea or the lens is curved unevenly, causes blurry vision

d. colorblindness – people have difficulty telling the difference between certain colors

e. cataracts – a clouding of the lens. The lens is mostly made of water and protein. The protein is arranged in a way that keeps the lens clear and allows light pass through it. As we get older, some of the protein may clump together and start to cloud a small area of the lens. This is a cataract, and over time, it may grow larger and cloud more of the lens, making it harder to see.

f. glaucoma - is an eye condition that develops when too much fluid pressure builds up inside of the eye. The increased pressure can damage the optic nerve, which transmits images to the brain. This pressure will cause loss of vision. Without treatment, glaucoma can cause total permanent blindness within a few years. This can be inherited and usually shows up later in life.

2. Infections – caused by microbes when touching the eye

a. Conjunctivitis – pinkeye, infection of the lining of the eye and the tissues under the eyelid

*Spread if a person shares personal things like towels or makeup

*Must be treated by doctor

b. Sties – infections of the oil or sweat glands in the eyelids

*Spread by sharing face towels, not as easily as pinkeye

*Keep warm wet cloth on eye 2-3x a day to help it heal, or treated by doctor

3. Protection – 3 ways (protect from injury, protect from infection and make sure your vision is clear)

a. Don’t rub eye if something is in it (scratch cornea)

b. wear safety goggles, sunglasses

c. have your vision checked by a doctor

*20/20 vision (or really, 20/20 visual acuity) is considered "normal" vision, meaning you can read at 20 feet a letter that most human beings should be able to read at 20 feet.

*If you can read the big E at the top but none of the letters lower than that, your vision is considered 20/200. That means you can read at 20 feet a letter that people with "normal" vision can read at 200 feet. So at 20/200, your visual acuity is very poor.

d. never wear contacts or glasses that are prescribed for someone else

Lesson 4 Review

1. What is the difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness?

2. How are eye infections different from focus problems?

Lesson 5 – Ears

Lesson 5 Vocabulary

1. cochlea – is a tiny, snail-shaped, fluid filled part of the inner ear

2. ear canal – the part of the ear that funnels sound to the middle ear

3. eardrum – the part of the ear that separates the outer ear from the middle ear

4. decibel – units of measure for the loudness of sound

Lesson 5 notes

A. Ears

1. How do you hear?

a. Sound waves area cased by vibrations that travel through solids, liquids, or air

b. these sound waves enter the outer ear and are funneled into the middle ear through the ear canal

c. the sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate which cause 3 bones in your middle ear to then vibrate (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

d. causes sound to reach inner ear and the cochlea (filled with fluid), and vibrate fluid

e. fluid motion causes hair-like nerve endings in cochlea to send message through auditory nerve to brain

2. Sound is measured in decibels – units of measure for the loudness of sound

a. higher the decibel level, the louder the sound

b. being around sound as low as 85 decibels can cause hearing loss over time

B. Ear Problems

1. Head injuries can cause damage to ear, so can infections in the middle ear and ear wax build up

2. Helping those who have difficulty hearing

a. speak clearly, don’t shout, face the person directly

b. reduce background noise, keep hands away from face

3. How can you take care of your ears – Safety helmet, ear plugs, be careful when cleaning, don’t put anything in your ears, watch how loudly you listen to your Ipods!

Lesson 5 Review

1. What are three ways by which young people can protect themselves from hearing loss?

2. What are decibels?

3. Describe how the ear works.

Lesson 6 – Healthcare Resources

Lesson 6 Vocabulary

1. consumer – a person who buys or uses goods or services

2. ingredients – the things products are made from

3. advertising – process of giving people information that encourages them to buy something

4. specialist – a physician who has continued his or her training in a certain medical field

5. healthcare provider – any professional who helps people stay healthy

6. unit price – is the cost of the item divided by the amount of the item

Choosing Health Products and Practitioners

A. How do product labels give information to consumers?

1. Consumer – a person who buys or uses goods or services

2. Questions to ask (Decision making skills)

a. Do I really need this? Which kind of this product best fills my needs?

b. Which brand should I buy? What size is best for me? Can this product hurt me?

3. Read labels

a. Describe what the product does

b. Lists ingredients – the things products are made from

*Used for comparing products

c. Can harm health if not used correctly – cough medicine,

*lists dangers and what to do if there is an accident

B. How does a wise consumer use advertising?

1. Advertising is the process of giving people information that encourages them to buy something

**Some advertising may suggest benefits that products

DO NOT have**

a. Endorsement – recommendation of a famous person

b. Unfinished comparison – “costs pennies less”, “makes breath fresher”– Less than what?

c. Concern for how others feel about a person – hair, skin products will make you popular

2. We buy because of advertising, tradition, and peer pressure

3. Unit price – is the cost of the item divided by the amount of the item

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C. How can you choose a physician or dentist?

1. Must pass state tests and earn a license to practice

2. Depends on the persons need, usually a family physician can treat you

3. Specialist – a physician who has continued his or her training in a certain medical field

a. orthodontist – braces

b. general practitioner – a doctor who treats people who have common medical problems

4. What if you move?

a. ask places for information, ask current doctors

b. call local medical and dental societies to provide names of qualified doctors

D. Health agencies

1. National Institutes of Health (NIH) – conducts research to help develop treatments for diseases; makes recommendations to consumer and healthcare professionals

2. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – is responsible for approving both foods and drugs for widespread use.

3. Local healthcare agencies

a. trash and garbage collectors

b. treating waste water

c. making sure drinking water is clean

d. emergency medical care

Lesson 6 Review

1. What are 3 questions you can ask yourself when choosing health products?

2. How does a wise consumer use advertising?

3. Explain how state, local, and federal agencies help keep you healthy.

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