Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler - Architectural Geometry



Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler

First Author

Institution

Second Author

Institution

Third Author

Institution

Abstract

Text is copy-pasted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, and from the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to fill the pages of this template file.

Hedy Lamarr (November 9, 1913 – January 19, 2000) was an Austrian-born American actress. Though known primarily for her great beauty and her successful film career, she also co-invented an early form of spread spectrum, a key to modern wireless communication.

Keywords: architecture, applied discrete differential geometry

1. Introduction

She was born as Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in Vienna, Austrian Empire, to Emil Kiesler, a bank director, and Gertrud née Lichtwitz, pianist. She was raised as Catholic, and studied ballet and piano. When working with Max Reinhardt in Berlin, he called her the "most beautiful woman in Europe". Soon, the teenage girl played major roles in German movies, alongside stars like Heinz Rühmann and Hans Moser.

In early 1933, she starred in Symphonie der Liebe or Ecstasy, a Czechoslovak film made in Prague, in which she played a love-hungry young wife of an indifferent old husband. Closeups of her face in orgasm, and long shots of her running nude through the woods, gave the film notoriety.

On 10 August 1933 she married Friedrich Mandl, a Vienna-based arms manufacturer, 13 years her senior. The Austrian fascist bought up as many copies of the film as he could possibly find, as he objected to her nudity and "the expression on her face" (the looks of passion were the result of the director poking her in the bottom with a safety pin). He prevented her from pursuing her acting career, and instead took her to meetings with technicians and business partners. In these meetings, the mathematically-talented Lamarr learned about military technology. Otherwise, she had to stay at castle Schwarzenau, from where she ran away in 1937.

2. Movie career in Hollywood

First she went to Paris, then met Louis B. Mayer in London. After he hired her, at his insistence she changed her name to Hedy Lamarr, choosing the surname in homage to a famously beautiful film star of the silent era, Barbara LaMarr, who had died of tuberculosis and nephritis in 1926.

In Hollywood, she was usually cast as glamorous and seductive. Her American debut was in Algiers (1938). Her many films include White Cargo (1942), and Tortilla Flat (1942), based on the novel by John Steinbeck. In 1941, she was cast alongside two other Hollywood beauties, Lana Turner and Judy Garland in the musical extravaganza Ziegfeld Girl. As she or her agent also declined some roles, it is said that Ingrid Bergman was often cast instead of her.

Her biggest success came as Delilah in Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah, the highest-grossing film of 1949, with Victor Mature as the Biblical strongman. Lamarr became a naturalized citizen of the United States on April 10, 1953. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Hedy Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Blvd. The publication of her autobiography Ecstasy and Me (1967) took place about a year after accusations of shoplifting, and a year after Andy Warhol's short film Hedy (1966), also known as The Shoplifter.

The wisdom behind this equation is known to be found by some 4-6 year old children. It is not known if Hedy Lamarr was one of them.

3. Frequency-hopped spread spectrum invention

Avant garde composer George Antheil, a son of German immigrants and neighbor of Lamarr, had experimented with automated control of instruments. Together, they submitted the idea of a Secret Communication System in June 1941. On 11 August 1942, U.S. Patent 2,292,387 was granted to Antheil and Hedy Kiesler Markey. This early version of frequency hopping used a piano roll to change between 88 frequencies and was intended to make radio-guided torpedoes harder for enemies to detect or jam.

The idea was impractical, ahead of its time, and not feasible due to the state of mechanical technology in 1942. It was not implemented in the USA until 1962, when it was used by U.S. military ships during a blockade of Cuba, after the patent had expired. Neither Lamarr nor Antheil (who died in 1959) made any money from the patent. Perhaps due to this lag in development, the patent was little-known until 1997, when the Electronic Frontier Foundation gave Lamarr an award for this contribution.

Lamarr's and Antheil's frequency-hopping idea serves as a basis for modern spread-spectrum communication technology used in devices ranging from cordless telephones to WiFi Internet connections, namely CDMA. Similar patents had been granted to others earlier, like in Germany in 1935 to Telefunken engineers Paul Kotowski and Kurt Dannehl who also received U.S. Patent 2,158,662 and U.S. Patent 2,211,132 in 1939 and 1940.

4. A New Section

Lamarr wanted to join the National Inventors Council, but she was told that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell War Bonds. She once raised USD 7,000,000 at just one event.

Lamarr died in Altamonte Springs, Florida (near Orlando) on January 19, 2000. Her son Anthony Loder took her ashes to Vienna and spread them in the Wienerwald, according to her wishes.

In 1998, a vector illustration of Lamarr's face was used by Corel Corporation on the packaging and in the publicity for its CorelDRAW 8 software. Lamarr retained Attorney Michael McDonnell and sued Corel for damages relating to unauthorized use of her likeness. The case was resolved in 1999 and settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, under terms that allowed Corel five years of exclusive rights to the image.

In 2003, the Boeing corporation ran a series of recruitment ads featuring Hedy Lamarr as a woman of science. No reference to her film career was made in the ads. In 2005, the first Inventor's Day in German-speaking countries was held in her honor on November 9, on what would have been her 92nd birthday.

1. A New Subsection

According to My Wicked, Wicked Ways (1959), the autobiography of actor and adventurer Errol Flynn, he went out of his way to meet Lamarr because he had heard of her outstanding beauty and wanted to hear more of her personal life. "She had been married to the fabulously rich Fritz Mandel, a munitions magnate. The story was that he used to lock up all her jewels, and he used to lock her up too. Her husband let her wear one or two jewels at a time, but never all together, and the jewels were in his safe all the time. One night he was having over a very famous Nazi guest, Prince von Starhemberg, the leader of the Austrian Fascists. Mandel was doing a lot of business with him. Hedy asked her husband if she could wear all her jewels that night because she wanted to impress the prince and so be of some help to Mandel in his business relation.

Her jeweled entrance caused a sensation. From her fingers up to her shoulders in ice, red ice, blue ice, emeralds, rubies, diamonds. She must have weighed half as much as the late Aga Khan. As the dinner went on, Hedy developed a sick headache and excused herself just for a moment, to go to the bathroom. But she never came back for coffee. Next thing she was in America — in Hollywood — jewels and beauty and talent and all. Now, with Niven prodding me, I didn't know how to get around her to ask her to tell me about her private life, but it sounded intriguing when David repeated, 'See if she'll talk about that night she couldn't stand it anymore and made a getaway.' Hedy and I talked for a while. I started leading up to it in a diplomatic way, and finally got out the words, 'Where is Mandel now?' At which, from this beautiful creature, came the growl, 'That sonofabitch!' She spat and walked off."

1. A Subsubsection

In the song "Feed Me (Git it)" from Little Shop of Horrors (1986), Audry II lists a date with Hedy Lamarr as part of his offer to Seymour in exchange for food.

In the video game Half-Life 2, Doctor Isaac Kleiner keeps a debeaked headcrab he calls 'Lamarr' and at some points in the game calls 'Hedy'. The same headcrab appears in the ending sequence of the game. At the end of Half-Life 2: Episode 2, Lamarr stows away on the rocket fired to close the Combine superportal, and thus meets her end[citation needed].

Hedy Lamarr's story is illustrated by Carla Speed McNeil on JimOttaviani's graphic novel, Dignifying Science: Stories of Women Scientists, which focuses on her engineering developments

2. Quotes.

"Any girl can be glamorous. All you have to do is stand still and look stupid."

"It is easier for women to succeed in business, the arts, and politics in America than in Europe."

"Films have a certain place in a certain time period. Technology is forever".

5. How to Cite Other Publications

In this way references are cited. A book [Parke and Waters 1996],a paper [Fedkiw et al. 2001], a technical report [Fidler et al. 2007],a PhD thesis [Kartch 2000].

6. You May Use Lists

Men without any known relation to Hedy Lamarr.

• Wilhelm Blaschke, mathematician

• Ironimus, architect

• Leopold Vietoris, mathematician (1891-2002)

Conclusion

Der deutsche „Tag des Erfinders“ findet ihr zu Ehren ohnehin schon am 9. November statt. Das soll ihr Geburtstag gewesen sein, ob nun 1913, 1914 oder 1915. Aber selbst das ist nicht ganz sicher: Der Standesbeamte hat seinerzeit „IX“ als Monat in ihre Geburtsurkunde eingetragen und das erst später in „XI“ korrigiert. (Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, 21.05.2006)

Acknowledgements

To ACMSIGGRAPH, for the perfect template.

References

FEDKIW, R., STAM, J., AND JENSEN, H. W. 2001. Visual simulation of smoke. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2001, ACM Press / ACM SIGGRAPH, E. Fiume, Ed., Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, ACM, 15–22.

FIDLER, T., GRASMAIR, M., POTTMANN, H., AND SCHERZER, O. 2007. Inverse problems of integral invariants and signatures.Tech. rep., Johann Radon Inst. Comp. Appl. Math.

KARTCH, D. 2000. Efficient Rendering and Compression for Full-Parallax Computer-Generated Holographic Stereograms. PhD thesis, Cornell University.

PARKE, F. I., AND WATERS, K. 1996. Computer Facial Animation.A. K. Peters.

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Figure 1: Sample Illustration

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