Lesson 17 Grammar - University of Florida



Lesson 17 Grammar

1. Descriptive Complements (II) p. 101

• Review Descriptive Complements (I) Lesson 7, P. 133 她(睡覺)睡得很晩.

A complement following 得may serves to describe the subject.

Subj. + (Verb) + (obj.) + Verb + 得 + Descriptive Complement

** Remember, apply to every pattern that I wrote, the word(s) within the

parenthesis is/are optional.

The descriptive complement follows by the verb, to describe the subject (person) before the verb. It doesn’t describe the action.

Ex. 1 我們 玩(verb) 得 很高興(descriptive complement).

Ex. 3 他 走(verb) 得 很累(descriptive complement).

他 (打球(action; verb+obj.)) 打(verb) 得 很累(descriptive complement).

( 他 打得 很累(descriptive complement).

他 (看書(action; verb+obj.)) 看(verb) 得 忘了時間(descriptive complement). (他 看得 忘了時間(descriptive complement).

Example 1 does not indicate the reason to cause the result.

Example 3 does indicate the reason to cause the result.

• Three types of structural particles的 得 地 added to words or phrases to indicate grammatical relations.

的 - possessive ( 我的 ); attributive (他是我表姊的兒子)

得 - follow by the verb.(Describe the subject [a person].)

地 - follow by the adj. (Describe the action; will learn in the second year.)

• Review: Result Complement

這封信你看懂了嗎? 我看懂了.(Used in an action completed in the past time)

Have you seen this letter and understood it? Yes, I’ve seen this letter and

understood what the letter told.

The action of seeing the letter happened in the past time and has been completed, the result of this action is “I understood it”. Action completed in the past time, so we place a “了” after the verb and the result complement 看懂.

2. Potential Complements (Present time; Used in the fact of a state.) p. 101

Definition: A word or phrase following a predicate verb to indicate whether the action will possibly achieve a result or reach a state is called a potential complement.

The potential complement sentence is different from a “了” sentence which indicates an action completed in the past time sentence. In other words, the potential complement sentence cannot be used in a sentence to describe an action completed in the past time. It must be used in the present time to indicate whether a certain result will be realized or not.

Ex. 1這封信你看得懂嗎? 我看得懂.

Can you understand this letter [or not]. (A certain result will be realized or not.)

Yes, I can understand it. (A positive result is being realized.)

** The above sentences are not an action completed in the past time. They are just the fact of a matter.

Subj. + Verb + 得 + resultative/directional complement.

我 看 (verb) 得 懂 (resultative complement).

我 記 (verb) 得 住 (resultative complement).

這本書我今天看 得 完.

• Negative form: Subj. + Verb + 不 + resultative/directional complement

(Replace得 with不, don’t double use 得 and 不 together)

Ex. 2 這個字太難了, 我 記 (verb) 不 住 (resultative complement).

Ex. 3 我請她 請 (verb) 不 來 (directional complement), 你去請她, 她一定來.

Ex. 4 跳舞太難, 我學 (verb) 不 會 (resultative complement).

Ex. 5 我學 (verb) 不 會( ? ).

Ex. 6 那個字怎麼寫, 我想 (verb) 不 起來 ( ? ) 了.

Incorrect: 我不記住; 我不學 會; 我不想起來.

The affirmative form and the negative form of a potential complement can be put together to form a question.

Ex. 7 這本書你 借得到 借不到? Will you be able to borrow this book [or not]?

Affirmative + negative = a question (Do not double use 嗎 at here.)

Incorrect: 這本書你 借得到 借不到嗎?

** A potential complement sentence (including affirmative and negative form) cannot be used in 把 sentence.

Ex. 9b Incorrect: 我 把今天的功課 做不完/做得完.

Correct: 我 把今天的功課做完了.(An action completed in the past time.)

Table of Resultative Complement, Directional Complement and Potential Complement

| |Complement of result |Complement of directional |Complement of potential |

|Affirmative form |看懂了 | |看得懂 |

| |借到了 | |借得到 |

| |做完了 | |做得完 |

| |想起來了 |起來 |想得起來 |

| | |出來 |拿得出來 |

|Negative form |沒有看懂 | |看不懂 |

| |沒有借到 | |借不到 |

| |沒有做完 | |做不完 |

| | | |想不起來 |

| | | |拿不出來 |

|Affirmative-negative question|有沒有看懂? | |看得懂看不懂? |

|form |有沒有借到? | |借得到借不到? |

| |有沒有做完? | |做得完做不完? |

| | | |想不想得起來? |

| | | |=想得起想不起來? |

| | | |拿不拿得出來? |

| | | |=拿得出拿不出來? |

|With an object |看懂這封信了 | |看得懂這封信 |

| |借到這本書了 | |借得到這本書 |

| |做完功課了 | |做得完功課 |

| |沒有看懂這封信 | |看不懂這封信 |

| |沒有借到這本書 | |借不到這本書 |

| |沒有做完功課 | |想不起來她的電話 |

3. 就 (Before a noun/pronoun means “only”)

• 中文班 就 (only) 我們 (pronoun)三個美國人(noun).

Only three of us are American in the Chinese class.

• After a noun/pronoun and before a verb/verb clause means “then”

你不喜歡看電影, 那 我們 (subject) 就 (then) 看電視吧 (verb clause).

Ex. 1 我們班人很少, 就 (only) 七個學生 (noun).

Subject/First clause +就 (only) + noun/object

Read Ex. 2, Ex. 3 from the textbook.

4. Reduplication of Verbs

• The reduplication formula of monosyllabic verbs is AA: 看看; 說說; 找找

Read Ex. 1 – Ex. 4 from the textbook.

• The reduplication of dissyllabic verbs is ABAB: 慶祝慶祝; 打掃打掃; 整理整理. Read Ex. 5 from the textbook.

If a sentence has both an auxiliary verb and a main action verb in it, only the latter (or the main verb) can be duplicated.

Ex. 5 她 想(auxiliary verb) 看看 (main action verb) 我買的新襯衫 (object).

Subj. + (auxiliary verb/Adverb+ verb) + main action verb + main action verb + (object)

Wb. P. 72 G. #1 功課做完了, 我 想去 (adverb+ verb) 打 (v.)打(v.)球(obj.).

#3 下個星期是我媽媽的生日, 我們 要 (adverb) 慶祝慶祝.

#5 我的中文說得還不夠好, 老師說 要多 (adverb+ adverb) 練習練習.

• Extra things to know: 看看 (v. + v.) = 看一看 = 看一下

• Review: Reduplication of Adj. (Must be followed by a 的)

長長的; 大大的; 酸酸的; 甜甜的

Workbook P. 72 Time expressions:

Current Current Current Current Current

Time Time Time Time Time

- 2 -1 +1 +2

|Day |前天 |昨天 |今天 |明天 |後天 |

|Year |前年 |去年 |今年 |明年 |後年 |

|Four seasons |前年春天 |去年夏天 |今年秋天 |明年冬天 |後年春天 |

|Vacation |前年暑假 |去年寒假 |今年春假 |明年暑假 |後年春假 |

|Semester |上上個學期 |上個學期 |這個學期 |下個學期 |下下個學期 |

|Week |上上個星期 |上個星期 |這個星期 |下個星期 |下下個星期 |

|Month |上上個月 |上個月 |這個月 |下個月 |下下個月 |

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