Citations in Classics and Ancient History

Citations in Classics and Ancient History

The most common style in use in the field of Classical Studies is the author-date style, also known as Chicago 2, but MLA is also quite common and perfectly acceptable. Quick guides for each of MLA and Chicago 2 are readily available as PDF downloads. The Chicago Manual of Style Online offers a guide on their web-page:

The Modern Language Association (MLA) does not, but many educational institutions post an MLA guide for free access.

While a specific citation style should be followed carefully, none take into account the specific practices of Classical Studies. They are all (Chicago, MLA and others) perfectly suitable for citing most resources, but should not be followed for citing ancient Greek and Latin primary source material, including primary sources in translation.

Citing Primary Sources: Every ancient text has its own unique system for locating content by numbers. For example,

Homer's Iliad is divided into 24 Books (what we might now call chapters) and the lines of each Book are numbered from line 1. Herodotus' Histories is divided into nine Books and each of these Books is divided into Chapters and each chapter into line numbers. The purpose of such a system is that the Iliad, or any primary source, can be cited in any language and from any publication and always refer to the same passage. That is why we do not cite Herodotus page 66. Page 66 in what publication, in what edition?

Very early in your textbook, Apodexis Historia, a passage from Herodotus is reproduced. This particular passage is taken from the G.C. Macaulay translation of 1890 and is identified as Herodotus i. 56 - 58 (1.56-58 is also acceptable). That is; Herodotus, The Histories,1 Book I (1 is also acceptable), Chapters 56 to 58 (line numbers are not necessary unless specific attention is being drawn to those lines).

1 But we do not give the title of the work if an author has only one extant text. We can simply cite Herodotus because the Histories is the only work we have by that author.

Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 2

Using this passage in your essay is even easier than using secondary sources. For example:

Herodotus (1.56) says that the Athenians were part of the Ionian tribe of Greeks. "...the Lacedaemonians and the Athenians had the pre-eminence, the first of the Dorian and the others of the Ionian tribe" (Hdt. i.56). Herodotus (1.56) reminds us that "...the Lacedaemonians and the Athenians had the preeminence, the first of the Dorian and the others of the Ionian tribe."

It isn't necessary to include the publication from which you took the quote since your audience can refer to any publication and find the same passage. So, if you are citing a passage of Thucydides from Apodexis Historia, you don't need to cite the collection itself, just the Thucydides passage. However, we sometimes compare various translations and, in that case, it is proper to include them in the Bibliography. The translator should be acknowledged in a footnote and the publications are listed as:

De S?lincourt, Aubrey, trans. 1972 (1954). Herodotus, The Histories. London, New York: Penguin Books.

Fitzgerald, Robert, trans. 2004 (1974). The Iliad, Homer. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Lattimore, Richmond, tans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shankman, Steven, Ed. 1996. The Iliad of Homer Translated by Alexander Pope.2 London, New

York: Penguin Books. Strassler, Robert B. Ed. 2007. The Landmark Herodotus, the Histories. Andrea L. Purvis trans.

New York: Anchor Books.3 Waterfield, Robin, trans. 1998. Herodotus, The Histories. Oxford University Press.

2 A more complicated scenario: Homer is the author, Alexander Pope the translator, but both have been dead long enough that they have no claim to copyright. The editor of the current edition, Steven Shankman, holds copyright and so the work is listed under his name.

3 Andrea Purvis may hold copyright to the translation, but in this particular publication the editor, Robert Strassler, holds copyright so the work is listed under his name.

Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 3

Standard Abbreviations

A Source Aelian Aeschines Aeschylus

Andocides

Antipon

Apollodorus Apollonius

Abbrev. Works (English/ Latin)

Abbrev.

Ael.

Historical Miscellany / Varia Historia

VH

On the Nature of Animals / De Natura Animalium NA

Aeschin. Against Timarchus

Aeschin. 1

On the Embassy

Aeshcin. 2

Against Cetisiphon

Aeshcin. 3

Aesch. Agamemnon

Ag.

Eumenides

Eum.

Libation Bearers / Choephoroe

Lib. / Cho.

Persians / Persae

Pers.

Prometheus Bound / Prometheus Vinctus

PB / PV

Seven Against Thebes

Seven / Sept.

Suppliant Women / Supplices

Supp.

Andoc. On the Mysteries

Andoc. 1

On His Return

Andoc. 2

On the Peace

Andoc. 3

Against Alcibiades

Andoc. 4

Antiph. Against the Stepmother

Antiph. 1

First Tetralogy

Antiph. 2

Second Tetralogy

Antiph. 3

Third Tetralogy

Antiph. 4

On the Murder of Herodes

Antiph. 5

On the Choreutes

Antiph. 6

Apollod. Library / Bibliotheca

Bibl.

Epitome

Epit.

Ap. Rhod. Argonautica

Argon.

Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 4

Aristides, Aelius Aristophanes

Aristotle

Ael. Ar. Ar.

Arist.

The Art of Rhetoric / Ars Rhetorica Orations (numbered from 1 to 50) Acharnians / Acharnenses Birds / Aves Clouds / Nubes Ecclesiazusae Frogs / Ranae Knights / Equites Lysistrata Peace Plutus Thesmophoriazusae Wasps / Vespae Athenian Constitution / Athenaion Politeia Economics / Oeconomica Eudamian Ethics Metaphysics Meteorology Nicomachean Ethics On Generation and Corruption On the Generation of Animals On the Heavens / De Caelo On the History of Animals On the Parts of Animals On the Soul / De Anima Physics Poetics Politics Problems Rhetoric Topics

Ars. Orat. Ach. Birds/ Av. Cl. /Nub. Eccl. Frogs Kn. / Eq. Lys. Peace Pl. Thes. Wasps Ath. Pol. Econ. Eud. Eth. Met. Mete. Nic. Eth. Gen. Corr. Gen. An. Cael. Hist. An. Part. An. De An. Ph. Poet. Pol. Pr. Rh. Top.

Arrian

Arr.

Athenaeus

Ath.

Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 5

Virtues and Vices The History of Alexander / Anabasis Alexandri Indica The Diepnosophists

Vir.. Anab. Ind.

B Bacchylides

Bacchyl.

Epinicians Dithyrambs

Ep. Dith.

C Callimachus Call.

Ctesias Quintus Curtius Rufus

Ctes. Curt.

Aetia Epigrams Hymn to Zeus Hymn to Apollo Hymn to Artemis Hymn to Delos Hymn to Athena Hymn to Demeter Photius' Epitome of the Persica of Ctesius History of Alexander

Aet. Epig. H. 1 Ap. H. 3 H. 4 H. 5 H. 6

D Demades Demosthenes

Demad. Dem.

On the Twelve Years Letters Olynthiac 1 Olynthiac 2 Olynthiac 3 Philippic 1 On the Peace

L. Dem. 1 Dem. 2 Dem. 3 Dem. 4 Dem. 5

Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 6

Philipic 2 On the Halonnesus On the Chersonese Philippic 3 Philippic 4 Reply to Philip Philip On Organization On the Navy On the Freedom of the Rhodians For the Megalopolitans On the Accession of Alexander On the Crown On the False Embassy Against Leptines Against Midias Against Androtion Against Arstocrates Against Timocrates Against Arstogiton 1 Against Arstogiton 2 Against Aphobus 1 Against Aphobus 2 Against Aphobus Against Onetor 1 Against Onetor 2 Against Zenothemis Against Apatourius Against Phormio Against Lacritus For Phormio

Dem. 6 Dem. 7 Dem. 8 Dem. 9 Dem. 10 Dem. 11 Dem. 12 Dem. 13 Dem. 14 Dem. 15 Dem. 16 Dem. 17 Dem. 18 Dem. 19 Dem. 20 Dem. 21 Dem. 22 Dem. 23 Dem. 24 Dem. 25 Dem. 26 Dem. 27 Dem. 28 Dem. 29 Dem. 30 Dem. 31 Dem. 32 Dem. 33 Dem. 34 Dem. 35 Dem. 36

Deinarchus Din. (Dinarchus)

Diodorus Siculus

Diod.

Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 7

Against Pantaenetus Against Nausimachus and Xenopeithes Against Boeotus 1 Against Boeotus 2 Against Spudias Against Phaenippus Against Macartatus Against Leochares Against Stephanus 1 Against Stephanus 2 Against Evergus and Mnesibulus Against Olympiodorus Against Timotheus Against Polycles On the Trierarchic Crown Against Callippus Against Nicostratus Against Conon Against Callicles Against Dionysodorus Against Eubulides Against Theocrines Against Neaera Funeral Speech Erotic Essay Against Demosthenes Against Aristogeiton Against Philocles Bibliotheca Historica

Dem. 37 Dem. 38 Dem. 39 Dem. 40 Dem. 41 Dem. 42 Dem. 43 Dem. 44 Dem. 45 Dem. 46 Dem. 47 Dem. 48 Dem. 49 Dem. 50 Dem. 51 Dem. 52 Dem. 53 Dem. 54 Dem. 55 Dem. 56 Dem. 57 Dem. 58 Dem. 59 Dem. 60 Dem. 61 Din. 1 Din. 2 Din. 3

Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 8

Diogenes

DL

Lives of the Eminent Philosophers

Laertius

Diog. Laert.

Dionysius of Dion. Hal. Roman Antiquities

Halicarnassus

The Ancient Orators / De Antiquis Oratoribus

On Lysias

On Isocrates

On Isaeus

On Demosthenes

To Ammaeus (Letters) 1 and 2

On Dinarchus

On Thucydides

On Literary Composition

To Pompeius

Ant. Rom. Orat. Lys. Isoc. Is. Dem. Amm. Din. Thuc. Comp. Pomp.

E Epicurus Euripides

Epicurus Eur.

Epistles Alcestis Andromache Bacchae Cyclops Electra Hecuba Helen Heraclidae Heracles Hippolytus Ion Iphigenia in Aulus Iphigenia in Tauris Medea Orestes

Ep. Alc. Andr. Bacch. Cyc. El. Hec. Hel. Heraclid. Her. Hipp. Ion IA IT Med. Or.

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