Ch 13 and 14 Sherman Test - Ap Euro & World History
|Scientific Rev and Enlightenment |Scientific Rev and Enlightenment (answers) |
|The religious attitude of most early scientists was |The religious attitude of most early scientists was |
|That they were investigating the universe created by God |That they were investigating the universe created by God |
|A strong skepticism caused by their scientific observations |A strong skepticism caused by their scientific observations |
|A revived paganism caused by their admiration for classical antiquity |A revived paganism caused by their admiration for classical antiquity |
|A growing interest in oriental philosophy |A growing interest in oriental philosophy |
|That God had not place in the world of science |That God had not place in the world of science |
| | |
|Many scientists believe that Galileo's greatest contribution was not his |Many scientists believe that Galileo's greatest contribution was not his |
|telescopic observations but |telescopic observations but |
|His development of physical laws that overturned Aristotle's physics |His development of physical laws that overturned Aristotle's physics |
|His support of neo-Platonic philosophy |His support of neo-Platonic philosophy |
|His proof of the effects of gravity |His proof of the effects of gravity |
|His work in the field of mathematics |His work in the field of mathematics |
|His support of the Geocentric theory |His support of the Geocentric theory |
| | |
|Newton made many important scientific discoveries, the most important of which was|Newton made many important scientific discoveries, the most important of which was|
| | |
|The circulation of the blood |The circulation of the blood |
|The discovery of the satellites of Jupiter |The discovery of the satellites of Jupiter |
|The discovery of how gravitation holds the universe together |The discovery of how gravitation holds the universe together |
|The invention of the microscope |The invention of the microscope |
|The discovery of the working of the circulatory system |The discovery of the working of the circulatory system |
| | |
|The importance of Francis Bacon and René Descartes in the Scientific Revolution |The importance of Francis Bacon and René Descartes in the Scientific Revolution |
|stems from |stems from |
|Their work with Robert Boyle on the foundations of modern chemistry |Their work with Robert Boyle on the foundations of modern chemistry |
|Their ideas on observation, experimentation, and mathematics helped establish the |Their ideas on observation, experimentation, and mathematics helped establish the |
|methodology of science |methodology of science |
|Their astronomical observations confirmed Newton's work |Their astronomical observations confirmed Newton's work |
|Their outspoken protest against the Inquisition's condemnation of Galileo |Their outspoken protest against the Inquisition's condemnation of Galileo |
|Their rejection of mathematics as a tool of science |Their rejection of mathematics as a tool of science |
| | |
|By the end of the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th Centuries, |By the end of the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th Centuries, |
|New technology developed by scientists had transformed European ways of life |New technology developed by scientists had transformed European ways of life |
|Science claimed precedence over religion in explaining the material world |Science claimed precedence over religion in explaining the material world |
|Scientific progress virtually ended, not to be resumed until the middle of the |Scientific progress virtually ended, not to be resumed until the middle of the |
|19th century |19th century |
|The Scientific community had discovered the natural laws which governed human |The Scientific community had discovered the natural laws which governed human |
|society |society |
|All of the above |All of the above |
| | |
| | |
|Which of the following was not characteristic of the Enlightenment? |Which of the following was not characteristic of the Enlightenment? |
|A firm conviction that human reason should determine the understanding of the |A firm conviction that human reason should determine the understanding of the |
|world and the rules of social life |world and the rules of social life |
|It had a great amount of influence on European and American elites |It had a great amount of influence on European and American elites |
|The popularization of science |The popularization of science |
|It was dominated by Italian and Spanish thinkers |It was dominated by Italian and Spanish thinkers |
|That human instinct was a greater guide than reason |That human instinct was a greater guide than reason |
| | |
|Which of the following is not an idea discussed by Voltaire in his writings? |Which of the following is not an idea discussed by Voltaire in his writings? |
|The scientific ideas of Newton |The scientific ideas of Newton |
|Complete social egalitarianism |Complete social egalitarianism |
|Skepticism about religious doctrines |Skepticism about religious doctrines |
|Upholding of religious toleration |Upholding of religious toleration |
|Greater freedom of thought |Greater freedom of thought |
| | |
|Which of the following ideas is not found in John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil|Which of the following ideas is not found in John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil|
|Government? |Government? |
|Natural rights include life, liberty, and property |Natural rights include life, liberty, and property |
|The people have a right to overthrow a government that violates their natural |The people have a right to overthrow a government that violates their natural |
|rights |rights |
|The powers of government are strictly limited |The powers of government are strictly limited |
|Monarchy is the only proper form of government |Monarchy is the only proper form of government |
|The state of nature is preferable to any form of government |The state of nature is preferable to any form of government |
| | |
|Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract is still controversial because |Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract is still controversial because |
|It denounced all religion, even Deism, as superstition |It denounced all religion, even Deism, as superstition |
|Its concept of the general will can be used to support both participatory |Its concept of the general will can be used to support both participatory |
|democracy and an authoritarian regime |democracy and an authoritarian regime |
|It tried to justify abortion |It tried to justify abortion |
|It advocated strict separation of the sexes |It advocated strict separation of the sexes |
|It advocated universal public education |It advocated universal public education |
| | |
|Which of the following thinkers is not properly connected to the book or idea that|Which of the following thinkers is not properly connected to the book or idea that|
|made him famous? |made him famous? |
|Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Spirit of the Laws |Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Spirit of the Laws |
|François Quesnay, Physiocracy and laissez-faire |François Quesnay, Physiocracy and laissez-faire |
|Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations |Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations |
|Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments |Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments |
|John Locke second Teatise on Civil Government |John Locke second Teatise on Civil Government |
| | |
| | |
Agriculture Revolution and Commercial Revolution/ 18th century
|43. The Diplomatic Revolution |43. The Diplomatic Revolution |
|A) Was an unexpected alliance of Austrian and Prussia to resolve the Silesian |A) Was an unexpected alliance of Austrian and Prussia to resolve the Silesian |
|issue through an annexation of Poland |issue through an annexation of Poland |
|B) Was an alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Turks to partition some |B) Was an alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Turks to partition some |
|independent Moslem principalities between them. |independent Moslem principalities between them. |
|C) Was an unlikely alliance of France and England to take advantage of the |C) Was an unlikely alliance of France and England to take advantage of the |
|situation in central Europe caused by the Thirty Years' War |situation in central Europe caused by the Thirty Years' War |
|D) Occurred because Maria Theresa sought new allies in an effort to retake |D) Occurred because Maria Theresa sought new allies in an effort to retake |
|Silesia from Frederick the Great of Prussia |Silesia from Frederick the Great of Prussia |
| | |
|44. The major geopolitical result of the Wars of the Austrian Succession and the |44. The major geopolitical result of the Wars of the Austrian Succession and the |
|Seven Years' War combined was |Seven Years' War combined was |
|A) Prussia and Russia were confirmed as major European powers |A) Prussia and Russia were confirmed as major European powers |
|B) Austria disappeared from the European map |B) Austria disappeared from the European map |
|C) Britain emerged as a major continental European power |C) Britain emerged as a major continental European power |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
|58. Although Joseph II undertook reforms where Frederick the Great feared to |58. Although Joseph II undertook reforms where Frederick the Great feared to |
|tread-such as freedom for serfs and greater toleration of Jews-he ultimately |tread-such as freedom for serfs and greater toleration of Jews-he ultimately |
|failed because |failed because |
|A) He was overthrown as part of the French Revolution |A) He was overthrown as part of the French Revolution |
|B) His chief minister, the Cardinal Richelieu, sabotaged his reforms |B) His chief minister, the Cardinal Richelieu, sabotaged his reforms |
|C) He did not really believe in his reforms, and failed to push them hard enough |C) He did not really believe in his reforms, and failed to push them hard enough |
|D) His reforms were often ill-conceived and autocratically imposed, not only |D) His reforms were often ill-conceived and autocratically imposed, not only |
|alienating the powerful, but even those whom the reforms were supposed to help |alienating the powerful, but even those whom the reforms were supposed to help |
| | |
|61. An important part of the new agricultural methods in Great Britain was |61. An important part of the new agricultural methods in Great Britain was |
|A) An imposition of serfdom based on the pattern of Eastern Europe |A) An imposition of serfdom based on the pattern of Eastern Europe |
|B) The development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process and the loss|B) The development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process and the loss|
|of land by the smaller farmers |of land by the smaller farmers |
|C) A massive flocking to the land by the inhabitants of the cities |C) A massive flocking to the land by the inhabitants of the cities |
|D) The division of large blocks of land into long, narrow strips, with a |D) The division of large blocks of land into long, narrow strips, with a |
|three-year crop rotation |three-year crop rotation |
| | |
|65 Population growth during the 18th century |65 Population growth during the 18th century |
|A) Helps explain the political strength of France, Britain, and Russia |A) Helps explain the political strength of France, Britain, and Russia |
|B) Was partially caused by the availability of more and better food |B) Was partially caused by the availability of more and better food |
|C) Was aided by better urban sanitation practice |C) Was aided by better urban sanitation practice |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
| | |
|67. Which of the following best describes the enclosure movement? |67. Which of the following best describes the enclosure movement? |
|A. A system of high tariffs erected by Philip II of Spain |A. A system of high tariffs erected by Philip II of Spain |
|B. A military maneuver developed by Henry V of England |B. A military maneuver developed by Henry V of England |
|C. The fencing of common farmland in England for private use |C. The fencing of common farmland in England for private use |
|D. A network of improved roads and bridges |D. A network of improved roads and bridges |
|E. The erection of a fortified line between France and Germany |E. The erection of a fortified line between France and Germany |
French Revolution
|38. The French Revolution was in part precipitated |38. The French Revolution was in part precipitated |
|A) By the ambitions of Napoleon Bonaparte |A) By the ambitions of Napoleon Bonaparte |
|B) By a conspiracy headed by Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau |B) By a conspiracy headed by Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau |
|C) By a major financial crisis that weakened monarchical government |C) By a major financial crisis that weakened monarchical government |
|D) By the defeat of the French army in America by George Washington |D) By the defeat of the French army in America by George Washington |
| | |
|40. The most important cause of the French financial crisis of the late 1780's |40. The most important cause of the French financial crisis of the late 1780's |
|was |was |
|A) Growing poverty caused by the collapse of trade with Canada |A) Growing poverty caused by the collapse of trade with Canada |
|B) An inadequate taxation and banking system |B) An inadequate taxation and banking system |
|C) A massive refusal to pay taxes, caused by the spread of Enlightenment ideas |C) A massive refusal to pay taxes, caused by the spread of Enlightenment ideas |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
|46. In spite of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |46. In spite of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
|A) Women did not receive political rights |A) Women did not receive political rights |
|B) Sovereignty still resided in the person of the king |B) Sovereignty still resided in the person of the king |
|C) Freedom of religion was still restricted |C) Freedom of religion was still restricted |
|D) Press criticism of the National Assembly was forbidden |D) Press criticism of the National Assembly was forbidden |
|49. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy |49. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
|A) Was approved by the pope |A) Was approved by the pope |
|B) Divided the French Catholic population |B) Divided the French Catholic population |
|C) Established Protestantism in France |C) Established Protestantism in France |
|D) Was the idea of Napoleon Bonaparte |D) Was the idea of Napoleon Bonaparte |
| | |
|51. The Parisian sans-culottes |51. The Parisian sans-culottes |
|A) Joined with the aristocracy to oppose the Revolution |A) Joined with the aristocracy to oppose the Revolution |
|B) Were Girondins rather than Jacobins |B) Were Girondins rather than Jacobins |
|C) Were the backbone of Parisian radicalism and egalitarianism during the French |C) Were the backbone of Parisian radicalism and egalitarianism during the French |
|Revolution |Revolution |
|D) Were strong supporters of the Enlightenment |D) Were strong supporters of the Enlightenment |
| | |
|54. The Jacobins and the Girondins |54. The Jacobins and the Girondins |
|A) Opposed the proclamation of the Republic by the Convention |A) Opposed the proclamation of the Republic by the Convention |
|B) Were rival revolutionary political factions in the National Convention |B) Were rival revolutionary political factions in the National Convention |
|C) Supported the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte |C) Supported the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte |
|D) Were important religious movements in the 18th century |D) Were important religious movements in the 18th century |
| |57. The major purpose of the Terror during the French Revolution was |
|57. The major purpose of the Terror during the French Revolution was |A) To protect the new French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands|
|A) To protect the new French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands|by the sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies |
|by the sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies |B) To enact the feminist program of Manon Roland and Olympe de Gouges |
|B) To enact the feminist program of Manon Roland and Olympe de Gouges |C) To favor the political ambitions of Danton and Robespierre |
|C) To favor the political ambitions of Danton and Robespierre |D) To secure the rule of Napoleon after he seized power |
|D) To secure the rule of Napoleon after he seized power | |
| |68. As part of his effort to consolidate his rule in France, Napoleon Bonaparte |
|68. As part of his effort to consolidate his rule in France, Napoleon Bonaparte |did all of the following except |
|did all of the following except |A) Enact the Napoleonic Code, which secured equal rights for all French men, but |
|A) Enact the Napoleonic Code, which secured equal rights for all French men, but |left women subordinate |
|left women subordinate |B) Establish a Bank of France to handle government funds |
|B) Establish a Bank of France to handle government funds |C) Sign a Concordat with the Papacy to end religious problems caused by the |
|C) Sign a Concordat with the Papacy to end religious problems caused by the |Revolution |
|Revolution |D) Establish free, democratic elections |
|D) Establish free, democratic elections | |
| |69. In his military career, Napoleon invaded all of the following except |
|69. In his military career, Napoleon invaded all of the following except |A) Russia |
|A) Russia |B) Spain |
|B) Spain |C) Austria |
|C) Austria |D) Britain |
|D) Britain | |
|71. In those parts of Europe directly ruled by Napoleon or by his relatives, the |71. In those parts of Europe directly ruled by Napoleon or by his relatives, the |
|following occurred |following occurred |
|A) The imposition of serfdom on the peasantry, if this had not already been done |A) The imposition of serfdom on the peasantry, if this had not already been done |
|B) The closing of all Catholic Churches |B) The closing of all Catholic Churches |
|C) Major tax cuts |C) Major tax cuts |
|D) The imposition of the Napoleonic Code |D) The imposition of the Napoleonic Code |
| | |
|75. Napoleon's invasion of Russia failed for several reasons, including |75. Napoleon's invasion of Russia failed for several reasons, including |
|A) Russia was a vast desert, and his armies soon got lost |A) Russia was a vast desert, and his armies soon got lost |
|B) He brought too few men into Russia, not even 100,000 |B) He brought too few men into Russia, not even 100,000 |
|C) His army was crushed by the Russian army at Borodino |C) His army was crushed by the Russian army at Borodino |
|D) He faced a lack of adequate supplies and a hard, cold winter |D) He faced a lack of adequate supplies and a hard, cold winter |
Industrialization
|[pic] |[pic] |
|Use the cartoon above to answer questions 29 and 30 |Use the cartoon above to answer questions 29 and 30 |
|29. Which of the following best describes the action above? |29. Which of the following best describes the action above? |
|a. Irate potato farmers attacking wheat processing machines |a. Irate potato farmers attacking wheat processing machines |
|b. Feminists destroying the printing presses of Edmund Burke |b. Feminists destroying the printing presses of Edmund Burke |
|c. Artisans destroying weaving machines |c. Artisans destroying weaving machines |
|d. Manorial serfs cooperating in the creation of milling machinery |d. Manorial serfs cooperating in the creation of milling machinery |
|e. German nationalists smashing the office of the censor for the German |e. German nationalists smashing the office of the censor for the German |
|Confederation |Confederation |
| | |
|30. What was the name given to the people found in this cartoon? |30. What was the name given to the people found in this cartoon? |
|a. Luddites! b. Red Shirts! c. Magyars! ! d. Peterloos! e. Junkers |a. Luddites! b. Red Shirts! c. Magyars! ! d. Peterloos! e. Junkers |
| | |
|29. British advantages over continental European countries during the early |29. British advantages over continental European countries during the early |
|Industrial Revolution included |Industrial Revolution included |
|A) Good water transportation |A) Good water transportation |
|B) Major supplies of coal and iron ore |B) Major supplies of coal and iron ore |
|C) The ability to mobilize capital for industrial development |C) The ability to mobilize capital for industrial development |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
|41. The social structure of Europe in the 19th century during the period of |41. The social structure of Europe in the 19th century during the period of |
|industrialization was altered by |industrialization was altered by |
|A) The growing prosperity of the middle classes and the growth of an industrial |A) The growing prosperity of the middle classes and the growth of an industrial |
|working class |working class |
|B) The growth of the peasant class because of the population increase |B) The growth of the peasant class because of the population increase |
|C) The collapse of the urban working class because of the growth of cottage |C) The collapse of the urban working class because of the growth of cottage |
|industry |industry |
|D) The continuing growth of the landed aristocracy |D) The continuing growth of the landed aristocracy |
| | |
|42. The British working class in the early Industrial Revolution |42. The British working class in the early Industrial Revolution |
|A) Often worked sixteen hours a day, six days a week |A) Often worked sixteen hours a day, six days a week |
|B) Worked for very low wages but had good job security |B) Worked for very low wages but had good job security |
|C) Often earned less than their agricultural counterparts |C) Often earned less than their agricultural counterparts |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
|47. The major epidemic disease of the early 19th century was |47. The major epidemic disease of the early 19th century was |
|A) Cholera |A) Cholera |
|B) Smallpox |B) Smallpox |
|C) Bubonic plague |C) Bubonic plague |
|D) Influenza |D) Influenza |
|50. The new industrial world changed the role of middle class women because |50. The new industrial world changed the role of middle class women because |
|A) Paid employees did much of the business work once done by the middle class |A) Paid employees did much of the business work once done by the middle class |
|wife |wife |
|B) Middle class women began to have more servants to lighten their domestic tasks|B) Middle class women began to have more servants to lighten their domestic tasks|
|that they had also performed in addition to their business duties |that they had also performed in addition to their business duties |
|C) Middle class women began to pay more personal attention to the rearing of |C) Middle class women began to pay more personal attention to the rearing of |
|their children |their children |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
|51. The growing differentiation in the 19th century between men's and women's |51. The growing differentiation in the 19th century between men's and women's |
|spheres of activity |spheres of activity |
|A) Led to men forcing women to be confined to the houses, derived of any chance |A) Led to men forcing women to be confined to the houses, derived of any chance |
|at public activity |at public activity |
|B) Led to a decline in the numbers of servants, forcing middle class women to do |B) Led to a decline in the numbers of servants, forcing middle class women to do |
|more of the housework |more of the housework |
|C) Meant that men exclusively determined all aspects of a family's social life |C) Meant that men exclusively determined all aspects of a family's social life |
|D) Ironically gave women more power and influence in religious, social, and |D) Ironically gave women more power and influence in religious, social, and |
|cultural matters, because these things were part of their sphere |cultural matters, because these things were part of their sphere |
| | |
“ism”/ Revolutions
|39. The concert of Europe, with its Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance, tried |39. The concert of Europe, with its Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance, tried |
|to secure the peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna by |to secure the peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna by |
|A) Supporting liberal movements in Europe |A) Supporting liberal movements in Europe |
|B) Repressing revolutionary movements in Europe |B) Repressing revolutionary movements in Europe |
|C) Promoting industrial development |C) Promoting industrial development |
|D) Promoting the secular principles of the Enlightenment |D) Promoting the secular principles of the Enlightenment |
| | |
|40. The idea that the social and political order was based on a hierarchy of |40. The idea that the social and political order was based on a hierarchy of |
|institutions whose legitimacy was based on God and tradition was the 19th Century|institutions whose legitimacy was based on God and tradition was the 19th Century|
|ideology of |ideology of |
|A) Liberalism |A) Liberalism |
|B) Socialism |B) Socialism |
|C) Protestantism |C) Protestantism |
|D) Conservatism |D) Conservatism |
| | |
|41. The idea that government should be limited by constitutions, that voting |41. The idea that government should be limited by constitutions, that voting |
|rights should be extended, and individual freedoms promoted, were parts of the |rights should be extended, and individual freedoms promoted, were parts of the |
|early 19th Century ideology called |early 19th Century ideology called |
|A) Socialism |A) Socialism |
|B) Catholicism |B) Catholicism |
|C) Liberalism |C) Liberalism |
|D) Conservatism |D) Conservatism |
| | |
|47. The Enlightenment writer who is considered a founder of the Romantic |47. The Enlightenment writer who is considered a founder of the Romantic |
|movements is |movements is |
|A) Rousseau |A) Rousseau |
|B) Voltaire |B) Voltaire |
|C) Locke |C) Locke |
|D) Montesquieu |D) Montesquieu |
| | |
|49. 19th Century Romanticism stressed |49. 19th Century Romanticism stressed |
|A) A strong appreciation for nature |A) A strong appreciation for nature |
|B) A strong appreciation of the art and culture of the Middle Ages |B) A strong appreciation of the art and culture of the Middle Ages |
|C) An emotional approach to Christianity |C) An emotional approach to Christianity |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
|50. A major principle of early 19th Century Utopian Socialists was |50. A major principle of early 19th Century Utopian Socialists was |
|A) Violent revolution |A) Violent revolution |
|B) Voluntary cooperation and an end to competitive individualism |B) Voluntary cooperation and an end to competitive individualism |
|C) A strictly regimented society led by the socialist leaders |C) A strictly regimented society led by the socialist leaders |
|D) None of the above |D) None of the above |
| | |
|55. Between 1815 and 1848, the governments of continental Europe were usually |55. Between 1815 and 1848, the governments of continental Europe were usually |
|dominated by the principle of |dominated by the principle of |
|A) Conservatism |A) Conservatism |
|B) Liberalism |B) Liberalism |
|C) Socialism |C) Socialism |
|D) Utopianism |D) Utopianism |
| | |
|59. The Revolution of 1830 in France |59. The Revolution of 1830 in France |
|A) Was in part caused by the acts of Charles X, who reversed the moderate |A) Was in part caused by the acts of Charles X, who reversed the moderate |
|policies of Louis XVIII and committed himself to the ultraroyalist faction |policies of Louis XVIII and committed himself to the ultraroyalist faction |
|B) Led to a new king, Louis Philippe, and more liberal policies, but not to a |B) Led to a new king, Louis Philippe, and more liberal policies, but not to a |
|republic |republic |
|C) Was called the July Revolution because it took place in that month |C) Was called the July Revolution because it took place in that month |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
|60. Which of the following revolutions of 1830 is correctly described? |60. Which of the following revolutions of 1830 is correctly described? |
|A) Belgium-successful because Belgium succeeded in winning independence from the |A) Belgium-successful because Belgium succeeded in winning independence from the |
|Netherlands |Netherlands |
|B) France-unsuccessful because Charles X managed to remain on the throne and |B) France-unsuccessful because Charles X managed to remain on the throne and |
|reinstitute his reactionary policies |reinstitute his reactionary policies |
|C) Italy--successful because the Austrian army sent in by Metternich was defeated|C) Italy--successful because the Austrian army sent in by Metternich was defeated|
|by Italian partisans |by Italian partisans |
|D) Poland-successful because a nationalist revolution established independence |D) Poland-successful because a nationalist revolution established independence |
|and the boundaries of 1772 |and the boundaries of 1772 |
| | |
| | |
|66. The revolution in the Austrian Empire in 1848 resulted in |66. The revolution in the Austrian Empire in 1848 resulted in |
|A) The demand by Hungarians for autonomy from Austria |A) The demand by Hungarians for autonomy from Austria |
|B) The declaration by several Italian provinces of their independence from |B) The declaration by several Italian provinces of their independence from |
|Austria |Austria |
|C) The call by Czech nationalists for a pan-Slavic Congress to be held at Prague |C) The call by Czech nationalists for a pan-Slavic Congress to be held at Prague |
|D) All of the above |D) All of the above |
| | |
|69. For all their promising beginnings the revolutions of 1848 ultimately ended |69. For all their promising beginnings the revolutions of 1848 ultimately ended |
|with the restoration of the presumably overthrown regimes for all of the |with the restoration of the presumably overthrown regimes for all of the |
|following reasons except |following reasons except |
|A) The alliance between liberals, radicals, and socialists was one of convenience|A) The alliance between liberals, radicals, and socialists was one of convenience|
|and broke down when these groups gained power |and broke down when these groups gained power |
|B) Nationalists consistently allied with conservative forces to crush |B) Nationalists consistently allied with conservative forces to crush |
|revolutionary movements |revolutionary movements |
|C) The strength of conservatism was underestimated; the working class of Central |C) The strength of conservatism was underestimated; the working class of Central |
|Europe was weak, ultimately weaker than conservative forces |Europe was weak, ultimately weaker than conservative forces |
|D) Forces of order never lost control of their armies, which they used to crush |D) Forces of order never lost control of their armies, which they used to crush |
|revolutionary forces |revolutionary forces |
| | |
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