Unit 1: Cells



UNIT 4

DNA / Genetics

TEST DATE:____________

|Essential Concepts and Skills for LS 12 &13 |Reading |

|1. Understand the history of DNA. |p.129 |

|a) Understand the contributions of all scientists that led to the development of | |

|the Double Helix structure by Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff. | |

| |p. 128 |

|2. Explain how the genetic code is contained in DNA | |

|a) DNA is a macromolecule (polymer) made up of repeating subunits called nucleotides (monomers). | |

|There are 4 DNA nucleotides:adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C). | |

|The genetic code is the sequence of DNA nucleotides. | |

|DNA is a double-stranded molecule. The strands are connected by complementary base pairs: A-T and C-G, like rungs on a ladder. | |

|DNA directs the cell through protein production. | |

|The ladder twists to form a double helix. | |

| 3. Describe how cells pass on the genetic code by replicating | |

|(copying) their DNA. | |

|Enzymes unwind and unzip the double helix. | |

|Each strand serves as a template for building a new DNA molecule. | |

|Free nucleotides bond to the template (A-T and C-G), forming a complementary strand. | |

|The final product is two identical DNA molecules |p. 131 |

| |p. 106-113 |

|4. Understand the Heredity and the scientist behind the science…. | |

|Gregor Mendel- Known as the father of genetics. Studied the hereditary patterns in pea plants. | |

|1st Experiment – Specifically he observed the following traits in pea plants: | |

|Height, seed color, flower color, pod color, pod shape, seed shape, flower position | |

|He crossed a homozygous dominant pea plant (TT) with a homozygous recessive (tt) pea plant. In each experiment the recessive | |

|trait disappeared in the first generation created. | |

|2nd Experiment—Working with the same traits he used the offspring (children) of the 1st cross | |

|This time he crossed two (Tt xTt) of the f1(first generation). | |

|His results showed not only the dominant trait but also the recessive reappear!! | |

|Reginald Punnett - invented the Punnett Square to determine | |

|the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. | |

|5. You should be able to define and utilize the following important terminology of genetics | |

|a) gene- section of DNA that carries a trait |p. 106-113 |

|b) allele- as a form of a gene. | |

|c)dominant- a trait, that when present will be seen | |

|d) recessive- a trait that will only be seen when it is the only one present | |

|e) genotype the genes that an organism has. | |

|f) phenotype the appearance of a trait in an organism. |supplement class |

|g) homozygous having two of the same alleles : a purebred: RR |notes |

|h) heterozygous as having two different alleles: hybrid : Rr | |

|i) Punnett square tool used to predict inheritance of traits through generations. | |

|k) monohybrid crossing of one trait in a punnett | |

|m) probability the chances of inheriting a particular trait | |

|q) autosomes the 22 pairs of body chromosomes in our bodies | |

|r) sex chromosomes –the 23rd pair of chromosomes that determines the sex. | |

|6. Using Tools of inheritance such as a Punnett square and pedigree chart you will be able to predict the probability of |p.111-112 |

|inheriting a trait |p.140-141 |

|a) using a monohybrid cross / dihybrid cross |class notes |

|using a test cross - this is used to determine the genotype of | |

|the parental generation when the genotype of the offspring are known. | |

|d) Using a pedigree chart you will be able to plot the path of a traits in families. | |

|7. You will be able to predict inheritance from patterns other than pure dominant/ recessive. |class notes |

|Codominance - where traits of the P1 are expressed equally in all of the offspring: a speckled chicken and human blood types |pg. 134 |

|Incomplete dominance- where the traits of the parents are blended to create a new expression. Red + white = pink flower |pg. 119 |

|Sex linked where traits are inherited on the sex chromosome, | |

|most often the X chromosome; color blindness, and hemophilia | |

|d) polygenic inheritance- inheritance that depends on more that | |

|one gene : examples- hair, skin, eye colors and height | |

|8. Describe mutation and the effects of mutations in humans | |

|a) A mutation is a change in the base sequence of a gene. |p.138-139 |

|b) Since the base sequence of the gene is changed, the amino acid sequence | |

|of the protein is changed. | |

|c) An amino acid change in a protein could affect its information, resulting in | |

|a change in the protein’s function. (Diabetes) | |

|The CHROMOSOMAL mutations are insertion, deletion, and substitution. Define and understand all. | |

Assessment:

• There will be quizzes

• There will be various labs.

• There will be a Test that will cover all the essential concepts.

EXTRA CREDIT

➢ This is worth a lab or test grade…which ever assists you the most!!!

➢ You will create a genetic disorder pamphlet.

➢ If planning to do this project you must see me to pick a disorder and get the grading criteria.

o First come first serve! Limited Choices….(

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