Unit 1: Cells
UNIT 4
DNA / Genetics
TEST DATE:____________
|Essential Concepts and Skills for LS 12 &13 |Reading |
|1. Understand the history of DNA. |p.129 |
|a) Understand the contributions of all scientists that led to the development of | |
|the Double Helix structure by Watson, Crick, Franklin and Chargaff. | |
| |p. 128 |
|2. Explain how the genetic code is contained in DNA | |
|a) DNA is a macromolecule (polymer) made up of repeating subunits called nucleotides (monomers). | |
|There are 4 DNA nucleotides:adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C). | |
|The genetic code is the sequence of DNA nucleotides. | |
|DNA is a double-stranded molecule. The strands are connected by complementary base pairs: A-T and C-G, like rungs on a ladder. | |
|DNA directs the cell through protein production. | |
|The ladder twists to form a double helix. | |
| 3. Describe how cells pass on the genetic code by replicating | |
|(copying) their DNA. | |
|Enzymes unwind and unzip the double helix. | |
|Each strand serves as a template for building a new DNA molecule. | |
|Free nucleotides bond to the template (A-T and C-G), forming a complementary strand. | |
|The final product is two identical DNA molecules |p. 131 |
| |p. 106-113 |
|4. Understand the Heredity and the scientist behind the science…. | |
|Gregor Mendel- Known as the father of genetics. Studied the hereditary patterns in pea plants. | |
|1st Experiment – Specifically he observed the following traits in pea plants: | |
|Height, seed color, flower color, pod color, pod shape, seed shape, flower position | |
|He crossed a homozygous dominant pea plant (TT) with a homozygous recessive (tt) pea plant. In each experiment the recessive | |
|trait disappeared in the first generation created. | |
|2nd Experiment—Working with the same traits he used the offspring (children) of the 1st cross | |
|This time he crossed two (Tt xTt) of the f1(first generation). | |
|His results showed not only the dominant trait but also the recessive reappear!! | |
|Reginald Punnett - invented the Punnett Square to determine | |
|the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. | |
|5. You should be able to define and utilize the following important terminology of genetics | |
|a) gene- section of DNA that carries a trait |p. 106-113 |
|b) allele- as a form of a gene. | |
|c)dominant- a trait, that when present will be seen | |
|d) recessive- a trait that will only be seen when it is the only one present | |
|e) genotype the genes that an organism has. | |
|f) phenotype the appearance of a trait in an organism. |supplement class |
|g) homozygous having two of the same alleles : a purebred: RR |notes |
|h) heterozygous as having two different alleles: hybrid : Rr | |
|i) Punnett square tool used to predict inheritance of traits through generations. | |
|k) monohybrid crossing of one trait in a punnett | |
|m) probability the chances of inheriting a particular trait | |
|q) autosomes the 22 pairs of body chromosomes in our bodies | |
|r) sex chromosomes –the 23rd pair of chromosomes that determines the sex. | |
|6. Using Tools of inheritance such as a Punnett square and pedigree chart you will be able to predict the probability of |p.111-112 |
|inheriting a trait |p.140-141 |
|a) using a monohybrid cross / dihybrid cross |class notes |
|using a test cross - this is used to determine the genotype of | |
|the parental generation when the genotype of the offspring are known. | |
|d) Using a pedigree chart you will be able to plot the path of a traits in families. | |
|7. You will be able to predict inheritance from patterns other than pure dominant/ recessive. |class notes |
|Codominance - where traits of the P1 are expressed equally in all of the offspring: a speckled chicken and human blood types |pg. 134 |
|Incomplete dominance- where the traits of the parents are blended to create a new expression. Red + white = pink flower |pg. 119 |
|Sex linked where traits are inherited on the sex chromosome, | |
|most often the X chromosome; color blindness, and hemophilia | |
|d) polygenic inheritance- inheritance that depends on more that | |
|one gene : examples- hair, skin, eye colors and height | |
|8. Describe mutation and the effects of mutations in humans | |
|a) A mutation is a change in the base sequence of a gene. |p.138-139 |
|b) Since the base sequence of the gene is changed, the amino acid sequence | |
|of the protein is changed. | |
|c) An amino acid change in a protein could affect its information, resulting in | |
|a change in the protein’s function. (Diabetes) | |
|The CHROMOSOMAL mutations are insertion, deletion, and substitution. Define and understand all. | |
Assessment:
• There will be quizzes
• There will be various labs.
• There will be a Test that will cover all the essential concepts.
EXTRA CREDIT
➢ This is worth a lab or test grade…which ever assists you the most!!!
➢ You will create a genetic disorder pamphlet.
➢ If planning to do this project you must see me to pick a disorder and get the grading criteria.
o First come first serve! Limited Choices….(
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