264 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook



Ch 15: Urinary System Name: (in ink)

KIDNEYS

Location and Structure: Kidneys are in a position.

1. Figure 15-1 is an anterior view of the entire urinary system. Identify and select different colors for the following organs. Use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding organs on the figure.

Abdominal

Aorta

Inferior vena cava

⃝ Kidney ⃝ Bladder ⃝ Ureters ⃝ Urethra

[pic]

Rectum (cut)

Figure 15-1

2. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks.

1. The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes

2. It is also a major homeostatic organ because it maintains the chemical balance of blood, specifically (#2, 3, 4) balance.

3.

4.

5. Body fluid contained within the cells (cytoplasm) is called

6. Body fluid located outside the cell is

7. Four electrolytes important in maintaining the balance of body fluids are

8. Urine is continuously formed by the

9. Urine is routed down to the urinary bladder by the tubes called

10. The area at which the renal artery and vein enter and exit the kidney along with ureter is the

11. The waves of smooth muscle contractions that propel urine through the ureters toward the bladder is called

12. The ureter is a common site of trapped kidney stones called

13. Urine is stored in a collapsible muscular sac called the

14. A smooth area of the bladder outlined by the three openings is the

15. Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder through the tube called the

16. In males, the neck of the bladder is surrounded by the

17. Urine is propelled through the urethra out of the body by waves of smooth muscle contractions called

18. In males, the urethra is also a reproductive structure that transports

19. The length of the male urethra is about

20. Whereas the length of the female urethra is only about

21. Since the female urethra is shorter, there is an increased risk of

22. Four symptoms of UTI (bacterial infection) include

23.

24.

25.

3. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks.

1. Another term that means voiding or emptying of the bladder is

2. Voiding has both voluntary and involuntary aspects. As urine accumulates in the bladder, receptors are activated.

3. This results in a reflex that causes the muscular wall of the bladder to

4. Urine is then forced past a sphincter called the sphincter

5. This muscle cannot be controlled voluntarily so is _____ muscle

6. This type of involuntary muscle is called ____ muscle

7. The more distal sphincter is called the

8. The muscle can be consciously controlled so is

9. This type of muscle is muscle

10. An individual can temporarily postpone emptying the bladder until it has accumulated ml of urine.

11. The condition in which voiding cannot be voluntarily controlled is

12. Because nervous control of the voluntary sphincter is not achieved until later during the first year of life, this condition is normal for

13. Three other conditions that might result in an inability to control the sphincter include

14.

15.

16. The opposite of incontinence, or inability to completely void the bladder, is

17. This is often a problem in elderly men due to enlargement of the prostate called

18. This condition prevents the flow of urine out of the bladder through the

4. Figure 15-2 is a longitudinal section of a kidney.

Part 1: Label the following regions/structures indicated by leader lines on the figure.

• Fibrous membrane, surrounding the kidney – renal capsule

• Basinlike area of the kidney that is continuous with the ureter – renal pelvis

• Cuplike extension of the pelvis that drains the apex of a pyramid – calyx

• Area of cortical tissue running through the medulla – renal column

Part 2: Select different colors (except red) to identify the following areas and structures. Then color in the coding circles and the corresponding area/structures on the figure; label these regions using the correct anatomical terms.

⃝ Area of the kidney that contains the greatest proportion of nephron structures – renal cortex

⃝ Striped-appearing structures formed primarily of collecting ducts – renal (medullary) pyramid

Part 3: Draw in the layer of fat surrounding the kidney, cushioning and holding it in place.

⃝ Adipose capsule

Part 4: Beginning with the renal artery, draw in the vascular supply to the cortex on the figure. Include and label the interlobar artery, arcuate artery, and interlobular artery. Color the vessels bright red.

Figure 15-2

[pic]

Ureter

Segmental artery

Lobar artery

Renal artery Renal vein

5. Nephron

1. The functional unit of the kidney is the

2. The type of nephron found completely within the cortex is a

3. The type of nephron at the corticomedullary junction with a long loop of Henle is a

4. Figure 15-3 is a diagram of a nephron and associated blood supply. First, label each numbered structure on the nephron. Place the terms on the numbered spaces. Then color the structure that contains podocytes green. Color the filtering apparatus red. Color capillary bed that directly receives the reabsorbed substances from the tubule cells blue. Color the structure into which the nephron empties its urine product yellow. Color the three parts of the renal tubule orange.

1.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

[pic]

6. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer blanks.

1. The glomerulus is a -pressure capillary bed.

2. The structure near the glomerulus that monitors pressure of entering blood is

3. The arteriole feeding the capillary bed, called the

4. is larger in diameter than the arteriole draining the bed, called the

5. The passive process of removing substances from the blood in the glomerulus is

6. This process forms the which enters the tubule.

7. Glomerular filtrate is very similar to but it has fewer proteins.

8. The cells of the proximal tubule have increased surface area due to projections on their luminal surface called

9. This aids in the process of that returns useful substances back to the blood.

10. The low-pressure capillaries that arise from the efferent arteriole and surround the renal tubule are the

11. Water passes from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries by the process of

12. Two other mechanisms of tubular reabsorption include

13.

14. Most reabsorption occurs in the convoluted tubule.

15. The term for the normal production of urine from the kidneys is

16. Highly sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that react to a change in the amount of water and solutes in the blood are called

17. The hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that targets the kidneys to reabsorb water is

18. Deficiency of ADH, causing excessive thirst and urine production is

19. The hormone released from the adrenal gland (cortex) that causes reabsorption of sodium ions is

20. These hormones increase water reabsorption, which increases blood volume and therefore will blood pressure.

21. A rule to remember how sodium chloride affects water balance is that

22. The kidneys release a hormone that increases production of red blood cells called

23. Another process that occurs in the tubule, important for ridding the body of substances not already in the filtrate, is

24. Blood composition depends largely on

25. 25.

26. The kidneys maintain the acid-base balance (pH) of blood by excreting or reabsorbing

27. The normal pH of urine is , depending on whether the kidney is excreting basic (HCO3-) or acidic (H+) ions.

28. When fat is broken down for energy, ketones are released, causing blood pH to fall below 7.45. This condition is called

29. The kidneys then secrete hydrogen ions, causing the urine to become

30. When blood pH rises above 7.45, the condition is called

31. The kidneys then secrete bicarbonate ions, causing the urine to become

32. In a day's time, 180 liters of blood plasma are filtered into the kidney tubules, but only about liters of urine are actually produced.

33. The normal yellow color of urine is due to , a pigment released by the destruction of hemoglobin.

34. The three major nitrogenous wastes found in the blood, which must be disposed of by the kidneys are

35.

36.

37. Four substances NOT usually found in urine are

38.

39.

40.

41. The kidneys determine how much water is to be lost from the body. Some water is lost via exhalation from the

42. Some water is lost from the skin via evaporation of

43. When water loss from these two processes increases, urine output will

44. If the kidneys become nonfunctional, the procedure used to cleanse the blood of impurities by passing it through a membrane is known as

45. With certain diseases, urine composition can change dramatically, so the presence of abnormal substances in urine is helpful in the problem.

7. REMEMBER: The liver converted ammonia (from breakdown of proteins) to urea. Bacteria in urine will break down the urea, releasing ammonia which is alkaline. Decide whether these other conditions would cause urine to become more acidic (A) or more basic (B).

1. Bacterial infection 3. Diabetes mellitus (starvation, fat metabolism)

2. Vegetarian diet (called alkaline ash) 4. Dehydration

8. The amount of solutes in urine compared to distilled water is called the specific gravity. The SG of distilled water is 1.0. Since urine contains solutes but distilled water does not, the SG of urine is always above 1.0. Decide whether the following conditions would increase (I) or lower (L) specific gravity. Also indicate the effect this would have on the color of the urine, lighten (P = pale yellow) or darken (D = darker yellow).

1. Drinking excessive fluids. 4. Using diuretics

2. Chronic renal failure 5. Lowered fluid intake

3. Pyelonephritis 6. Fever

9. Place a check mark (√) by each of the following solutes that would normally be found in urine.

1. Glucose 5. Potassium ions 9. Sodium ions

2. Bicarbonate ions 6. Ammonia 10. Urea

3. Blood proteins 7. White blood cells 11. Red blood cells

4. Hemoglobin 8. Uric acid 12. Creatinine

10. Assuming normal conditions, note whether each of the following substances would be in greater (G) concentration in the urine than in the glomerular filtrate, in lesser (L) concentration in the urine than in the glomerular filtrate, or absent (A) in both urine and glomerular filtrate.

1. Water 5. Glucose 9. Protein

2. Red blood cells 6. Albumin (blood protein) 10. Urea

3. Uric acid 7. Creatinine 11. NaCl

4. Pus (white blood cells) 8. Hydrogen ions 12. Amino acids

11. Identify each of the abnormal conditions by selecting the term in Column B that names the condition. Then for each condition, select one or more possible causes of the condition from Column C.

Column A (abnormal substance in urine) Column B Column C

Red blood cells

Ketones

Albumin

Pus

Bile pigment

Uric acid crystals

Glucose

Hemoglobin

At The Clinic Ch 15

Answer on another piece of paper to turn in.

1. A man was admitted to the hospital after being trampled by his horse. He received crushing blows to his lower back, on both sides. He is in considerable pain, and his chart shows a urine output of only 70 mL in the last 24 hours. (p. 517)

a. What is the name for this condition of extremely low (or no) urine output ( ................
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